SHS/QP制备(TiB2+Fe)/Fe叠层材料的温度场与应力场分析

采用有限元分析方法,研究SHS/QP技术制备叠层材料过程中试样的温度分布和变化,为工艺参数的选择和试样界面结构分析提供参考。有限元计算表明SHS反应层厚度增加时,Fe基片界面处温度升高,Fe以液相存在的时间延长。采用有限元分析方法计算叠层材料残余热应力,叠层材料中TiB₂+Fe金属陶瓷层与Fe基片的界面结合处径向边缘出现轴向应力和剪切应力的奇异点,导致在这个区域出现应力集中。     

机械振动对SHS陶瓷内衬复合管显微结构和力学性能的影响

通过在重力分离SHS法制备陶瓷内衬复合管过程中施以不同振幅与振频的单自由度上下往复式机械振动 ,研究了机械振动对SHS铝热燃烧、陶瓷凝固及复合管组织性能的影响 .研究发现 ,机械振动并相应提高振频可以提高燃烧温度、燃烧速率和反应转化率 ,促进Al2 O3 Fe液相重力分离和陶瓷致密过程 ,并使陶瓷层的凝固组织发生改变 ;性能测试结果表明机械振动并相应提高振频可以提高复合管的各项力学性能指标和内衬陶瓷层的表面质量 .     

圆板状SiC/C功能梯度材料残余热应力特征有限元分析

功能梯度材料残余热应力的大小及分布对其性能有效发挥及长期稳定使用有着较大的负面影响,为了尽可能充分发挥材料性能,增加材料的使用寿命,需尽可能减小残余应力以及使其合理分布.本文采用ANSYS有限元分析软件对不同叠层工艺参数的等离子体第一壁候选材料--SiC/C功能梯度材料(FGM)的残余热应力进行了数值模拟,获得了使热应力有效缓和的较适宜的工艺参数,对实际研发制备目标材料也可提供一些理论参照.相关结果表明,适量增加梯度叠层数及中间梯度层厚度可逐步有效缓和残余热应力,同时,针对本文今后应用的仍以炭材料为主体的炭基陶瓷保护层复合SiC/C FGM而言,纯SiC层厚度应取较小值,而叠层成分分布指数应取0.8～1.0为宜.     

燃烧合成TiC-A12O3/Fe梯度材料及其抗热震行为

采用自蔓延高温合成结合准热等静压(SHS/PHIP)制备出了具有对称结构的TiC-A12O3/Fe梯度材料,并对其抗热冲击及抗热疲劳行为进行了测试和分析。结果表明,SHS/PHIP制备的TiC-A12O3/Fe梯度材料具有预期的梯度式组成,在热冲击和热疲劳实验过程中均无梯度层间横向贯穿裂缝,克服了传统陶瓷/金属直接接合界面的热应力剥落。     

燃烧合成TiC-Al2O3/Fe梯度材料及其抗热震行为

采用自蔓延高温合成结合准热等静压（SHS／PHIP）制备出了具有对称结构的TiC-Al2O3/Fe梯度材料,并对其抗热冲击及抗热疲劳行为进行了测试和分析,结果表明,SHS／PHIP制备的TiC-Al2O3/Fe梯度材料具有预期的梯度式组成,在热冲击和热疲劳实验过程中均无梯度层间横向贯穿裂缝,克服了传统陶瓷／金属直接接合界面的热应力剥落。     

重力分离SHS内衬陶瓷涂层合成机理及添加剂行为

在采用SHS铝热 -重力分离技术制备陶瓷内衬复合管的基础上 ,研究了陶瓷涂层的合成机理及相应添加剂在合成过程中的行为 .研究得出 ,重力分离SHS合成过程经历燃烧合成、液相分离和陶瓷凝固三个基本过程 ,陶瓷层致密化贯穿于三个过程之中 ;SiO2 、CrO3 及NaF添加剂通过对三个过程的影响进而影响内衬陶瓷涂层与复合管的各项性能 .研究表明 ,在铝热剂为Al+Fe2 O3 +2 %SiO2 + 6%CrO3 + 1 %NaF条件下 ,内衬陶瓷涂层及复合管具有良好的综合性能 .     

