Cu掺杂对Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4-xCuxO9微观结构和热电性能的影响

采用固态反应法制备了Cu掺杂的Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4-xCuxO9(0.0≤X≤0.3)样品,研究了Cu掺杂对样品的微观结构和热电性能的影响.Cu部分替代Co增大了晶粒尺寸.样品的热电性能随着Cu含量的增加而增加.1000K时,x=0.3样品的电导率,塞贝克系数和功率因子分别达到97S·cm-1、1 81 μV·K-1和3.2 × 10-4Wm-1K-2,显著高于未掺杂的Ca3Co4O9样品.     

掺杂金属离子对Ca3Co4O9的热电性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法,在常压空气中,经850℃烧结4h制备了Ca3Co4O9掺杂不同金属离子M(Na ,Ag ,La2 )的(Ca1-xMx)3Co4O9热电材料.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜等对材料的微结构进行了表征,重点考察了掺杂不同金属离子对Ca3Co4O9中温热电性能参数Seebeck系数、电导率和功率因子的影响.结果表明:金属掺杂的(Ca1-xMx)3Co4O9热电材料具有致密的内部结构,并能够明显改善Ca3Co4O9的热电性能,尤其是掺杂Na 样品的热电性能有较为明显的提高,并且掺杂离子浓度对改善热电性能也有一定影响,组成为(Ca0.90Na0.10)3Co4O9时的功率因子提高最明显.     

Ca3Co4O9陶瓷的制备和热电性能

氧化物半导体陶瓷材料是新型的中、高温热电材料。采用传统固相合成法和溶胶－凝胶法成功地制备了Ca3Co4O9陶瓷。对它们的显微结构和热电性能（Seebeck系数、电导率和热导率）进行了研究。实验结果表明，由两种方法制备得到的Ca3Co4O9陶瓷具有类似的热电性能。Ca3Co4O9陶瓷为取向无规则片状结构，属于p型半导体热电材料，其热电品质因子随温度升高而增大。Ca3Co4O9陶瓷具有大的Seebeck系数和低的热导率，但它的电导率仍然偏低，导致了它的热电品质因子比传统热电合金的热电品质因子低。     

Ca_3Co_4O_9陶瓷的热传输特性(英文)

采用溶胶-凝胶法,结合常压烧结工艺制备了Ca3Co4O9陶瓷.通过热重-差示扫描量热法(thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry,TG-DSC)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)等测试手段探讨了Ca3Co4O9陶瓷的形成过程,分析了不同工艺参数对Ca3Co4O9陶瓷显微结构及性能的影响,研究了晶粒尺寸与热传输性能之间的关系.结果显示:Ca3Co4O9为取向无规则层片状结构,当煅烧温度为750～900℃时,能得到纯相Ca3Co4O9,Ca3Co4O9陶瓷的热导率(k)较低,且随着温度的升高而逐渐增大.晶粒尺寸的减小对其晶格热导率(k1)影响显著,当平均晶粒由92 nm减小到63 nm时,k1由1.529 W/(m·K)减小到0.959 W/(m·K),但对载流子热导率(kc)的影响很小.Ca3Co4O9陶瓷的k随晶粒尺寸的减小而降低,主要是由于kl随晶粒尺寸的减小而降低所致.     

