限制曝气实现常温条件下生活污水短程硝化

The objective of this paper was to examine the feasibility of partial nitrification from raw domestic wastewater at ambient temperature by aeration control only. Airflow rate was selected as the sole operational parameter. A 14L sequencing batch reactor was operated at 23℃ for 8 months, with an input of domestic wastewater. There was a prolgrammed decrease of the airflow rate to 28L·h^-1, the corresponding average dissolved oxygen （DO） was 0.32mg·h^-1, and the average nitrite accumulation rate increased to 92.4% in 3 weeks. Subsequently, further increase in the airflow rate to 48L·h^-1 did not destroy the partial nitrification to nitrite, with average DO of 0.60mg·h^-1 and nitrite accumulating rate of 95.6%. The results showed that limited airflow rate to cause oxygen deficiency in the reactor would eventually induce only nitrification to nitrite and not further to nitrate and that this system showed relatively stability at higher airflow rate independent of pH and temperature. About 50% of influent total nitrogen was eliminated coupling with partial nitrification, taking the advantage of low DO during the reaction.     

污泥固体停留时间对实时控制生物脱氮SBR中亚硝酸盐积累的影响

In this study,four sequencing batch reactors(SBR),with the sludge retention time(SRT)of 5,10,20 and 40 d,were used to treat domestic wastewater,and the effect of SRT on nitrite accumulation in the biological nitrogen removal SBR was investigated.The real-time control strategy based on online parameters,such as pH,dissolved oxygen(DO)and oxidation reduction potential(ORP),was used to regulate the nitrite accumulation in SBR. The model-based simulation and experimental results showed that with the increase of SRT,longer time was needed to achieve high level of nitritation.In addition,the nitrite accumulation rate(NAR)was higher when the SRT was relatively shorter during a 112-day operation.When the SRT was 5 d,the system was unstable with the mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)decreased day after day.When the SRT was 40 d,the nitrification process was significantly inhibited.SRT of 10 to 20 d was more suitable in this study.The real-time control strategy combined with SRT control in SBR is an effective method for biological nitrogen removal via nitrite from wastewater.     

SBR好氧污泥颗粒的脱氮性能研究

The sequencing batch reactor （SBR） was started up by seeding the anaerobic granular sludge and the aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated. The performance characteristic of the aerobic granules for nitrogen removal was investigated in detail. The experimental results demonstrated the relationship between operational parameters [dissolved oxygen （DO） and pH] and variation of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, ammonium （NH4^＋-N） and total nitrogen （TN）. In continuous flow pattern, COD was too low in the reactor at the later stage of a cycle, which restrained denitrification and decreased the removal of nitrogen, while in discontinuous flow pattern, the carbon source could be supplemented in time, which improved denitrification and increased the removal of TN from 66% to 81%.     

高浓度有毒化工废水处理工艺诊治和优化

Wastewaters from the chemical industry are usually of high-strength and may contain minor inhibitory and recalcitrant organics that are at times not readily identifiable. This paper describes the experience of a biological waste water treatment plant （WWTP） processing a COD concentration of 43000 mg·L^-1 wastewater from an oxochemical manufacturing plant. Stage improvements of the plant process by dilution of the inhibitory influent using other chemical wastewater streams resulting in a synergistic process effect, and removal of inhibitory organics by phase separation via acidification, effectively achieved process optimization producing a high quality effluent. In particular, the COD removal efficiency of granular sludge based anaerobic reactors increased from 56% to 90%. The final effluent COD decreased from 250mg·L^-1 to 50mg·L^-1, consistently meeting the COD concentration of 100 mg·L^-1 regulatory discharge limit. The success of the process enhancements supports the hypothesis that long-chain quaternary carboxylic acids act as substrate inhibitors in the biological process.     

自养型生物过滤器硝化氧化一氧化氮

Carbon foam-a, kind of new engineering material as packing material was adopted in three biofilters with different pore dimensions and adapted autotrophic nitrite nitrobacteria to investigate the purification of nitric oxide (NO) in a gas stream. The biofilm was developed on the surface of carbon foams using nitrite as its only nitric source. The moisture in the filter was maintained by ultrasonic aerosol equipment which can minimize the thickness of the liquid film. The liquid phase nitrification test was conducted to determine the variability and the potential of performance among the three carbon foam biofilters. The investigation showed that during the NO2--N inlet concentration of 200g·L-1-min-1 to 800g·L-1-min-1, the 24PPC (pores per centimeter) carbon foam biofilter had the greatest potential, achieving the NO--N removal efficiency of 94% to 98%. The 8PPC and 18PPC carbon foam biofilters achieved the NO2--N removal efficiency of 15% to 21% and of 30% to 40%, respectively. The potential for this     

厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷过程的研究

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than 1mg·L^-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L^-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus removal decreased with 8 days SRT. When the SRT was restored to 16 days, however, the efficiency of phosphorus removal was higher than 90%.     

