How do habitat variability and management regime shape the spatial heterogeneity of birds within a large Mediterranean urban park?

Large urban parks can support a diverse bird community. However, the effects of variability among habitats and of park management on bird assemblages are poorly understood. We studied bird communities within the Yarkon Park, Tel Aviv, the largest urban park in Israel. We examined species richness, abundance and community composition across 20 locations that differ in levels of park management to identify habitat variables responsible for variation in bird richness and composition. Of 91 recorded bird species, 13 were aliens (14%), 4 were urban exploiters (4%), 54 were urban adapters (60%) and 20 were migrants (22%). Management had a significant effect on native bird richness and bird community structure varied among areas with different management regimes. Species richness of all the above species’ groups was lowest in intensively managed areas. Areas with intermediate levels of management had higher or equal richness compared to unmanaged areas. The majority of urban exploiters were found at all locations within the park reaching their highest abundances in intensively managed areas. Species richness of alien birds did not vary across levels of management. Bird species richness was negatively associated with lawn cover and with distance from nearest water source and was positively associated with the number of woody plant species. We suggest that urban parks should be designed such that the heterogeneity of native vegetation is preserved, if we aim to maintain native bird species diversity and minimize urban exploiter and alien species. When lightly managed or unmanaged, urban parks can retain large remnants of sub-natural habitats and can serve as important contributors to the conservation of native biodiversity within a large urban metropolis.     

北京市平原区受胁鸟类栖息地识别和评价

在北京分布的受胁鸟类主要分布在平原区,而平原区为城市发展的主要区域,因此,在城市管理中融入受胁鸟类保护的内容十分必要。以北京市平原区分布的24种受胁鸟类为研究对象,以鸟类对栖息地的需求为分类依据,结合国家土地利用分类标准,采用人工目视解译法,在北京市平原区的高清卫星影像图上识别出5类一级鸟类栖息地和17类二级鸟类栖息地,得到北京市平原区鸟类栖息地分布图。使用24种受胁鸟类的空间分布模型掩膜鸟类栖息地分布,得到24种受胁鸟类的预测空间分布,叠加之后获得受胁鸟类丰富度分布格局,结果显示,水域是受胁鸟类丰富度最高的栖息地。将受胁鸟类丰富度分布格局与北京市国家级和市级自然保护区分布叠加进行空缺分析,结果显示:1)北京市的自然保护区多分布在山区,不能有效保护受胁鸟类;2)受胁鸟类的保护与平原区的城市建设、绿地管理关系密切。采用分区统计方法,计算各类栖息地中分布的平均鸟类种类数,作为栖息地保护行动优先级指标,得出湖泊、水库、坑塘、滩地、沼泽地等湿地区域是具有最高保护优先级的栖息地类型,在保护实践资源充足的情况下,应对各类栖息地开展综合保护。该研究首次为北京城市区域受胁鸟类保护提出空间参考和管理建议。     

Living in the big city: Effects of urban land-use on bird community structure, diversity, and composition

Cities represent an important threat to biodiversity at different scales. Nevertheless, little is known on the processes underlying such effects. In this paper we describe bird diversity, structure, and composition patterns in different urban land-use categories. For this, we surveyed resident bird communities in four representative land-use categories of southwestern Mexico City. Our results show that bird communities vary greatly along the different studied urban land-uses, which represent an urbanization development gradient. Bird communities were highly dominated by few generalist species in areas with commercial components, while showed to have higher evenness values in green areas. Bird species richness decreased and bird abundances increased with urbanization intensity. Also, our results indicate that bird species richness and abundance values are sensible to site-specific habitat characteristics. Although we did not find a clear pattern of taxonomic homogenization related to urbanization, our results show that urbanization development entails the functional homogenization of bird communities. Thus, based on our results, we suggest three urban planning and management activities: (1) regulate land-use change related to urbanization; (2) increase the number of green areas within the city; (3) establish bird monitoring programs to identify focal areas that need management and assist with ecological data for urban planning.     

