辐射度场景中双向纹理函数表面的绘制

双向纹理函数(BTF)表面一般采用点采样数据来定义表面的光照属性,因而这类表面很难运用基于面片分割的辐射度方法进行绘制,提出一种将辐射度算法扩展到包括BTF表面场景的有效方法.对表面的BTF样本区域首先进行像素聚类,再在各个像素类内对视线采样方向做进一步自适应的聚类,在各个视线类内像素分别拟合一个低频光照甬数,并求它们在各个视线类内光照细节的高频光照函数.低频光照函数作为该表面区域的平均反射属性参与辐射度计算,生成场景的整体光照效果;然后利用计算的辐射度值和高频光照函数重建该表面区域的BTF材质细节.文中方法不仅取得了较高的压缩效率,而且在BTF材质表面产生了辉映等全局光照效果.最后利用硬件实现了视点快速改变时的场景绘制.     

可变材质的实时全局光照明绘制

现有的基于预计算的全局光照明绘制算法都假设场景中物体的材质固定不变,这样,从入射光照到出射的辐射亮度之间的传输变换就是线性变换.通过对这种线性变换的预计算,可以在动态光源下实现全局光照明的实时绘制.但是,当材质可以改变时,这种线性变换不再成立,因此,现有算法无法直接用于动态材质的场景.提出了一种方法:在修改场景中的物体材质时,可以实时得到场景在直接光照和间接光照下的绘制效果.将最终到达视点的辐射亮度根据其之前经过的反射次数及相应的反射材质分为多个部分,每个部分和先后反射的材质的乘积成正比,从而把该非线性问题转化为线性问题.又将所有可选的材质都表示为一组基的线性组合.将这组基作为材质赋予场景中的物体,就有各种不同的组合方式,预计算每种组合下所有部分的出射辐射亮度.在绘制时,根据各物体材质投影到基上的系数线性组合预计算的数据就能实时得到最终的全局光照明的绘制结果.该方法适用于几何场景、光照和视点都不发生变化的场景.使用双向反射分布函数来表示物体的材质,不考虑折射或者半透明的情况.该实现最多包含两次反射,并可以实时绘制得到一些很有趣的全局光照明效果,比如渗色、焦散等等.     

复杂场景中基于拓扑空间网格的碰撞检测算法

为了提高复杂场景的碰撞检测效率,提出一种基于拓扑空间网格的碰撞检测算法. 由于场景中存在众多形状复杂、尺寸不一且运动状态不同的物体,首先采取场景预处理对空间进行均匀八叉树网格划分,建立物体方向包围盒层次树与空间网格拓扑结构,利用静态大尺寸物体分割策略提升定位精确性,然后在实时检测中利用拓扑空间网格及投影相交测试排除大量不相交物体对,利用层次包围盒算法对潜在碰撞对进行精确检测并计算出碰撞点. 实验结果表明,本算法有效地提高了实时检测的效率,适用于复杂虚拟场景中的碰撞检测.     

一种辐射度全局光照网格模型的简化方法*

全局光照模型计算通常将环境中的表面分解得足够细,以精确地捕捉由于物体间相互遮挡所引起的阴影效果及其他一些光照效果.因而,一个复杂场景经全局光照计算后,其模型复杂度远远超出了当今图形工作站的实时绘制能力.给出了一种辐射度全局光照网格模型的简化方法.算法首先根据辐射度计算的特点以及人眼的视觉特点,提出以辐射度最大相对变化值为准则,以面片合并法实现全局光照网格模型的第1步简化,将原辐射度全局光照网格模型简化为能量相对变化在用户定义误差范围内的一些超面区域.然后利用顶点删除法实现超面区域边界的简化,进一步加大原网格模型的简化程度.试验表明,这种算法不仅能有效地简化辐射度全局光照网格模型,而且能较好地保持原光照网格模型的特征.     

基于时空相关性的快速碰撞检测算法

针对如何提高碰撞检测算法实时性的问题,提出一种空间分解与层次包围盒相结合的碰撞检测算法,并利用物体运动的时空相关性来加速物体之间的碰撞检测速度。首先用空间分割的方法确定相邻物体,然后用基于时空相关性的层次包围盒方法检测物体之间的碰撞情况,在包围盒碰撞检测时采用加入预判的OBB相交测试方法,减少了包围盒的相交测试计算。实验结果表明,该算法能够实现多个物体同时发生碰撞的检测,并且提高碰撞检测的实时性。     

基于梯度图的微结构表面全局光照实时绘制

针对带有微结构表面的几何模型全局光照计算复杂、难以达到实时性要求的问题,提出一种基于高度梯度图分析的全局光照实时绘制方法.首先,定义微结构高度梯度图,并据此构建可见点的局部最高点集合.其次,给出面向微结构表面对象实时绘制的全局光照计算模型,将光照计算近似分解为环境光入射、光源直接光照和一次交互漫反射这3种分量的计算.在环境光计算过程中,提出一种自适应环境光遮挡计算,借助局部最高点集合计算遮挡角.在直接光照中,给出一种微结构阴影的修正方法,搜索入射光方向的最近局部最高点剖面;通过比较剖面内光线投影与局部最高点的遮挡角,近似确定由微结构造成的阴影区域.最后,根据可见点的局部最高点集合确定一次交互漫反射的采样范围,进行渗色处理.整个全局光照计算方法在图像空间完成,较好地利用了延迟着色的思想和GPU并行计算的特点.算法可以在使用低精度几何模型时表现出带有微结构表面的高精度模型的全局光照效果,且适用于动态场景和可变形物体的全局光照计算.     