机械振动对SHS 陶瓷内衬复合管显微结构和力学性能的影响

通过在重力分离SHS 法制备陶瓷内衬复合管过程中施以不同振幅与振频的单自由度上下往复式机械振动, 研究了机械振动对SHS 铝热燃烧、陶瓷凝固及复合管组织性能的影响。研究发现, 机械振动并相应提高振频可以提高燃烧温度、燃烧速率和反应转化率, 促进Al₂O₃-Fe 液相重力分离和陶瓷致密过程, 并使陶瓷层的凝固组织发生改变; 性能测试结果表明, 机械振动并相应提高振频可以提高复合管的各项力学性能指标和内衬陶瓷层的表面质量。     

钛合金TC4表面医用氧化物陶瓷涂层的 残余热应力分析

采用有限元方法分析了钛合金TC4表面分别溅射沉积的4种医用陶瓷涂层Ta2O5、Nb2O5、ZrO2和TiO2的残余热应力分布情况,并以Ta2O5涂层为例,研究涂层的厚度与结构对残余热应力最大值的影响。结果表明,4种氧化物涂层的残余热应力都表现为拉应力,且应力最大值均位于涂层/基体结合界面的外边缘,其中残余热应力最大值最大的是Ta2O5涂层（32.2 MPa）,其次是Nb2O5（19.7 MPa）和ZrO2涂层（10.2 MPa）,最小是TiO2涂层（1.03 MPa）。当涂层厚度由1 μm增加到4 μm时,Ta2O5涂层的残余热应力最大值呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,其中涂层厚度为2.5 μm时的残余应力最大值最小。对于不同结构的Ta2O5涂层来说,在表面层厚度或涂层总厚度相同的情况下,残余热应力最大值由小到大的涂层结构依次为梯度涂层、复合涂层、单层涂层。     

CuO对重力分离SHS陶瓷内衬复合管组织的影响

采用重力分离自蔓延高温合成法(Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis,简称SHS)法,以(Al-Fe2O3-CuO) SiO2复合铝热体系为铝热剂,制备了陶瓷内衬复合管.分析了添加剂CuO对陶瓷层组织的影响.XRD分析表明.陶瓷层主晶相为α-Al2O3、FeAl2O4、Al2SiO5,复合管的中间金属层由α相(Cu在α-Fe中的固溶体)和Cu相组成.CuO作为助燃剂,可提高燃烧速度和燃烧温度并减少陶瓷中FeAl2O4的含量.     

SHS陶瓷内衬复合管合成及陶瓷致密化技术

本文通过比较离心SHS技术和重力分离SHS技术的合成工艺 ,从理论上阐述合成SHS陶瓷内衬复合管所涉及的燃烧合成、液相分离和陶瓷凝固三个重要过程 ,并着重探讨了SHS陶瓷内衬复合管技术研究领域中陶瓷致密化问题 ,提出了提高SHS陶瓷内衬复合管质量的有效途径     

涂层基体条件对梯度涂层残余应力影响研究

采用有限元法，对结构一定的Al/Ni-ZrO2梯度涂层在基体条件改变时涂层的残余应力进行了分析，结果表明，基体材料的热膨胀系数对涂层的残余应力有显著的影响，对于基体为圆柱形的涂层，其基体与涂层界面的残余应力梯度，最大轴向拉应力均随热膨胀系数的增大而线性增大，表面纯陶瓷层与次层界面残余应力梯度则随之减小，增大基体的直径和厚度，可缓和涂层残余应力，并在基体直径为36mm,厚度为20mm时各残余应力基本稳定。     

