生物质化学转化制备香料——乳酸的利用

化石资源的消耗以及其不断攀升的价格和二氧化碳排放带来的环境问题迫使人们开发可再生资源来生产能源和化学品等,即用生物质资源替代化石资源。乳酸是一种量大价廉的工业生物质原料,其本身和其经化学转化的产品均是香料制备的重要原料。以它们为原料已实现了双丁酯、呋喃酮、面包酮、γ-内酯、δ-内酯、偶姻、邻二酮和烷基吡嗪等重要香料的工业化生产。以丙烯酸酯为原料制备重要香料香豆素和二氢香豆素是一条绿色工艺,有望替代目前工业上采用的邻甲苯酚工艺。     

为强化石油回采捕集CO2的全周期评估

The development and deployment of Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage （CCS） technology is a cornerstone of the Norwegian government＇s climate strategy. A number of projects are currently evaluated/planned along the Norwegian West Coast, one at Tjeldbergodden. COe from this project will be utilized in part for enhanced oil recovery in the Halten oil field, in the Norwegian Sea. We study a potential design of such a system. A combined cycle power plant with a gross power output of 832 MW is combined with CO2 capture plant based on a post-combustion capture using amines as a solvent. The captured CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery （EOR）. We employ a hybrid life-cycle assessment （LCA） method to assess the environmental impacts of the system. The study focuses on the modifications and operations of the platform during EOR. We allocate the impacts connected to the capture of CO2 to electricity production, and the impacts connected to the transport and storage of CO2 to the oil produced. Our study shows a substantial reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions from power production by 80% to 75 g·（kW·h）^-1. It also indicates a reduction of the emissions associated with oil production per unit oil produced, mostly due to the increased oil production. Reductions are especially significant if the additional power demand due to EOR leads to power supply from the land.     

Laboratory Studies to Determine Suitable Chemicals to Improve Oil Recovery from Garzan Oil Field

Garzan oil field is located at the south east of Turkey. It is a mature oil field and the reservoir is fractured carbonate reservoir. After producing about 1% original oil in place (OOIP) reservoir pressure started to decline. Waterflooding was started in order to support reservoir pressure and also to enhance oil production in 1960. Waterflooding improved the oil recovery but after years of flooding water breakthrough at the production wells was observed. This increased the water/oil ratio at the production wells. In order to enhance oil recovery again different techniques were investigated. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are gaining attention all over the world for oil recovery. Surfactant injection is an effective way for interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability reversal. In this study, 31 different types of chemicals were studied to specify the effects on oil production. This paper presents solubility of surfactants in brine, IFT and contact angle measurements, imbibition tests, and lastly core flooding experiments. Most of the chemicals were incompatible with Garzan formation water, which has high divalent ion concentration. In this case, the usage of 2-propanol as co-surfactant yielded successful results for stability of the selected chemical solutions. The results of the wettability test indicated that both tested cationic and anionic surfactants altered the wettability of the carbonate rock from oil-wet to intermediate-wet. The maximum oil recovery by imbibition test was reached when core was exposed 1-ethly ionic liquid after imbibition in formation water. Also, after core flooding test, it is concluded that considerable amount of oil can be recovered from Garzan reservoir by waterflooding alone if adverse effects of natural fractures could be eliminated.     

低浓度乙醇催化制备下游化学品研究进展

随着石化资源的不断枯竭和石油价格的飞涨,以化石资源为原料的化学品生产受到了严峻的挑战。可再生的生物质作为化石资源的替代原料进行化学品的生产可以减少对石化资源的依赖,对于人类可持续发展战略具有重要意义。生物质发酵得到生物乙醇,然后以乙醇为平台通过催化转化的方法得到下游化学品,是从生物质得到化学品的重要方法。本文综述了以乙醇转化成其它下游化学品的催化过程,着重介绍和评价了乙醇催化制氢、催化脱水制乙烯以及其它化学品开发的发展状况。最后讨论了当前亟待解决的问题和对策。     

Bioethanol: fuel or feedstock?