GPU单散射并行绘制算法

为了加快介质单散射绘制的速度,提出一种基于GPU的介质单散射并行绘制算法.首先利用光线与场景的交点链表以及光线与介质包围盒的交点计算光线在介质空间中的传播路径;然后进行Ray Marching计算介质单散射光照,使得绘制过程高度并行化.在此基础上,提出图像空间的插值加速算法,利用单散射只与Ray Marching的深度、采样点到光源的距离以及局部介质属性有关的特点,通过定义适当的插值函数在网像空间对像素进行插值,减少Ray Marching的次数,节省绘制时间开销.实验结果表明,文中算法可达到可交互的绘制效率,且不需要预计算,并支持用户在绘制过程中实时修改光照和介质属性,包括各向异性的均匀和非均匀介质.     

一种基于遮罩的稀疏点云滤波算法

基于图像的三维重建硬件约束小、成本低、灵活度高,在实际中得到广泛应用,但物体各部分之间存在遮挡,导致由图像生成的三维点云数据稀疏和密度不均等问题,一直是处理的难点和热点.文中提出一种基于遮罩的稀疏点云滤波算法.首先计算点云的包围盒,并在包围盒中根据点云的稀疏度自适应地划分栅格;其次,利用深度优先搜索,递归求出所有由栅格...     

包含反射、折射和焦散效果的全局光照快速绘制方法

基于分治的思想,提出一种能够交互绘制直接光照、间接光照、反射、折射、焦散等多种效果的全局光照近似计算方法.该方法采用粗粒度的体结构来模拟低频间接光照,利用细粒度的图像对场景进行采样,计算反射、折射和焦散效果;将粗粒度的体采样和细粒度的图像方法相结合,提出了包含多次递归反射、折射的延缓收集缓冲区构建方法、基于体素的双向光照收集方法以及多分辨率自适应光照收集方法.与光子映射方法相比,文中方法更快,针对完全动态的场景绘制速度在10～30帧/s之间;与其他加速单一效果的方法相比,该方法不但可以快速准确地计算间接光照,而且包含了多种镜面效果,绘制效果逼真,显著增强了真实感.     

聚类立即辐射度及在增强现实中的应用

提出一种聚类立即辐射度方法,以实现增强现实等领域需要高度真实感的全局光照算法来实现实时交互的绘制效果要求。为此,改进了传统的立即辐射度方法,将大量的用于表达间接光照的虚拟点光源聚类到少量的虚拟面光源中,并使用实时软阴影算法快速计算可见性。同时,借助图形硬件GPU加速场景绘制。实验结果表明,算法在增强现实环境等领域中支持完全动态场景,且在保证良好视觉效果的前提下获得了实时绘制帧率。     

Adaptive Sampling of Area Light Sources in Ray Tracing Including Diffuse Interreflection

Ray tracing algorithms that sample both the light received directly from light sources and the light received indirectly by diffuse reflection from other patches, can accurately render the global illumination in a scene and can display complex scenes with accurate shadowing. A drawback of these algorithms, however, is the high cost for sampling the direct light which is done by shadow ray testing. Although several strategies are available to reduce the number of shadow rays, still a large number of rays will be needed, in particular to sample large area light sources. An adaptive sampling strategy is proposed that reduces the number of shadow rays by using statistical information from the sampling process and by applying information from a radiosity preprocessing. A further reduction in shadow rays is obtained by applying shadow pattern coherence, i.e. reusing the adaptive sampling pattern for neighboring sampling points.     

A hybrid approach to interactive global illumination and soft shadows

We present a hybrid approach to simulate global illumination and soft shadows at interactive frame rates. The strengths of hardware-accelerated GPU techniques are combined with CPU methods to achieve physically consistent results while maintaining reasonable performance. The process of image synthesis is subdivided into multiple passes accounting for the different illumination effects. While direct lighting is rendered efficiently by rasterization, soft shadows are simulated using a novel approach combining the speed of shadow mapping and the accuracy of visibility ray tracing. A shadow refinement mask is derived from the result of the direct lighting pass and from a small number of shadow maps to identify the penumbral region of an area light source. This region is accurately rendered by ray tracing. For diffuse indirect illumination, we introduce radiosity photons to profit from the flexibility of a point-based sampling while maintaining the benefits of interpolation over scattered data approximation or density estimation. A sparse sampling of the scene is generated by particle tracing. An area is approximated for each point sample to compute the radiosity solution using a relaxation approach. The indirect illumination is interpolated between neighboring radiosity photons, stored in a multidimensional search tree. We compare different neighborhood search algorithms in terms of image quality and performance. Our method yields interactive frame rates and results consistent with path tracing reference solutions.     