Joining of SiC ceramic to Ni-based superalloy with functionally gradient material fillers and a tungsten intermediate layer

Joining of ceramics to metals is of great interest from both technical and economical points of view. SHS welding of SiC ceramic to Ni-based superalloy has been achieved with TiC-Ni functionally gradient materials as filler and a tungsten sheet as an intermediate layer. The obtained welded strength of the welded sample is 60% of the strength of the SiC ceramic measured under the identical conditions. This value is 25% greater than that without the tungsten intermediate layer. Within the range tested in this study, the strength of welded samples increases with increasing thickness of the tungsten layer. The presence of the tungsten intermediate layer can effectively improve the distribution of process-induced thermal stresses in the joints and reduce the concentration of residual thermal stresses in the ceramic near the welding seam. Microstructural study reveals that diffusion takes place at the interfaces, which promotes bonding at the interfaces.     

等离子喷涂ZrC基涂层逐道逐层沉积残余应力模拟与实验验证

采用商用ANSYS14.5软件, 依据复合梁增层力学模型, 采用逐道逐层累积模型模拟了C/C复合材料表面等离子喷涂ZrC基涂层沉积残余应力的特征, 分析了SiC过渡层、第二相(SiC, MoSi₂)和涂层厚度对ZrC基涂层残余应力的影响, 并进行了实验验证。结果表明, SiC过渡层有效缓解了涂层与基体的热失配应力。涂层体系的应力随着涂层厚度的增加逐渐减小, 符合应力松弛和叠加规律。在涂层内部的径向应力以拉应力为主, 基体中主要为压应力, 且在界面边缘存在压应力集中的极限区域, 易使涂层产生裂纹并沿界面扩展。该模拟采用逐道逐层累积的方法更逼近实际喷涂过程, 能更准确预测涂层的残余应力。     

Macro and micro scale modeling of thermal residual stresses in metal matrix composite surface layers by the homogenization method

The modeling of thermal residual stresses generated in TaC/stellite and TiC/stellite composite surface layers produced by the oscillating electron beam remelting on low alloys steel is presented. The homogenization method is applied to analyze the real composite microstructures by utilizing the digital image-based (DIB) geometric modeling technique. Two scales of elastic stress analysis are studied: macroscopic one referring to the global structure of composite layer produced over the substrate of low alloy steel and microscopic, comprising the selected unit cell of composite microstructure. The results of the analysis show the microscopic stress to be few times higher than the macroscopic one with stress level much above the elastic limit of matrix material, which implies the development of plastic field around the inclusions. The ceramic inclusions within the unit cell are found to be under high compressive stresses. Also, the composite surface layer stays in compression, mainly by the influence of the stress component parallel to the layer/substrate interface. The effect of hardphase volume fraction is examined and it is found that for a small volume fractions the macro and micro stress does not differ substantially between composites with TaC and TiC hardphases despite their mismatch in thermophysical properties. Also, the stress modeling is presented for the composite containing other inclusions and the problem of the selection between 2D and 3D model for the stress analysis is discussed. Communicated by S. N. Atluri, 14 August 1996     

Effect of thermal misfit stress on crack deflection at planar interfaces in layered systems

Deflection of a crack at a planar bi-material interface in a layered system was investigated by considering the effects of the in-plane residual thermal misfit stress. A new parameter based on strains due to mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients was introduced to describe residual stress state independent of length scale. From a numerical analysis, it was predicted that introducing compressive residual stress in the stiffer intact layers of a composite laminate ahead of a growing primary crack would favour crack deflection by allowing advantageous energetic conditions, which indicates that stronger interfaces can be introduced in layered systems this way to improve overall mechanical properties. It was also predicted that the residual stress effect is negligible if the intact layer is more compliant than the cracked layer supporting a previous analysis and discussion reported elsewhere.     