Identifying the spatial mixture distribution of bird diversity across urban and suburban areas in the metropolis: A case study in Taipei Basin of Taiwan

This study utilized a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM) to identify the distribution of bird diversity in urban and suburban areas of the Taipei basin. The spatial patterns of Shannon's diversity index were estimated using Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with bird investigation data. To validate the results of FMDM, bird groups were classified by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) based on bird presence-absence records. The probabilities exceeding FMDM's cut-off values for suburban bird communities were obtained from SGS realizations. The results showed that bird diversity in the Taipei basin could be comprised of two-component mixture distributions for urban and suburban bird communities, respectively. The FMDM bird diversity classifications fit the TWINSPAN groups of urban and suburban species. The spatial maps of bird diversity in the study area provide evidence that a metropolis can cause changes in the spatial characteristics of bird communities at the landscape level. Furthermore, the bird diversity and land use maps could be useful for future conservation and urban planning in Taipei Basin, particularly urban green spaces and wetlands. The maps could also be utilized in network planning of green belts or corridors for ecological conservation.     

Avifaunal Richness and Abundance Along an Urban Rural Gradient with Emphasis on Vegetative and Anthropogenic Attributes in Tiruchirappalli,India

Urban expansion and human migration from rural to urban locations have complex relationships with environmental change. Habitat fragmentation, loss of biodiversity and vegetation changes are some of the most common impacts of urbanisation. In many Indian cities, the urban core is characterised by historical human settlements with narrow lanes and packed commercial establishments, while urbanisation that occurred after 1970s preferred spacing between the dwellings with more greenery or urban forestry. As urbanisation progresses, the urban fringes have more scope for incorporating environmental concerns and conservation. In this study, we measured species richness and abundance of birds within varied urban habitats and landscapes along the urban–rural gradient in Tiruchirappalli, India. We also tried to determine the linkage between bird diversity and landscape attributes including anthropogenic factors. Our observations showed that within urban areas, certain landscapes favoured species richness while many habitats are unfriendly for species but encouraged homogenisation. As we move from urban core towards rural gradient, the species richness increased; however, it is not uniform in all peripheral directions. Interestingly, the urban fringes at certain pockets had richness equivalent to rural locations. Species richness positively correlated with vegetation cover while built cover, noise, vehicular movement and pedestrians had negative impacts. As the urban fringes are in various stages of development, they have more scope for integrating ecological and biodiversity considerations and in this aspect wetlands, riverine farmlands and urban forests may play a crucial role in retaining native birds and also supporting migratory bird species.     

Effects of golf courses on local biodiversity

There are approximately 2600 golf courses in the UK, occupying 0.7% of the total land cover. However, it is unknown whether these represent a significant resource, in terms of biodiversity conservation, or if they are significantly less diverse than the surrounding habitats.The diversity of vegetation (tree and herbaceous species) and three indicator taxa (birds, ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Apidae)) was studied on nine golf courses and nine adjacent habitats (from which the golf course had been created) in Surrey, UK. Two main objectives were addressed: (1) to determine if golf courses support a higher diversity of organisms than the farmland they frequently replace; (2) to examine whether biodiversity increases with the age of the golf course.Birds and both insect taxa showed higher species richness and higher abundance on the golf course habitat than in nearby farmland. While there was no difference in the diversity of herbaceous plant species, courses supported a greater diversity of tree species. Furthermore, bird diversity showed a positive relation with tree diversity for each habitat type. It was found that introduced tree species were more abundant on the older golf courses, showing that attitudes to nature conservation on courses have changed over time. Although the courses studied differed in age by up to 90 years, the age of the course had no effect on diversity, abundance or species richness for any of the animal taxa sampled. We conclude that golf courses of any age can enhance the local biodiversity of an area by providing a greater variety of habitats than intensively managed agricultural areas.     