异养硝化菌株W1的分离和表征(英文)

In a high concentration substrate medium, a heterotrophic bacterium with high removal efficiency of ammonium, named W1, was isolated from activated sludge of coking wastewater treatment facility. The bacterium was Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and identified preliminarily as Alcaligenes sp. according to its morphological and physiological properties and its 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In the high concentration ammonium medium (400 mg·L 1 4 NH -N), the effects of C source, N source, C/N ratio and initial pH of medium on ammonium removal were investigated in order to determine the optimal condition for strain W1. The maximum ammonium removal was around 95% in 4 days in an improved medium. The production of N 2 gas was examined in a closed system that was full of pure oxygen at the beginning. N 2 gas was detected in the system after 4 days of cultivation, which further testified that strain W1 has heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification abilities simultaneously.     

硅藻土颗粒在处理煤气废水活性污泥系统中的作用

Diatomite is a kind of natural low-cost mineral material. It has a number of unique physical properties and has been widely used as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to investigate the aerobic biodegradation of coal gasification wastewater with and without diatomite addition. Experimental results indicated that diatomite added in the activated sludge system could promote the biomass and also enhance the performance of the sludge settling. The average mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) is increased from 4055 mg•L－1 to 4518 mg•L－1 and the average settling volume (SV) are changed only from 45.9% to 47.1%. Diatomite additive could enhance the efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phenols removal from the wastewater. The COD removal increased from 73.3% to near 80% and the total phenols removal increased from 81.4% to 85.8%. The mechanisms of the increase of biomass and pollutants removal may correlates to the improvement of bioavailability and sludge settlement characteristics by diatomite added. Micrograph of the sludge in the diatomite-activated sludge system indicated that the diatomite added could be the carrier of the microbe and also affect the biomass and pollutant removal.     

Advanced nitrogen removal via nitrite from municipal landfill leachate using a two-stage UASB-A/O system

A system consisting of a two-stage up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and an anoxic/aerobic (A/O) reactor was used to treat municipal landfill leachate. Denitrification took place in the first stage of the UASB re-actor (UASB1). The chemical oxygen demand of the UASB1 effluent was further decreased in the second stage (UASB2). Nitrification was accomplished in the A/O reactor. When diluted with tap water at a ratio of 1:1, the ammonia nitrogen concentration of the influent leachate was approximately 1200 mg·L?1, whereas that of the system effluent was approximately 8–11 mg·L?1, and the corresponding removal efficiency is about 99.08%. Stable partial nitrification was achieved in the A/O reactor with 88.61%–91.58%of the nitrite accumula-tion ratio, even at comparatively low temperature (16 °C). The results demonstrate that free ammonia (FA) con-centrations within a suitable range exhibit a positive effect on partial nitrification. In this experiment when FA was within the 1–30 mg·L?1 range, partial nitrification could be achieved, whereas when FA exceeded 280 mg·L?1, the nitrification process was entirely inhibited. Temperature was not the key factor leading to par-tial nitrification within the 16–29 °C range. The inhibitory influence of free nitrous acid (FNA) on nitrification was also minimal when pH was greater than 8.5. Thus, FA concentration was a major factor in achieving partial nitrification.     

超声气升式反应器处理乐果水溶液

Ultrasonic airlift loop reactor （UALR） shows potential and wide application for wastewater treatment. In this paper the performance and efficiency of UALR in dimethoate degradation were presented. The effects of O3 flow rate, ultrasonic intensity and initial concentration of dimethoate on degradation rate were investigated. UALR imposed a synergistic effect combining sonochemical merit with high O3 transfer rate. The results showed that UALR not only increased degradation rate, but also was better than the simole sum of degradation by O3 and ultrasound separately. Under the operation conditions of O3 flow of 0.34 m^3·h^-1, ultrasonic intensity 3.71 W.cm^-2, and initial concentration of dimethoate at 20 mg·L^- 1, the degradation rate of dimethoate increased to 80%. UALR seems an advisable choice for treating organic wastewater and this process may have wide application prospect in industry.     

