Structure control synthesis of iron oxide polymorph nanoparticles through an epoxide precipitation route

Iron oxide polymorph nanoparticles (magnetite, goethite and lepidocrocite) were synthesised through a novel epoxide precipitation route. Epoxide, as a precipitating agent, induced the precipitation of iron(II) ions in the form of hydroxide through its reaction with aquocomplexes of Fe²⁺ ions. The organic intermediate, which was produced from the ring-opening reaction of epoxide, functionalised the surface of the formed precipitate in situ, resulting in the minimisation of the nanoparticles’ aggregation. Another advantage of this route is its simple procedure for the preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles with different structures and their well-defined morphology. Magnetite, goethite and lepidocrocite nanoparticles were obtained just by the pH regulation and air oxidation at room temperature.     

Facile synthesis of porous hollow iron oxide nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes

Porous hollow iron oxide nanoparticles (PHNPs) supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were facilely synthesized by etching Fe@Fe_xO_y/CNT with dilute nitric acid aqueous solution at ambient temperature without the assistance of any surfactants and ligands. The mean diameter of hollow iron oxide nanoparticles was about 17 nm, with a wall thickness of about 4 nm. The formation mechanism of PHNPs is discussed based on the characterization results from TEM, XRD and H₂-TPR. The combination of nanoscale Kirkendall effect and selective acid etching is proposed to be responsible for the formation of CNT supported PHNPs, through a transformation from core/void/shell structures to hollow nanoparticles.     

A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide nanoparticles

In recent decades,magnetic iron nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much attention due to properties such as superparamagnetism,high surface area,large surface-to-volume ratio,and easy separation under external magnetic fields.Therefore,magnetic iron oxides have potential for use in numerous applications,including magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement,tissue repair,immunoassay,detoxification of biological fluids,drug delivery,hyperthermia,and cell separation.This review provides an updated and integrated focus on the fabrication and characterization of suitable magnetic iron NPs for biotechnological applications.The possible perspective and some challenges in the further development of these NPs are also discussed.     

多糖涂覆的氧化铁纳米粒子的合成及其药物递送应用研究进展

近年来,氧化铁纳米粒子(Iron Oxide Nanoparticles,IONPs)由于具有超顺磁性、生物相容性、比表面积大、易分离等特点而备受科学界关注.然而,裸露的IONPs容易聚集和氧化而失去其应有的特性,采用多糖进行涂覆不仅能提高IONPs的稳定性和生物相容性,还能通过多糖与其他生物活性物质结合,赋予INOPs新的功能.多糖涂覆的IONPs充分结合了多糖的生化特性与磁芯的理化特性,在药物递送中展现出巨大的应用潜力.本文综述了多糖涂覆IONPs的合成方法、合成过程的影响因素、多糖与IONPs的结合机理及其在药物递送中的应用,最后对多糖涂覆的IONPs的合成及其在药物递送方面的应用进行了总结和展望.     

聚合物包覆纳米铁粒子的结构及其磁性能研究进展

纳米铁粒子具有极大的反应活性而被氧化.本文简要综述了聚合物包覆的纳米铁及其磁性能的研究进展.     

Recent progress on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis,surface functional strategies and biomedical applications

This review focuses on the recent development and various strategies in the preparation, microstructure, and magnetic properties of bare and surface functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs); their corresponding biological application was also discussed. In order to implement the practical in vivo or in vitro applications, the IONPs must have combined properties of high magnetic saturation, stability, biocompatibility, and interactive functions at the surface. Moreover, the surface of IONPs could be modified by organic materials or inorganic materials, such as polymers, biomolecules, silica, metals, etc. The new functionalized strategies, problems and major challenges, along with the current directions for the synthesis, surface functionalization and bioapplication of IONPs, are considered. Finally, some future trends and the prospects in these research areas are also discussed.     

Recent progress on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis,surface functional strategies and biomedical applications

Abstract

This review focuses on the recent development and various strategies in the preparation, microstructure, and magnetic properties of bare and surface functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs); their corresponding biological application was also discussed. In order to implement the practical in vivo or in vitro applications, the IONPs must have combined properties of high magnetic saturation, stability, biocompatibility, and interactive functions at the surface. Moreover, the surface of IONPs could be modified by organic materials or inorganic materials, such as polymers, biomolecules, silica, metals, etc. The new functionalized strategies, problems and major challenges, along with the current directions for the synthesis, surface functionalization and bioapplication of IONPs, are considered. Finally, some future trends and the prospects in these research areas are also discussed.     