Optimization of processing parameters for making alumina-partially stabilized zirconia laminated composites

The aim of the work was to optimize the processing parameters for fabricating laminated ceramic composites of Al₂O₃–Y–PSZ. Composites of different layer thicknesses, starting from 2 mm and going down up to 0·3 mm, were made by hot-pressing. The different types of cracks originating in the composite were studied in detail and the reason behind their formation analysed. The observed main reasons for crack formation were: (i) differential shrinkage in between the co-sintering layers due to their different sintering kinetics, (ii) thermal expansion mismatch, and (iii) a tensile component of the residual stress in the layer under residual compressive stress. After this defect analysis, suitable remedial measures were taken to avoid the crack formation. And finally a laminated composite with fifteen layers of 0.3 mm thickness was made successfully.     

ZrO_2与40Cr钢钎焊中的缓冲层

本试验研究了ＺｒＯ２与４０Ｃｒ钢在加入缓冲层前后的钎焊连接，结果表明：插入缓冲层Ｃｕ和Ｔｉ可以提高接头强度。对每一种缓冲层，存在一最佳厚度，对应的钎焊强度最大。此最佳厚度对Ｃｕ为０．４ｍｍ左右，对Ｔｉ为１ｍｍ左右。作者认为这是由缓冲层的力学性能和热膨胀系数对残余应力释放产生的两种相反影响而造成的。钎焊时，缓冲层Ｃｕ和Ｔｉ向钎料中均有程度不同的溶解，但不影响钎料对ＺｒＯ２的浸润和反应结合。ＺｒＯ２－４０Ｃｒ钢连接的所有接头均断在陶瓷的近缝区，其断裂方式有三种。     

Strength estimation of ceramic–metal joints with various interlayer thickness

ABSTRACT Residual stresses generated by the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients of ceramics and metals affect the strength of ceramic–metal joints. An interlayer metal can be inserted between the ceramic and metal in order to relax this stress. An analysis was carried out of the residual stresses produced during joint‐cooling and in 4‐point bending tests. The effects of interlayer thickness on ceramic–metal joint strength were then studied by considering a superimposed stress distribution of the residual stress and the bending stress. Finally, joint strength was estimated from fracture mechanics and strength probability analysis by considering the residual stress distribution, defect size and position of pre‐existing defects in the ceramic parts. As a result of this study, we suggest an optimum material selection and interlayer thickness for ceramic–metal joint structures. This approach is generally suitable for the design of electrical and mechanical structures.     

Study of Iron-based Surface Composite Materials

new surface infiltrating composite technique has been developed to obtain metal and ceramic composite layer on the surface of metal by traditional casting method. It has been shown that with the new method, a composite layer with a thickness of 2-5 mm can be obtained. The ceramic particulates distribute uniformly in the matrix. The composite layer is very favorable to wear resistance and thermal resistance situations     

对称型叠层陶瓷喷嘴的结构设计及其冲蚀磨损行为研究

为提高陶瓷喷砂嘴抗冲蚀磨损能力,缓解喷嘴入口、出口的高应力状态,采用热压烧结工艺制备了Al2O3＋（W,Ti）C/Al2O3＋TiC三层对称型叠层陶瓷材料及叠层陶瓷喷嘴.研究结果表明：叠层陶瓷材料表层较之相应单一材料而言,具有更高的硬度和断裂韧性;在相同的冲蚀磨损条件下,叠层陶瓷喷嘴的抗冲蚀磨损性能较非叠层陶瓷喷嘴有显著的提高;试验分析叠层陶瓷喷嘴的最佳层厚比为2.此外,采用有限元法对叠层陶瓷喷嘴在制备过程中的残余应力进行了理论计算,给出了叠层陶瓷喷嘴中残余应力与层厚比的关系.研究表明,残余压应力的存在,细化了晶粒,提高了叠层材料表层的硬度和断裂韧性,是叠层陶瓷喷嘴其抗冲蚀磨损能力提高的原因.理论分析最佳层厚比也为2,理论分析与试验结果相互印证.