塘类海绵生境鸟类多样性特征及其影响 因素研究

目前国内对海绵生境生物多样性方面的研究还较为欠缺,有蓄水功能的塘类海绵生境可作为鸟类觅食及栖息之地。为了探究塘类海绵生境的鸟类特征,以及生境中的设计与环境因子是如何影响鸟类群落多样性特征的,对重庆悦来会展城的干塘与湿塘进行调查,采集生境中的鸟类、植被、面积特征与环境干扰特征数据。采用聚类分析的方法明确鸟类群落组成特征,通过构建结构方程模型,探究塘类海绵生境特征因子对鸟类群落多样性特征的影响。经过四季监测实地调研,总共观测到64种鸟类,可划分为4种鸟类集团,整体鸟类群落多样性特征受到生境面积、蓄水层面积、乔木多样性、灌木多样性、乔木胸径、乔木盖度、噪声、距林地距离和距非绿地建设用地距离的显著影响。通过合理的设计策略可以提升塘类海绵生境鸟类多样性特征。本研究对于探索城市绿地小微生境的生物多样性效益,促进海绵城市精细化营建具有重要价值。     

基于关键物种与生境质量评估的昆明市 中心城区绿色空间生物多样性分布格局 研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市生物多样性受到严重威胁,生物多样性热点分布区域的识别在城市生物多样性保护方面起着重要作用。以昆明市中心城区为例,首先对绿色空间进行解译,再运用MaxEnt模型识别关键物种分布区域,同时使用InVEST模型对生境质量进行评估,最后将绿色空间、关键物种适生区、生境质量分布进行叠加,分析昆明中心城区绿色空间的生物多样性分布格局。结果显示：生物多样性热点分布区占中心城区面积的38%,占中心城区绿色空间面积的89.5%。高生境质量绿色空间及核心绿色空间主要分布在城郊山地区域,整体性较强。关键物种分布绿色空间主要分布在建成区内城市绿地、河流或水面周围,分布较为零散。研究结果为城市绿色空间未来规划中的保护与发展提供了新的思路和理论支撑。     

基于栖息地的城市湿地公园生物多样性特征与指标研究

城市湿地公园具有与湿地类似的生态功能和典型特征,对城市地区的生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文对不同地区的城市湿地公园进行研究,包括不同气候类型、使用年份和面积大小等不同方面,并对野生动物栖息地特别是鸟类栖息地进行了数据统计和分类分析。通过文献研究、数据统计和比较分析,探索城市湿地公园生物多样性保护指标体系的基本组成及其相关性。本文写作目的是建立适当的城市湿地公园栖息地评估标准,支持生态中国建设。     

哈尔滨市高校校园绿地自生植物多样性及其在异质生境中的分布特征

自生植物是城市生物的重要组成部分,是城市生态系统可持续发展的重要保障。运用均匀网格布样法,结合典型生境取样法,调查并分析了哈尔滨10所高校校园绿地自生植物的物种多样性及其生境特征。结果表明：1)共记录到自生植物146种,隶属于42科108属;2)教学科研与行政办公区、学生生活区以及微生境类型中的乔-草生境、行道树池绿地生境、灌草生境及人工草坪生境是自生植物的主要生存空间;3)生活史周期较短和可塑性高的世界广布性自生植物对高频度和高强度的人为干扰具有很强的适应性。研究成果将为探索城市生物多样性保护与维持策略提供依据,也为低成本校园植物景观建设与养护、自生植物生境设计与营造及生物多样性保护与维持提供参考。     

The influence of coniferous afforestation on lowland farmland bird communities in Ireland: different seasons and landscape contexts

Current governmental policy in Ireland is encouraging afforestation, 80% of which is likely to consist of exotic conifer species, in low-lying agricultural areas. Whereas most studies of bird diversity in forest/farmland mosaic landscapes have focused on high quality woodland remnants in a hostile agricultural matrix, this study has considered the influence of man-made plantations in a less intensively farmed context. Bird communities of three lowland agricultural landscapes (each 2000 ha in area) with intermediate or low levels of coniferous forest cover (33% or 8% approximately) were sampled in winter and summer. Though total abundance and species richness of birds of farmland habitats in the partially forested and open sites did not differ, the presence of trees in the surrounding landscape did influence abundance of some common species such as Blue Tit Parus caeruleus, Robin Erithacus rubecula and Blackbird Turdus merula. In winter, species composition of farmland habitats with and without hedgerow trees differed between forested and open landscapes. Also, the abundance of certain species varied between farmland adjacent to and remote from forest edges, in both seasons. In these landscapes, coniferous plantations did not greatly affect the mainly generalist farmland bird community, either positively or negatively. However, if the proportion of land-use occupied by forestry were to increase, reducing the available hedgerow habitat and forest edge/area ratio, diversity and abundance of declining farmland bird species might be negatively affected.     

