热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜的研究

热致相分离法是一种制备聚合物微孔材料的有效方法.介绍了聚合物初始浓度、稀释剂、降温速率、成核剂、萃取剂等因素对热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔材料的影响,并对热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔膜的最新研究进展进行了介绍.     

基于相分离制备高分子微孔材料的新探索

对制备聚合物微孔膜的相分离法进行了评述.简介了课题组几种基于相分离制备聚合物微孔材料的新探索,包括热致相分离,冷冻诱导相分离,聚合致相分离,基板诱导共混聚合物的有规相分离.     

热诱导相分离法制备聚合物微孔膜研究进展

热诱导相分离法(TIPS)是一种简单而有效的制备聚合物微孔膜的方法。文中介绍了TIPS法制备微孔膜的步骤、特点，从热力学平衡相图和动力学相分离两方面阐明了制膜原理；综述了由TIPS法制备聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯膜及亲水膜的最新研究进展，并对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

热致相分离法制备聚合物微孔膜的研究进展

热致相分离（TIPS）是制备聚合物微孔膜的重要方法,自发明以来一直是膜技术研究领域的热点。近年来,随着人们对其研究的深入,针对其原有的缺点进行了改进。主要体现在：（1）将TIPS与其它制膜方法（例如非溶剂致相分离法、拉伸法、超临界二氧化碳法）相结合,进行制备方法的改进;（2）通过使用亲水本体材料或添加两亲共聚物,在制膜同时实现膜的亲水改性;（3）材料由结晶聚合物拓展到无定型聚合物,扩大了TIPS制膜的选材范围。就以上方面,综述了当前TIPS制备聚合物微孔膜研究领域的新进展。     

热致相分离法制备聚合物微孔膜的研究进展

分别从S-L相分离和L-L相分离两方面简述了热致相分离法制备聚合物微孔膜的成膜过程.从聚合物分子量、聚合物浓度、稀释剂与聚合物的相互作用、稀释剂的流动性及结晶、冷却速度及冷却方式、萃取剂的种类及萃取剂的抽提方式、成核剂几方面总结TIPS法制膜的研究进展,并从膜材料、膜结构以及制膜方法三方面阐述热致相分离法制膜的发展趋势.     

热致相分离法制备高聚物微孔结构材料的研究进展

热致相分离法是一种制备微孔结构材料的新方法,采用该方法可以将常温下缺少合适溶剂的高聚物制成多孔材料。为促进该方法广泛而深入的应用,文中归纳了可采用热致相分离法制备微孔膜或细胞支架的结晶性和无定型高聚物,及其所对应的稀释剂体系。综述了稀释剂种类、工艺参数(高聚物浓度、冷却条件)和添加剂等因素对热力学相图、相分离机理、微孔结构及材料性能的影响。     

热致相分离制膜条件对聚丙烯平板微孔膜结构的影响

以热致相分离法制备了聚丙烯平板微孔膜.研究了铸膜液中聚丙烯浓度、熔体指数、稀释剂和成核剂种类及含量、凝固浴温度等制膜因素及条件对膜结构的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜观测制备膜的断面及表面结构,并基于热力学和结晶动力学理论对聚丙烯成膜过程机理进行探讨,结果表明:制膜条件对聚丙烯平板微孔膜的结构影响明显.     

制膜条件对聚丙烯中空纤维微孔膜强度的影响研究

用热致相分离法制备了聚丙烯中空纤维膜,研究了制膜过程中等规聚丙烯熔融指数、初始浓度以及凝固浴温度等因素对所制备膜强度的影响,提出了用热致相分离法制备等规聚丙烯中空纤维膜的适宜工艺条件.对影响合成高分子膜强度的各因素进行了分析和讨论.     

热致相分离法制备共聚物微孔膜研究进展

阐述了热致相分离法(TIPS)制备微孔膜的研究现状。介绍了混合共聚物膜及共聚物微孔材料的制备条件及其性能,包括等规聚丙烯/聚丁烯、聚偏氟乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙烯/三氟氯乙烯共聚物、乙烯/丙烯酸、乙烯/乙烯醇和乙烯/乙烯醇/乙烯缩丁醛等,并对TIPS方法制备共聚物微孔膜的研究方向进行展望。     

复合热致相分离制膜方法

系统介绍了北京坎普尔环保技术有限公司自主创新研发成功的复合热致相分离(complex Thermally Induced Phase Separation,简称为c-TIPS)制膜方法,并与经典的热致相分离(TIPS)制膜方法和修正热致相分离(m-TIPS)制膜方法作了比较.c-TIPS法以水溶性良溶剂和水溶性添加剂组成的混合物作为"复合稀释剂",在加热搅拌罐中,于聚合物熔点(Tm)以下的温度(一般为90～170℃)下形成聚合物/复合稀释剂体系的均相溶液,在相同温度或低5～10℃的温度下纺丝,通过控制芯液和冷却液的组成,利用同时或先后发生的热致相分离(TIPS)和非溶剂致相分离(NIPS)过程的复合相分离过程,制备了强度高、通量大、外表面有皮层(超滤膜)和没有皮层(微滤膜)的新型中空纤维(毛细管)多孔膜.该方法适用于几乎所有半结晶性和非结晶性制膜材料,例如,PVDF,PES,PS,PVC,PAN,PMMA,CA,等,所得膜的综合性能大大优于用NIPS法制备的同样材料的膜性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...