壳聚糖修饰氧化铁磁性纳米颗粒的制备和性能研究

通过共沉淀法制备氧化铁磁性纳米颗粒,用壳聚糖对其表面进行修饰得到样品(CS@MNPs);表征其形貌结构、尺寸、表面基团、表面电荷、磁学性质和在不同介质中的稳定性等。实验结果表明,CS@MNPs具有典型的立方反尖晶石晶体结构;粒径为16.5nm;在生理(pH值7.4)条件下拥有较高的正电荷(10mV);呈现超顺磁性,对驰豫时间T1、T2,尤其是T2*具有很强的响应;在双蒸馏水和含10%新生牛血清的RPMI 1640培养液中具有良好的稳定性,具有作为磁共振造影剂的潜力。     

Preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles by microwave synthesis and their characterization

In this study production of fine particle Fe2O3 via microwave processing of Fe(NO3)3.nH2O followed by low temperature annealing was reported. XRD was used to characterize the structural properties of nanoparticles. Approximate particle sizes were between 3-13 nm according to Scherrer's equation. Single point BET measurement results also show that samples have large surface area and they are nanometer sized particles. TEM study was conducted to examine the structure of the nanoparticles. TEM figure is in good agreement with the results obtained from Scherrer's equation using XRD spectra. In order to characterize the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer) was used. From these results it can be concluded that the sample containing only maghemite phase exhibits superparamagnetic behaviour, on the other hand sample containing both hematite and maghemite phases shows paramagnetic behaviour above 300 K, superparamagnetic behavior at lower temperatures.     

One-step solution auto-combustion process for the rapid synthesis of crystalline phase iron oxide nanoparticles with improved magnetic and photocatalytic properties

We report the solution auto-combustion (AC) process for the rapid synthesis of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles derived from the sol–gel (SG) process. The citric acid (CA) and tartaric acid (TA) is used as gelling agents in the SG process, where the citric acid turns into a fuel that combusts the gel and yields a highly magnetic crystalline phase Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in one step with an average particle size of 50 nm. In contrast, the citric acid at different concentrations and tartaric acid at any concentrations do not lead to any combustion process and yield amorphous iron oxides. Upon annealing, these CA and TA derived iron oxide samples are turned to crystalline phase α-Fe₂O₃ particles. In contrast, the as-synthesized AC sample (i.e. Fe₃O₄) is oxidized to γ-Fe₂O₃ phase, which is confirmed from their respective XRD, Rietveld refinement and XPS studies. All the synthesized iron oxide phases showed broad visible light absorption. The room temperature M?H hysteresis curves obtained from VSM revealed that the Fe₃O₄ and α-Fe₂O₃/γ-Fe₂O₃ phases exhibit super-paramagnetic and ferromagnetic properties, respectively. The photocatalytic efficiencies of the samples are found to be in the order of Fe₃O₄ > γ-Fe₂O₃ > α-Fe₂O₃ with 98, 87, 79/73% degradation of rhodamine B dye at the end of 3 h and H₂ evolution rate over these systems is found to be 2.1, 1.3 and 0.92/0.89 mmol/h/g, respectively under simulated solar light irradiation. The photocatalytic recycle studies demonstrated that all the synthesized photocatalysts possess excellent chemical and photo-stabilities.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles

We synthesized surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles in aqueous phase by heating an aqueous solution of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) at 473 K with a small amount of either n-decanoic acid (C₉H₁₉COOH) or n-decylamine (C₁₀H₂₁NH₂), which is not miscible with water at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the addition of n-decanoic acid or decylamine changed the shape of the obtained nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction spectra revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles were in α-Fe₂O₃ or Fe₃O₄ phase while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry indicated the existence of an organic layer on the surface of the nanoparticles. In the synthetic condition, decreased dielectric constant of water at higher temperature increased the solubility of n-decanoic acid or n-decylamine in water to promote the reaction between the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles and the organic reagents. After the synthesis, the used organic modifiers separated from the aqueous phase at room temperature, which may help the environmentally benign synthesis of surface-modified metal oxide nanoparticles.     

微乳液体系制备Fe2B包覆纳米α-Fe及其性能研究

采用油包水(W/O)的微乳液体系制备纳米α-Fe.XRD、TEM分析表明,纳米α-Fe被Fe2B所包覆,其粒度在20～100 nm;激光粒度分析表明,纳米α-Fe存在团聚现象,但粒度分布窄;TG-DSC分析表明,纳米α-Fe在＞1100K时发生吸热的α-γ相变;磁强计检测表明,粉体具有铁磁性,其饱和磁化强度为1.14emu/g,剩余磁化强度为0.08emu/g,矫顽力为280Oe.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of tin oxide nanoparticles

Tin oxide nanoplatelets (SnO) and nanoparticles (SnO₂) were prepared by microwave assisted technique with an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz. This technique permits to produce gram quantity of homogeneous nanoparticles in just 10 min. The crystalline size was evaluated from XRD and found to range from 26 to 34 nm. SEM and TEM analyses showed that the nanoparticles present a platelet-like shaped particle or, a pseudo spherical morphology, after calcination at moderate temperature during which the phase transformation from SnO to SnO₂ takes place. Additional FT-IR, density and resistivity measurements were also presented.     