基于Maxent模型的深圳湾鸟类热点生境 判别及修复研究

鸟类热点生境判别对于掌握鸟类空间分布格局、 识别保护空缺及指引生境修复策略具有科学价值。采用最大 熵模型确定深圳湾2000与2020年的鸟类热点生境,分析鸟 类生境的变化及其与景观格局演变的关系。结果表明：1)各 环境因子对不同生态类群的鸟类影响程度各不相同,除鸣禽 以外水源距离对其他类群鸟类的影响较大,其次为高程和 年降水量;2)2020年深圳湾的鸟类热点生境占总研究区的 3%(22km2),呈现从自然保护区向城市内陆逐渐减少的趋 势,存在2km2的保护空缺;3)20年间深圳湾鸟类的热点生 境减少了7%,热点生境下降的地区主要集中在深圳湾沿海滩 涂、香港山贝河与屯门河流域中,且猛禽与游禽的生境退化最 为严重;4)鸟类热点生境面积随斑块的数量、密度、形状与用 地类型等景观指数的增加而降低,景观破碎化和景观连通性降 低是导致鸟类生境退化的主要原因。研究为深圳湾鸟类多样性 保护及生境修复提供了参考,对粤港澳大湾区协同生态保护与 城市建设的关系具有重要意义。     

基于提高鸟类多样性的北京城市线性公园绿地植物景观探析

植被覆盖率高的线性公园,可作为鸟类的迁徙途径和栖息之所,并猜测其可作为生态廊道的一部分,适宜的营造植物景观、提升植物种类的多样性对保护鸟类多样性有促进作用。因此,采用标准取样法对北京城市线性公园绿地进行研究,提取可能影响鸟类多样性的植物群落因素、植物生境因素,对提高鸟类多样性提出建设性的意见。研究结果主要表明,在线性公园绿地宽度30～200m内,随着宽度的增加,鸟类的数量有所提高;含有不同类型植物生境的线性公园绿地,对鸟类目标种的吸引力不同,植物生境类型数较多样的线性公园绿地具有较高的鸟类目标种吸引力;不同的鸟类目标种偏好在不同的树种上进行活动。     

基于城市生物多样性保护的环滇池鸟类生境识别与网络构建

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的重要基础,城市生物多样性是其重要组成部分。鸟类是城市生物多样性的指示物种和伞护物种,具有重要研究价值。基于城市生物多样性保护的目的,利用MaxEnt模型预测识别滇池沿岸鸟类适宜生境,完成生境制图,并利用最小成本距离模型和电路理论构建及优化鸟类生境网络。结果表明：1)MaxEnt模型识别环滇池湖滨水陆相交区域为鸟类高适宜区生境,距滇池一级保护区距离与植被覆盖度是影响鸟类生境适宜性的主要因子;2)生境制图结果显示,高适宜区生境以湿地与林地为主,两者占比分别为39.34%和28.67%;3)基于最小成本距离模型构建了滇池沿岸及昆明城市范围内的鸟类生境网络;4)基于电路理论识别了生境网络的生态“夹点”和“障碍点”,改进网络的连通性。研究成果形成鸟类生境识别和网络构建的系统方法,为城市生物多样性保护提供科学依据与参考。     

基于鸟类多样性提升的社区公园生境营造策略探析

社区公园是利用率最高的城市绿地类型之一,其生物多样性水平与居民的健康福祉息息相关.作为生物迁移的踏脚石和城市生态网络的重要节点,其生物多样性水平的提升对整体城市生态环境改善十分重要.以北京市4个小型社区公园为研究区域,以鸟类作为生物多样性指示类群,从公园生境结构和干扰控制两方面入手,探究基于鸟类多样性提升的社区公园空间...     