低强度超声波对短程硝化污泥的影响

以周期性超声辐照的污泥为研究对象,在序批式反应器（SBR）中开展超声波对短程硝化效果的研究,并进一步研究超声波对酶活性、脱氮速率、胞外聚合物的影响。结果表明,0.1~0.7W/mL的超声波均可促进短程硝化,最高亚硝酸盐积累率（NAR）达98.21%。超声波通过强化氨单加氧酶（AMO）活性,抑制亚硝酸盐氧化酶（NXR）活性促进短程硝化,AMO活性最高同比增长63.84%,NXR活性最高下降89.03%。比脱氮速率、反应器脱氮速率并不完全与酶活性变化趋势一致,AOB关键酶活性仅与比氨氧化速率（SAOR）变化一致,而NOB关键酶活性与反应器亚硝酸盐氧化速率（NOR）一致,超声波引起的污泥减少对AOB菌群数量的负面影响大于NOB。周期性超声后,污泥EPS的总量随声能密度先增加后减少,超声波对LB-EPS的剥离大于TB-EPS,对多糖的剥离大于蛋白质,较高的声能密度会造成蛋白质的积累。     

MUCT工艺处理实际生活污水实现亚硝酸型硝化

采用MUCT工艺处理低C/N比实际城市生活污水,研究在连续流工艺中实现亚硝酸型硝化的调控措施。试验在常温下共进行了121 d,结果表明：经过87 d的启动期,最终在水力停留时间（HRT）8h,溶解氧浓度（DO）0.3～0.5 mg·L^-1,污泥回流比80%,缺氧回流比120%,硝化液回流比300%的条件下,成功启动了短程硝化,并稳定维持了35 d。 短程硝化期间,好氧区亚硝酸盐积累率平均62%,最高达到80%;氨氮去除率65%,最高达87%。短程硝化影响因素的分析表明：pH值,游离氨（FA）,游离亚硝酸（FNA）对本试验短程硝化无影响;温度和污泥停留时间（SRT）影响较小;HRT和DO是短程硝化实现的控制因素。荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）试验结果表明：当系统由全程硝化状态转为短程硝化状态后,氨氧化细菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB）的比例明显提高,最高达到9.3%;亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(nitrite oxidizing bacteria,NOB)以Nitrospira为主,其所占比例明显下降。     

基于FNA处理污泥实现城市污水部分短程硝化

为实现城市污水短程硝化厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮,以去除有机物的实际污水为研究对象,考察了游离亚硝酸盐(FNA)处理污泥实现城市污水部分短程硝化的可行性。 结果表明,FNA处理活性污泥后,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的亚硝酸盐氧化速率下降程度大于氨氧化菌(AOB)的氨氧化速率,且在0～0.75 mg HNO₂-N·L^-1范围内随着FNA浓度的增加抑制作用增强。接种实际污水厂活性污泥后,系统亚硝酸盐(NO₂^--N)积累率仅为1%,即为全程硝化。在控制污泥龄约为15 d的条件下,采用FNA处理污泥可使系统亚硝酸盐积累率增加至90%以上。水力停留时间调至2.5 h时,实现了部分短程硝化,且出水NO₂^--N/NH₄⁺-N平均值为1.24,可满足厌氧氨氧化脱氮反应的要求。因此采用FNA处理污泥,结合水力停留时间和污泥龄控制可实现城市污水部分短程硝化。     

Process Control of an Alternating Aerobic‐Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactor for Nitrogen Removal via Nitrite

Nitrogen removal via nitrite is a novel technology and is becoming popular for engineering applications since it results in a saving of the aeration energy required for nitritation and external carbon sources for denitritation. An alternating aerobic‐anoxic (AAA) operational pattern was applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and achieve partial nitrification via nitrite from industrial wastewater with influent alkalinity deficiencies. The results showed that the online monitoring of the pH‐time variations during nitrification could indicate if the alkalinity was sufficient and when the ammonia nitrogen was completely oxidized. Under conditions of deficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process reduced the external alkalinity and the carbon sources addition and improved the effluent quality with ammonia nitrogen concentration below the detection limits. Half of the alkalinity previously consumed during aerobic nitrification could be recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. If the cycles of alternating aerobic/anoxic were repeated more than twice, the first nitrification cycle was stopped when the pH decreased by 0.4–0.5. The middle nitrification was terminated when the pH decreased by 0.8–1.0, and the final nitrification duration was controlled by the dissolved oxygen (DO) breakpoint and ammonia valley on the pH profile. Each anoxic time‐scale for denitrification was determined by the nitrate knee on the oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP) profile and the nitrate apex on the pH profiles. In comparison to the conventional SBR process, the AAA process with a real‐time control strategy resulted in an improved nitrogen removal efficiency of greater than 97 % under conditions of deficient influent alkalinity. Moreover, nitrogen removal via nitrite was achieved with a nitrite accumulation rate above 95 %.     