A Median Cut Algorithm for Efficient Sampling of Radiosity Functions

This paper presents an efficient method for sampling the illumination functions in higher order radiosity algorithms. In such algorithms, the illumination function is not assumed to be constant across each patch, but it is approximated by a function which is at least C¹ continuous. Our median cut sampling algorithm is inspired by the observation that many form factors are computed at higher precision than is necessary. While a high sampling rate is necessary in regions of high illumination, dark areas can be sampled at a much lower rate to compute the received radiosity within a given precision. We adaptively subdivide the emitter into regions of approximately equal influence on the result. Form factors are evaluated by the disk approximation and a ray tracing based test for occlusion detection. The implementation of a higher order radiosity system using B-splines as radiosity function is described. The median cut algorithm can also be used for radiosity algorithms based on the constant radiosity assumption.     

Incremental Updates for Rapid Glossy Global Illumination

We present an integrated global illumination algorithm including non-diffuse light transport which can handle complex scenes and enables rapid incremental updates. We build on a unified algorithm which uses hierarchical radiosity with clustering and particle tracing for diffuse and non-diffuse transport respectively. We present a new algorithm which chooses between reconstructing specular effects such as caustics on the diffuse radiosity mesh, or special purpose caustic textures, when high frequencies are present. Algorithms are presented to choose the resolution of these textures and to reconstruct the high-frequency non-diffuse lighting effects. We use a dynamic spatial data structure to restrict the number of particles re-emitted during the local modifications of the scene. By combining this incremental particle trace with a line-space hierarchy for incremental update of diffuse illumination, we can locally modify complex scenes rapidly. We also develop an algorithm which, by permitting slight quality degradation during motion, achieves quasi-interactive updates. We present an implementation of our new method and its application to indoors and outdoors scenes.     

Speeding up global illumination computations using programmable GPUs

In the context of realistic image synthesis, many stochastic methods have been proposed to sample direct and indirect radiance. We present new ways to use hardware graphics to sample direct and indirect lighting in a scene. Jittered sampling of light sources can easily be implemented on a fragment program to obtain soft shadow samples. Using a voxel representation of the scene, indirect illumination can be computed using hemispherical jittered sampling. These algorithms have been implemented in our rendering framework but can be used in other contexts like radiosity or final gathering of the photon map.     

Interactive virtual relighting of real scenes

Computer augmented reality (CAR) is a rapidly emerging field which enables users to mix real and virtual worlds. Our goal is to provide interactive tools to perform common illumination, i.e., light interactions between real and virtual objects, including shadows and relighting (real and virtual light source modification). In particular, we concentrate on virtually modifying real light source intensities and inserting virtual lights and objects into a real scene; such changes can be very useful for virtual lighting design and prototyping. To achieve this, we present a three-step method. We first reconstruct a simplified representation of real scene geometry using semiautomatic vision-based techniques. With the simplified geometry, and by adapting recent hierarchical radiosity algorithms, we construct an approximation of real scene light exchanges. We next perform a preprocessing step, based on the radiosity system, to create unoccluded illumination textures. These replace the original scene textures which contained real light effects such as shadows from real lights. This texture is then modulated by a ratio of the radiosity (which can be changed) over a display factor which corresponds to the radiosity for which occlusion has been ignored. Since our goal is to achieve a convincing relighting effect, rather than an accurate solution, we present a heuristic correction process which results in visually plausible renderings. Finally, we perform an interactive process to compute new illumination with modified real and virtual light intensities     

Frame-to-frame coherent animation with two-pass radiosity

This paper proposes an efficient method for the production of high quality radiosity solutions which uses an a priori knowledge of the dynamic properties of the scene to exploit temporal coherence. The method is based on a two-pass strategy that provides user-control on the final frame quality. In the first pass, it computes a coarse global solution of the radiosities along a time interval and then, in the second pass, it performs a frame-to-frame incremental gathering step using hardware graphic accelerators. Computing cost is thus reduced because the method takes advantage of frame-to-frame coherence by identifying the changes produced by dynamic objects and by decoupling them from computations that remain unchanged. The input data is a dynamic model of the environment through a period of time corresponding to the same camera recording. The method proceeds by incrementally updating two data structures: a space-time hierarchical radiosity solution for a given interval of time and a hierarchical tree of textures representing the space-time final illumination of the visible surfaces. These data structures are computed for a given viewpoint, either static or dynamic. The main contribution of this work is the efficient construction of the texture tree by identifying the changes produced by dynamic objects and by only recomputing these changes.