Ca2+掺杂对BiFeO3陶瓷结构和磁、介电性能的影响

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O、Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和Ca(NO3)2·4H2O为原料、乙二醇甲醚为溶剂、柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶–凝胶法制备Bi1–x Cax FeO3(x=0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20)陶瓷样品。结果表明:所有样品的主衍射峰与纯相BiFeO3相吻合,样品晶粒尺寸随Ca2+掺杂量的增加而减小,在室温下各样品均具有完整的磁滞回线,样品铁磁性显著提高。当x=0.10时,剩余比磁化强度达到最大值(0.11A·m2/kg)。在外加磁场为398 kA/m时,样品的比磁化强度在644 K附近出现明显的反铁磁相变,反铁磁相变温度TN随掺杂量的增加而升高。在300~900 K,样品顺磁相变温度TP,以及TN和TP处比磁化强度的差值随Ca2+的增加均呈现先上升,在x=0.10时达到最大值,之后又呈下降趋势。样品在850K时比磁化强度出现明显变化,变化幅度随Ca2+掺杂量的增加而减小,在x=0.10时最小,之后又增大。不同磁场下样品剩余比磁化强度随温度变化表明:Bi1–x Cax FeO3陶瓷样品存在变磁性,当x=0.10时,变磁性最为明显。磁电耦合效应观测结果表明:样品的磁电耦合系数为负值,介电常数随外磁场变化反应灵敏,在x=0.10时磁电耦合效应为–14.2%,是纯相BiFeO3(其磁电耦合效应为–5%)的近3倍,表明掺杂适量Ca2+可增强样品的磁电耦合性能。     

c轴择优Ca_3Co_4O_9多晶的热电性质及激光感生横向电压效应

采用传统固相反应法制备c轴择优的错层结构Ca3Co4O9多晶材料,用热重-差示扫描量热分析、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和电阻率–温度曲线、热电势–温度曲线对样品进行了表征,探究了材料热电输运性质和激光感生横向电压(laser induced transverse voltage,LITV)效应。结果表明:在800和870℃分别保温24 h条件下可获得纯相层片状Ca3Co4O9多晶,其(00l)取向因子达0.74。Ca3Co4O9多晶材料在80~300 K、336~826 K分别为金属和半导体电输运行为。336 K时Seebeck系数约130μV/K。由于声子曳引热电势的贡献,随温度升高,热电势增大。以波长为248 nm、脉宽为28 ns、能量密度为17 m J/cm2的脉冲激光照射多晶构造斜面,获得了42 m V的LITV响应,比倾斜外延Ca3Co4O9薄膜中的LITV信号小约2个数量级。由于存在偏离(00l)取向的晶粒和大量晶界,导致本征热电各向异性相互抵消,大大减小了LITV响应。     

Ca_(2.7)Sr_(0.3)Co_4O_9 和 Ca_(0.95)Sm_(0.05)MnO_3 热电材料的性能及器件(英文)

为了构造具有一定实用性能的氧化物热电器件,对 p 型 Ca3Co4O9和 n 型 CaMnO3过渡金属氧化物半导体进行研究,结果表明:Ca2.7Sr0.3Co4O9和 Ca0.95Sm0.05MnO3的热电性能良好。Ca2.7Sr0.3Co4O9陶瓷的微观形貌呈片层状及尖锐的(00?)相,说明具有高度织构,Ca0.95Sm0.05MnO3陶瓷为单一相正交晶系。分析了样品形成的化学反应过程。热电参数测试结果表明:Ca2.7Sr0.3Co4O9为 p 型半导体,空穴导电机制,Ca0.95Sm0.05MnO3为 n 型半导体,电子导电机制。两种材料的电阻均较低,在 870 K,Seebeck 系数分别为 170 μV/K 和–167 μV/K。在测量温度范围内,热导率变化很小,并计算出热电优值。利用此两种材料构造热电器件,并对其性能进行测试。     

不同粉体制备工艺对Ca3Co4O9陶瓷性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法和化学共沉淀法制备了Ca3Co4O9粉体,并烧结为纯相Ca3Co4O9陶瓷。利用XRD、SEM等方法对陶瓷样品的物相以及断面形貌进行了表征,利用四探针法测量了Ca3Co4O9陶瓷的电导率。试验结果表明化学共沉淀法与溶胶凝胶法粉体相比,制得的Ca3Co4O9陶瓷不仅具有更低的气孔率、线收缩率,而且具有更高的电导率,也是一种制备高性能热电材料粉体的有效方法。     

Ca3Co4O9陶瓷的结构与性能

采用传统固相烧结法制备了Ca3Co4O9陶瓷,并对其显微结构和热电性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,Ca3Co4O9为六角形层状结构,晶胞参数a=5.0,c=10.7,属P型半导体,Seebeck系数和电导率均随着温度的升高而增大。     