Increasing amounts of bioethanol are being produced from fermentation of biomass, mainly to counteract the continuing depletion of fossil resources and the consequential escalation of oil prices. Today, bioethanol is mainly utilized as a fuel or fuel additive in motor vehicles, but it could also be used as a versatile feedstock in the chemical industry. Currently the production of carbon‐containing commodity chemicals is dependent on fossil resources, and more than 95% of these chemicals are produced from non‐renewable carbon resources. The question is: what will be the optimal use of bioethanol in a longer perspective? Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

碳酸盐岩油藏提高采收率技术研究应用进展

介绍了国内外碳酸盐岩油藏实施的注CO2驱、注N2驱、注空气驱、注烃气驱、热采技术和化学驱的历史与现状,同时探讨了未来碳酸盐岩油藏提高采收率技术发展趋势:注气提高采收率技术仍会是主要方法,化学驱可能成为气驱的替代或辅助方式。对于化学驱而言,开发新型化学剂是提高采收率的重要途径,未来的研究应主要集中在以下两个重要领域:①选择显碱性的有机化合物;②研究基于新工程材料("纳米流体")的新流体配方。     

油田三采助剂对原油性质的影响

以油田常用的三采助剂为研究对象,通过模拟原油开采过程,研究了油田三采助剂对南阳原油性质的影响。研究结果如下:油田三采助剂在正常使用量范围内不会影响原油的性质,超过使用量则负作用明显;使用三采助剂不会影响原油中S、Cl、N含量,但磺酸盐类、高Cl助剂除外;应控制或限制高CL助剂使用;三采助剂与原油中的乳化层存在一定关联,应引起注意。     

A Review of Gemini Surfactants: Potential Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Gemini surfactants are a group of novel surfactants with more than one hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail group linked by a spacer at or near the head groups. Unique properties of gemini surfactants, such as low critical micelle concentration, good water solubility, unusual micelle structures and aggregation behavior, high efficiency in reducing oil/water interfacial tension, and interesting rheological properties have attracted the attention of academic researchers and field experts. Rheological characterization and determination of the interfacial tension are two of the most important screening techniques for the evaluation and selection of chemicals for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This review deals with rheology, wettability alteration, adsorption and interfacial properties of gemini surfactants and various factors affecting their performance. The review highlights the current research activities on the application of gemini surfactants in EOR.     

Wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate rocks by chitosan derivatives for application in enhanced oil recovery

The increasing demand for oil and the fast decline of crude oil production from mature fields encourages the development of new enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies. In this work, trimethyl chitosan (TMC) and trimethyl chitosan hydrophobized with myristoyl chloride (TMC-C14) are synthesized, and their wettability modification capacity of oil-wet carbonate rocks is evaluated through contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Their interaction with asphaltene molecules was evaluated through UV–Vis spectroscopy. Transport behavior and oil displacement capacity were investigated in an unconsolidated porous medium. Results show that they can modify the wettability of oil-wet carbonate rocks, turning them water-wet, promoting oil displacement increases by 25% for TMC, and 16% for TMC-C14.TMC shows a better performance for wettability alteration than TMC-C14, confirming the hypothesis that the higher the positive charge density on the polymeric surfactant structure, the more efficient will be the system as a wettability modifier and as an EOR agent.     

Recent developments in plant oil based functional materials

The increasing interest of academic and industrial sectors in the use of bio‐based materials mirrors the overwhelming need for replacing, as much as possible, petroleum derived chemicals, reducing the negative environmental impact derived from their usage. Vegetable oils fulfill this goal extremely well, because of their worldwide availability, large volume production at comparatively low prices and versatility of the modifications and reactions in which they can participate to produce a large variety of different monomers and polymer precursors. Further reactions of these chemicals can lead to very different types of final materials with varied applications. It is because of this remarkable versatility that many review articles have appeared during the last few years; many of them have dealt with the various routes for vegetable oil modification and options for polymer synthesis, whilst others were dedicated to the analysis of the properties of the derived materials, generally focusing on structural properties. In this review, we focus on the capabilities of vegetable oils to be modified and/or reacted to obtain materials with functional properties suitable for use in coatings, conductive or insulating materials, biomedical, shape memory, self‐healing and thermoreversible materials as well as other special functional applications. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