高氮豆制品废水的亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺

采用序批式活性污泥法,通过控制溶解氧浓度开发出处理高氮豆制品废水的新工艺.实验结果显示,当曝气阶段反应器内溶解氧浓度保持在0.5 mg•L^-1左右时,曝气过程中NO^-₂-N/NO^-_x-N的比率始终维持在93%以上,并且曝气结束时,有大约87.6%的氨氮是通过同步硝化反硝化途径去除的.因此,控制反应器内溶解氧浓度在0.5 mg•L^-1左右时,在一个反应器内同时实现了亚硝酸型硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化.经过理论计算和机理分析,在此溶解氧下,亚硝酸菌的比增殖速率近似为硝酸菌的2.22～2.43倍,并且低溶解氧容易在活性污泥颗粒内形成进行反硝化作用的缺氧区.因此,在常温下,只要采用溶解氧传感器控制SBR反应器内溶解氧浓度在0.5 mg•L^-1左右,就可以实现稳定的亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺.     

内循环接触氧化型膜生物反应器部分硝化启动与运行条件

部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺可用于高氨氮废水的经济高效处理,部分硝化是实现该工艺启动和稳定运行的前提。研究构建了连续流的内循环接触氧化型膜生物反应器（ICCOMBR）,对其部分硝化的启动和稳定运行特性进行了研究。结果表明：以普通絮状活性污泥接种,在30℃、氮负荷0.25kg/(m³·d)、溶解氧（DO）2.0～2.5mg/L条件下,18d内成功启动了系统的部分硝化,氨氮去除率（ARE）和亚硝态氮积累率（NAR）分别达到99.16%和84.55%,容积亚硝化速率可达0.126gNO₂-N/(L·d),同时容积硝化速率下降到0.031gNO₃-N/(L·d)。系统的亚硝化率与碱度消耗量呈现良好的线性相关性。部分硝化启动完成后,将氨氮负荷降低为0.1kg/(m³·d),部分硝化功能迅速被破坏,通过降低曝气量将DO从2.0～2.5mg/L降低为1.0mg/L,在6d时间内硝化率从71.4%下降到11.1%,ARE和NAR分别达到98.87%和83.65%,部分硝化性能成功恢复。经过57d的运行,系统内的污泥生物量从接种时的1.85gVSS/L增长为3.47gVSS/L。     

生活污水对成熟厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的影响

部分短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化技术的研究主要集中在高氨氮废水方面，对低氨氮浓度生活污水的研究相对较少。使经过除碳和部分短程硝化后的实际生活污水进入厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器，探究生活污水对成熟厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的影响。结果表明，当厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器的进水由配水变为生活污水后，反应器出水中氨氮浓度可降到5 mg·L^-1以下，亚硝态氮浓度可降到1 mg·L^-1以下，但是硝态氮的生成量高于理论值，可能是溶解氧被带入UASB反应器使硝化作用增强。UASB反应器内厌氧氨氧化污泥颜色由红色变为红黑色，T-EPS含量减少，PN/PS由1.13增大到3.66，沉降性变好，反应器内污泥中厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Brocadia所占比例由17.7%减少为14.4%，系统内AOB和NOB菌的含量增加，如果能够降低进入UASB反应器的溶解氧，有可能会减少出水硝氮，达到较好总氮去除效果。     

Simultaneous removal of organic substances and nitrogen using amembrane bioreactor seeded with anaerobic granular sludge under oxygen-limited conditions

An innovative process, the oxygen-limited membrane bioreactor seeded with anaerobic granular sludge, wasproposed and its performance investigated for concurrent removal of organic substances and nitrogen from synthetic domestic wastewaters. An air diffuser was installed just above the granular sludge bed to supply air to the reactor at an intermittent mode. The internal recycle from the upper part of the reactor to the bottom was introduced to provide the granular sludge bed under the oxygen-limited conditions. The oxygen addition rates were controlled at 3-4 g O₂ 1⁻¹d⁻¹. The total COD removal efficiency of more than 94% was achieved throughout the whole operation period. N was removed through the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process that took place in the granular sludge bed. TN levels decreased with the decrease of ammonium levels, indicating that nitrification was the rate-limiting step. The TN removal efficiency reached 80-91% at an hydraulic retention time of 15 h. Nitrate was scarcely detected and nitrite was the main NO_x-N species in the effluent, indicating that nitrite oxidizers were inhibited in the system.     

高氨氮制药废水短程生物脱氮

引　言短程生物脱氮的概念就是将废水中的氨氮氧化为亚硝酸盐 ,采用适当的手段阻止其进一步氧化为硝酸盐 ,然后直接进入反硝化阶段 .这样 ,将节省2 5 %因为供氧而消耗的能源 ,在反硝化过程中将节省 4 0 %的有机碳源 ,同时反应的速率大幅度提高 ,剩余污泥量大为减少[1～ 5] .实现短程硝化与反硝化的关键在于抑制硝酸菌的增长 ,从而导致亚硝酸盐在硝化过程中得到稳定的积累[6] .短程生物脱氮工艺尤其适用于低碳氮比、高氨氮、高pH值和高碱度废水的处理 ,而在处理过程中较多地采用序批式生　物反应器 (SBR) .序批式间歇活性污泥法的整个处理…