制备工艺对La改性的Ca3Co4O9基陶瓷热电性能的影响

利用常压烧结、冷等静压成型后常压烧结及热等静压烧结3种不同制备工艺,合成了(Ca0.9La0.1)3Co4O9热电材料。XRD分析表明：不同工艺制备的样品均为Ca3Co4O9相。样品的SEM照片显示：晶粒为片状结构;热等静压烧结制备的样品,其片状结构不明显,但致密度较之另外两种工艺大幅度提高,其相对密度为95％。制备工艺对(Ca0.9La0.1)3Co4O9热电材料Seebeck系数影响不大,但热压烧结样品能大幅度提高(Ca0.9La0.1)3Co4O9电导率。在一定温度范围内,随温度升高,功率因子大幅度增加,对于热压烧结的样品尤为显著。     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

己内酰胺水解聚合过程模拟──双官能团酸调节剂与尼龙6组成分布

提出了有双官能团酸相对分子质量调节剂存在时己内酰胺水解聚合过程动力学模型 ,并进行了实验验证 .对不同温度下聚合产物组成和各影响因素对数均聚合度的影响进行了模拟 .结果表明 ,数均聚合度随进料中水、氨基己酸及相对分子质量调节剂浓度的增加而减小 ,其中水的浓度影响较显著 ,且在考察浓度范围内相对分子质量调节剂浓度 [R]0 ≤ 0 0 0 68mol·kg- 1 时数均聚合度基本不变 ,而 [R]0 >0 0 0 68mol·kg- 1 时数均聚合度则显著减小 .无氨基己酸及相对分子质量调节剂时数均聚合度亦随水浓度增加而减小 .     

典型煤碳燃烧特性研究和数值模拟

本文以三种典型煤的碳燃烧为研究对象，分别采用简单一维沉降燃烧方式和等温加热燃烧方式，实验研究了煤在快速加热条件下，其碳的初期和中，后期燃烧过程。以实验为基础，建立了煤的碳燃烧模型，变工况数值模拟了煤的碳燃烧过程，揭示了煤不同条件下的单颗粒碳燃烧特性。     

直链烷烃氯磺酰化反应的光催化动力学研究

本系统采用氯气和二氧化硫作为气相原料，C18－17直链烷烃为液相原料，在光作用下进行气相氯磺酰化反应。由于该反应过程机理复杂，本研究采秀工程研究方法，对过程进行合理简化，导得该反应的动力学速率模型，并采用非线性多响应常微分模型的参数估计方法求得模型参数。模型计算值与实验结果能较好吻合，该模型可用于反应器的设计计算。     

HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROCESS OF DEPRESSURIZATION OF SATURATED WATER

Experiments were carried out to find the effects of dissolved gas pressure,liquid flow rateand nozzle geometry on the bubble generation when saturated water was depressurized through anozzle.A new method,high speed camera system was developed to measure the generated microbubblesdynamically.On the basis of the laws of ideal gas and solution,theoretical generated gas flow ratewas deduced,while the Smoluchowski′s equation was applied to describe the kinetics of bubblenucleation.It was found that the size distribution of nucleated bubbles was of skewed distribution.An explanation to this phenomenon was made and the Gamma function distribution was employedfor mathematical simulation.The results show good agreement between the experimental data and thepredictions by proposed model.     

卫生陶瓷烧成用窑炉发展之我见

归纳了当今卫生陶瓷工业的发展现状和水平 ,对窑炉产业提出了的新要求 ,分析了某一新型窑炉的特点 ,对发展我国陶瓷窑炉产业提出了建议     

ON THE PREDICTION OF HEATS OF VAPORIZATION OF PURE COMPOUNDS

An expression to predict the values of the latent heat of vaporization of pure compounds at their normal boiling point has been developed. A knowledge of the critical temperature, critical pressure, normal boiling point and acentric factor of the compound coupled with the use of generalized correlations for second virial coefficient and liquid molar volume allows to obtain good estimates, particularly for alcohols and ketones. Results for 71 various substances are compared with experimental values and with the results of eight other equations available in the literature. The possibility of using the calculated heats of vaporization at the normal boiling point to estimate values at other temperatures is discussed.