瓦窑堡油田羊马河区调剖技术研究

瓦窑堡油田羊马河区位于陕西省子长县境内,构造位置处于鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡的中东部。主力油层为长2层。油层具有储油物性较好,油藏整装连片,油藏丰度大等特点。但油藏同样具有低孔、低渗、低含油饱和度的特点,属于地质构造活动较弱的岩性油藏。经过多年来的注水开发作业,该区已经取得不错的产量,但同时也带来了很多问题,岩石孔隙经过长年的冲刷已经形成大孔道,注入水将沿着大孔道从注水井流入采油井,其余含油孔隙将无法被驱出,使得产油量大幅度直线下降。为此,采用调剖堵水技术,将大孔道封堵,注入水进入含油孔隙,使油井达到高产、稳产的目的,进一步提高采收率。     

The role of butanol in the development of sustainable fuel technologies

OVERVIEW: The development of innovative methods to efficiently convert biomass to fuels and industrial chemicals is one of the grand challenges of the current age. n‐Butanol is a versatile and sustainable platform chemical that can be produced from a variety of waste biomass sources. The emergence of new technologies for the production of fuels and chemicals from butanol will allow it to be a significant component of a necessarily dynamic and multifaceted solution to the current global energy crisis. IMPACT: The production of butanol from biomass and its utilization as a precursor to a diverse set of fuel products has the potential to reduce petroleum use worldwide. In concert with other emerging renewable technologies, significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions may be realized. The rapid incorporation of renewables into the world fuel supply may also help to offset predicted increases in transportation fuel prices as the supply of oil declines. APPLICATIONS: Recent work has shown that butanol is a potential gasoline replacement that can also be blended in significant quantities with conventional diesel fuel. These efforts have transitioned to research focused on the development of viable methods for the production of an array of oxygenated and fully saturated jet and diesel fuels from butanol. The technologies discussed in this paper will help drive the commercialization and utilization of a spectrum of butanol based sustainable fuels that can supplement and partially displace conventional petroleum derived fuels. Published 2010 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

利用可再生油料资源发展生物炼油化工厂

石油、天然气、煤炭资源终将枯竭,利用可再生资源生产燃料和化工产品正在兴起.利用植物油与甲醇酯交换,可以制备脂肪酸甲酯.脂肪酸甲酯是一种优质清洁燃料,即生物柴油;同时,脂肪酸甲酯及其联产的甘油进一步精制和深加工可以生产许多化工产品.本文从生物柴油的国内外发展概况出发,结合国内的现状,对我国发展生物柴油的影响因素进行了分析,认为原料油的价格和供应量是关键;同样,也对生产化工产品作了相应的探讨,认为这是增加利润的关键.最后形成利用可再生油料资源发展炼油化工厂的设想.     

A Technological Perspective for Catalytic Processes Based on Synthesis Gas

Continuously increasing oil prices, a dwindling supply of indigenous petroleum, and the existence of extensive coal reserves has made the conversion of coal to chemicals and clean-burning fuels an increasingly important part of the national energy programs for a number of industrial nations. In particular, there is a growing interest in the production and use of synthesis gas as a feedstock for the manufacture of fuels and chemicals. Most of the proposed routes are catalytic in nature, and are directed at overcoming the limitations of Fischer-Tropsch chemistry, especially selectivity. Over the past several years, research efforts have led to new selective routes to various fuel fractions; to petrochemical feedstocks including light olefins and various aromatics; to commodity chemicals such as ethylene glycol, ethanol, and acetic acid; and to a number of other fuels and chemicals.     

惠州大亚湾石化区产业发展的探讨

惠州大亚湾石化区以炼油、乙烯为龙头,形成炼油—化工一体化的上下游产业链。产品系列的筛选,主要是苯乙烯深加工、C4馏份深加工、环氧乙烷深加工、高新技术精细化工产品、化工新产品、C5及C9馏份综合利用等。     

Process and Catalyst Needs for Hydrodenitrogenation

During the last decade there has been increased interest in the production of synthetic fuels and chemicals feedstocks from coal and oil shale due to declining petroleum reserves. Table 1 gives the projected gasoline to mid-distillate ratio through the year 2000 and beyond; the shift is away from high-octane fuels requiring a relatively high aromatics content and a relatively low hydrogen content to highly paraffin-based fuels having a high hydrogen content. Figure 1 shows the projected United States energy supply and demand through the year 1990 [2], Current petroleum production in the contiguous United States is about 9 million bbl/day and has declined at a rate of about 0.5 million bbl/day per year for a number of years. Alaskan oil will arrest this decline in production briefly but will not make up for even the loss in the rate of petroleum production incurred in the contiguous 48 states during the last 5 years. In all probability, declining production from current oil fields will not be offset by further new discoveries, and thus the United States will become increasingly dependent on foreign oil. Further, petroleum feedstocks are becoming harder to process as crude quality decreases, and as it becomes more and more necessary to process the bottom of the barrel. Declining oil supply in the face of increasing demand will ultimately require that some of the projected gap be made up with synthetics made from coal and oil shale. Such synthetic feedstocks and heavier petroleum fractions contain higher concentrations of nitrogen than light petroleum stocks, are decidedly more difficult to process, and will place increasing demands on hydroprocessing catalysts and processes.     