Dielectrical and structural characterization of iron oxide added to hydroxyapatite

In this work we report preparation, structural and dielectric analyses of iron oxide added in hydroxyapatite bioceramic (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ — HAP). Hydroxyapatite is the main mineral constituent of teeth and bones with excellent biocompatibility with hard and muscle tissues. The samples were prepared through a calcination procedure associated with dry high-energy ball milling process with different iron concentrations (1, 2·5 and 5 wt%). The dielectric analyses were made measuring the sample impedance in the frequency range 1 kHz–10 MHz, at room temperature. The relative permittivity of the ceramics, at 10 MHz, are between 7·13 ± 0·07 (1 wt%) and 6·20 ± 0·11 (5 wt%) while e ⁿ are between 0·0795 ± 0·008 (1 wt%) and 0·067 ± 0·012 (5 wt%). These characteristics were related to the sample microstructures studied by X-ray diffraction and SEM.     

水热法合成铟锡氧化物纳米粒子的制备及表征

采用三氧化二铟和真空蒸发法制得的纳米锡粉为原料，溶解在一定浓度的氢氧化钠溶液中，水热条件下成功的合成了纳米级的铟锡氧化物粒子，通过粉末X射线衍射（XRD），场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM），透射电子显微镜（TEM）和紫外可见光光吸收光谱（Uv-Vis）等手段对所得产物进行表征。讨论了反应时间、pH值因素对产物成分和形貌的影响。结果表明：在温度为180℃，10mol／L NaOH溶液的条件下，水热反应36h得到比较均一的产物In1.94Sn0.06O3，产物形貌为均匀的六面体，大小在100nm左右，且对波长在200-400nm的光有强烈的吸收。     

Methotrexate-conjugated L-lysine coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles for inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Methotrexate (MTX), a stoichiometric inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, is a chemotherapeutic agent for treating a diversity of neoplasms. In this study, we design and developed a new formulation of MTX that serves as drug carrier and examined its cytotoxic effect in vitro. This target drug delivery system is dependent on the release of the MTX within the lysosomal compartment. The iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IONPs) were first surface-coated with L-lysine and subsequently conjugated with MTX through amidation between the carboxylic acid end groups on MTX and the amine groups on the IONPs surface. MTX-conjugated L-lysine coated IONPs (F-Lys-MTX NPs) was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The cytotoxicity of the void of MTX and F-Lys-MTX NPs were compared to each other by MTT assay of the treated MCF-7 cell lines. The results showed that the ζ-potential of F-Lys-MTX NPs was about ?5.49?mV and the average size was 43.72?±?4.73?nm. Model studies exhibited the release of MTX via peptide bond cleavage in the presence of proteinase K and at low pH. These studies specify that F-Lys-MTX NPs have a very remarkable anticancer effect, for breast cancer cell lines.     

纳米铁黄的表面改性及表征

研究了纳米铁黄有机表面改性的影响因素，确定了最优改性剂和改性条件。采用红外光谱（IR）、热分析（TG）、透射电镜（TEM）和分散性实验对表面改性前后的纳米铁黄进行了表征。实验结果表明，以硬脂酸为改性剂、用量为5％、pH值为4、改性时间为1．5h时，改性后的纳米铁黄的亲油化度达到92．6％。红外光谱和热分析显示，硬脂酸以化学键合的方式结合在纳米铁黄的表面，其质量分数约为4％。透射电镜（TEM）和分散性实验表明，经硬脂酸有机表面改性的纳米铁黄具有亲油疏水性能，能较好地分散于有机溶剂二甲苯中。     

Synthesis,self-assembly,and characterization of PEG-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as potential MRI contrast agent

Aim: Investigated the self-assembly and characterization of novel antifouling polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as nanoprobes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Method: Monodisperse oleic acid-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide cores are synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron oleate. The self-assembly behavior between iron oxide cores and PEG-lipid conjugates in water and their characteristics are confirmed by transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Result: Dynamic light scattering shows superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with PEG are stable in water for pH of 3–10 and ionic strengths up to 0.3 M NaCl, and are protein resistant in physiological conditions. Additionally, in vitro MRI study demonstrates the efficient magnetic resonance imaging contrast characteristics of the iron oxide nanoparticles. Conclusion: The result indicates that the novel antifouling PEG-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles could potentially be used in a wide range of applications such as biotechnology, MRI, and magnetic fluid hyperthermia.     

Facile synthesis of polymer-enveloped ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide for magnetic resonance imaging

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) with synthetic polymer, based on magnetite core, was synthesized via facile photochemical in situ polymerization. A possible mechanism of photochemical in situ polymerization was proposed. The obtained polymer-enveloped UPSIO was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photo-correlation spectroscopy (PCS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and vibrating sampling magnetometer (VSM) measurement. Properties such as ultrasmall particle size, hydrophilicity, strong magnetization and surface characteristics, which are desirable for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, were evaluated in detail. The resultant USPIO-based MRI contrast agent holds considerable promise in molecular MR tracking, MR immune imaging, cell tracking and targeted intracellular hyperthermia, etc.