Can human disturbance promote nestedness? Songbirds and noise in urban parks as a case study

Several explanations have been proposed to understand the existence of nested subset patterns in biological communities, including selective extinction, differential colonization, nested species-habitat relationships, random placement from a common species pool, and human disturbance. We study if songbird assemblages inhabiting urban parks in the Puebla-Cholula Metropolitan Area (Mexico, an urbanizing country) exhibit a nested subset pattern, and apply information-theoretic (IT) methods to rank the likelihood of the abovementioned processes as competing hypotheses explaining nestedness. A total of 21 study sites were considered, where 38 Passeriformes species were retained for nestedness analyses (13 species with preferences for forest habitats, and 25 for non-forest habitats). Neither the number of species per site nor the number of sites per species followed expectations from the random placement hypothesis. In addition, using the NODF index for measuring nestedness and different null models for generating random matrices, we found that songbird assemblages inhabiting urban parks were significantly more nested than expected. The IT approaches we followed evidenced that the two most important ecological processes promoting nestedness were selective extinction and human disturbance: site richness orderly increased according to area, and decreased according to background noise levels. Results are discussed taking into account habitat-related sound degradation and transmission properties, and differential susceptibility to anthropogenic noise among songbirds with preferences for forest versus non-forest habitats. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that noise pollution, a pervasive kind of human disturbance in modern cities, is acknowledged as a factor promoting nestedness in bird communities.     

城市建成环境对鸟类多样性的影响 机制研究评述及展望

城市化带来的环境变化是生物多样性的主要威胁,但城市同样也是生物多样性保护的热点地区。因此,分析和预测城市环境变化对生物多样性的影响对于维护城市生态系统服务,提升人类福祉至关重要。目前,越来越多的研究对城市建成环境进行了详细的分类,分别量化了各个城市特征对生物多样性水平的影响。然而,对影响城市内生物多样性水平的因素仍缺乏多尺度、全球性的分析。借助Web of Science和CNKI,对来自全球37个城市的111篇文献进行了建成环境下鸟类多样性研究方法和结果的系统性分析,并在归纳关键性城市建成环境要素的基础上,提出了以生物多样性为导向的建成环境优化策略,指出了鸟类多样性保护和城市可持续发展的未来方向。     

Species number, historical elements and protection of threatened species in the flora of Helsinki, Finland

Recent urban ecological research shows high species numbers in slowly developed cities and towns. Urban development is known to fragment, change and weaken urban biodiversity. Conservation areas have been the main tool in protecting threatened species both in rural and urban municipalities in Finland. However, very little is known about how successful conservation areas are in protecting rare and threatened species and their habitats in boreal cities and towns. Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is a rapidly urbanising hemiboreal city, which has a high number of vascular plant species in both native and urban biotopes. One and 0.25 km² grid square maps and simple overlay methods are being used to analyse data on species occurrence and land use. Total species number, a rarity index and historical and threatened groupings are used to classify species and their habitats. At present, conservation areas can protect only a small proportion of threatened species in Helsinki. More protection areas, green areas in future land-use decisions and new management goals are needed to protect the biodiversity of existing vascular plant species.     

适应水位变化的鸟类生境修复研究——以 三峡水库澎溪河大浪坝为例

蓄水后三峡水库消落带的剧烈水位变化与反季节水 淹，导致鸟类生境数量与质量的双重衰退，并引发鸟类群落组 成与空间分布的显著变化。针对适应水位变化并恢复鸟类多样 性这一三峡水库生物多样性保护的重要科学问题，选取澎溪河 大浪坝消落带为研究区域，基于栖息、觅食、繁殖及庇护等鸟 类生境综合需求，提出以“环境要素-生物要素-空间结构”协 同设计为核心的鸟类生境修复技术框架。对修复后大浪坝消落 带鸟类群落的结构及多样性变化进行评估，结果表明：鸟类生 境质量显著改善，在不同季节及水位条件下均能维持良好的鸟 类生境异质性，鸟类多样性得到持续提升。研究成果可为复杂 水位变化影响下大型水库消落带的鸟类生境修复与多样性提升 提供科学依据和可参考的技术范式。