Process and Catalyst Needs for Hydrodenitrogenation

During the last decade there has been increased interest in the production of synthetic fuels and chemicals feedstocks from coal and oil shale due to declining petroleum reserves. Table 1 gives the projected gasoline to mid-distillate ratio through the year 2000 and beyond; the shift is away from high-octane fuels requiring a relatively high aromatics content and a relatively low hydrogen content to highly paraffin-based fuels having a high hydrogen content. Figure 1 shows the projected United States energy supply and demand through the year 1990 [2], Current petroleum production in the contiguous United States is about 9 million bbl/day and has declined at a rate of about 0.5 million bbl/day per year for a number of years. Alaskan oil will arrest this decline in production briefly but will not make up for even the loss in the rate of petroleum production incurred in the contiguous 48 states during the last 5 years. In all probability, declining production from current oil fields will not be offset by further new discoveries, and thus the United States will become increasingly dependent on foreign oil. Further, petroleum feedstocks are becoming harder to process as crude quality decreases, and as it becomes more and more necessary to process the bottom of the barrel. Declining oil supply in the face of increasing demand will ultimately require that some of the projected gap be made up with synthetics made from coal and oil shale. Such synthetic feedstocks and heavier petroleum fractions contain higher concentrations of nitrogen than light petroleum stocks, are decidedly more difficult to process, and will place increasing demands on hydroprocessing catalysts and processes.     

国内外强化采油用表面活性剂研究进展

中国石油对外依存度持续上升,而采收率持续下降。中国剩余石油储量中大部分为高温高盐、低渗透、稠油油藏等难以开采的苛刻油藏。化学驱强化采油技术目前所使用的石油磺酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐等常规表面活性剂由于活性低、耐盐性差而导致低效甚至无效。综述了新型表面活性剂,如阴-非离子表面活性剂、双子及寡聚表面活性剂、甜菜碱型两性表面活性剂、高分子表面活性剂、烷基糖苷表面活性剂、黏弹性表面活性剂、生物表面活性剂、阴阳离子混合表面活性剂等的研究进展。讨论了国内外强化采油用表面活性剂评价方法的差异。最后,对采油用表面活性剂的发展方向进行了展望。     

Experimental Study of In-Situ CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Foam Technique and Application in Yangsanmu Oilfield

The Yangsanmu oilfield of Dagang is a typical heavy oil reservoir. After the maximum primary production (waterflooding), more than half of the original oil is still retained in the formation. Therefore, the implementation of an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process to further raise the production scheme is inevitable. In this work, a novel in-situ CO₂ foam technique which can be used as a potential EOR technique in this oilfield was studied. A screening of gas producers, foam stabilizers and foaming agents was followed by the study of the properties of the in-situ CO₂ foam systems through static experiments. Core-flooding experiments and field application were also conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this technique. The results indicated that the in-situ CO₂ foam system can improve both the sweep and displacement efficiencies, due to the capacity of this system in reducing oil viscosity and interfacial tension, respectively. The EOR performance of the in-situ CO₂ foam system is better than the single-agent and even binary system (surfactant-polymer) flooding. The filed data demonstrated that the in-situ CO₂ technique can significantly promote oil production and control water cuts. These results are believed to be beneficial in making EOR strategies for similar reservoirs.     

油田生产中的细菌危害与杀菌技术

在油田生产过程中，常常要使用多种有机化学药剂，加上其他环境条件（如温度、pH值、无机盐、溶解氧等）的适宜，往往会造成钻井液、完井液、压裂液、污水、注水的细菌污染，为了保证油田生产的正常进行，必须采取有效的措施控制细菌的危害。本文介绍和讨论了油田生产中的细菌危害及其杀菌技术，指出新型杀菌剂应向一剂多效方向发展。