不同加载状态曲线锚索沿程预应力损失试验研究

曲线锚索沿程预应力损失是影响衬砌结构应力分布的关键因素,获取摩擦系数和偏差系数尤其重要。开展不同加载状态曲线锚索沿程预应力损失研究,建立了模型试验平台,进行了不分级加载、分级加载和分级循环加载测试,分析了锚固端和张拉端受力特征、预应力损失变化规律、摩擦系数和偏差系数取值,并结合实际工程计算了曲线锚索任意点受力值。结果表明:曲线锚索沿程损失摩擦系数和偏差系数不仅与材料自身属性有关,还受到力学加载状态影响;与不分级相比,分级加载曲线锚索平均预应力损失由 8．47％ 降低至 3．63％,且各级荷载必须给予足够停滞时间,以保持预应力传递;分级循环加载曲线锚索预应力沿程损失大幅降低,而加载时长却较久,不适宜作为常规加载方式,宜作为极个别曲线锚索预应力值不能达标时的应急处置方案。     

边坡锚索预应力监控及其稳定性分析

通过对某高边坡锚索预应力的监控,从锚索预应力损失的快速衰减阶段、缓慢损失阶段以及相对稳定阶段进行探讨,分析影响锚索各个阶段预应力损失的主要因素。在此基础上,建立边坡安全系数随时间变化的函数关系,以预测边坡稳定性,可为实际工程提供参考数据,具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。更多还原     

汉江蜀河水电站闸墩锚索预应力监测及分析

鉴于目前汉江蜀河水电站泄洪闸墩锚索预应力测值已低于设计永存吨位,已接近2015年安全鉴定设计复核值,且仍在持续损失,尚未收敛,给泄洪闸长期安全运行带来隐患。为确保泄洪闸长期运行的安全性,对5号闸墩锚索预应力长期的监测结果进行分析,预测锚索预应力进一步损失的趋势,并归纳得出预应力损失的一般原因和其他影响因素,研究并提出锚索预应力损失的预测值,为确保闸墩未来长期安全运行奠定基础。     

浅析三峡船闸锚索预应力损失及锚固效果

三峡船闸是在岩石山体中开挖而成,开挖成型后,形成高陡边坡.为了施工安全和边坡稳定,设计共布置4 376根预应力锚索予以加固.通过阐述预应力锚索的作用原理及功能,分析影响锚索预应力损失的因素,介绍双线船闸预应力锚索索体的材料性能、工程地质及施工情况,提出了减少锚索预应力损失的措施.依据预应力锚索损失的监测成果,论证船闸预应力锚索的综合锚固效果.     

不同结构锚索预应力损失差异分析

以某坡体采用2 000 kN级的扩孔型和压力分散型锚索对软弱坡体进行加固为例,基于运行初期锚索的预应力损失实测结果,分析了各自的预应力变化规律;通过对两者的对比发现,受内锚固段荷载分布条件改善的影响,压力分散型锚索后期预应力损失更小,在不考虑施工成本和难易的条件下,压力分散型锚索更适合软弱破碎岩体的加固,更易保证岩体的长期稳定性。     

边坡危岩治理中对锚索预应力损失的试验研究

预应力锚索在高速公路边坡危岩治理中,对锚索预应力损失进行了现场试验,在对2根压力分散型锚索进行了6个月锚固力监测后,获得了锚固力随时间的衰减变化规律,结果表明锚固力损失受多次循环张拉影响而偏小。     

考虑预应力损失的锚索加固条件下边坡长期稳定性分析

实际工程中,岩土体存在的蠕变性质使得加固于边坡上的锚索其预应力随时间而发生损失,从而引发边坡长期稳定性问题。为了正确评估预应力锚索加固边坡的长期稳定性,基于滑动面底面应力假设,并融入锚索预应力损失模型,建立一种新的预应力锚索加固条件下边坡长期稳定性极限平衡计算方法,以此来求出预应力锚索加固条件下不同时期边坡安全系数大小,进而反映边坡稳定状况的动态变化。通过工程实例分析,验证了该方法的可行性,并证实了锚索预应力损失可使得边坡长期稳定性变差。同时,经锚索预应力损失对边坡长期稳定性影响的多参数研究,表明提高锚索的初始预应力值是改善边坡长期稳定性的一种可靠有效途径。     

多布水电站预应力锚索荷载损失问题研究

针对多布水电站右岸边坡支护过程中发现预应力锚索在张拉施工后预应力荷载损失较大的情况,以锚索测力计的实际测值为研究切入点,结合多次现场试验和理论研究,分析预应力锚索荷载损失的原因,查明了预应力锚索弹性变形与锁定荷载的关系,提出了解决办法,并在工程中实际应用。     

某水电站右岸边坡预应力锚索监测分析

介绍了工程边坡锚索支护设计和锚索测力计布置情况,对采集的监测数据进行整理和分析,发现锚索预应力损失一般经历三个阶段,而且在观测周期足够长的情况下,预应力随四季温度交替呈正弦曲线波动。已稳定的锚索产生"持续损失II"主要是由于抗剪洞开挖,而预应力"持续增长"主要受下挖引起的局部块体滑移-拉裂变形控制。     

高边坡锚索预应力变化规律浅析

通过对某水电站高边坡锚索预应力的系统监测和综合分析,讨论坡积层边坡中锚索预应力张拉、锁定中的损失及其变化规律的时间效应,探求预应力损失的主要影响因素,得到以下结论：①锚索锁定损失与张拉力有关,张拉荷载的规格越高,损失率越小;②锚索预应力损失分迅速下降、缓慢下降、相对稳定 3 个阶段;③坡积层中锚索预应力损失的主要影响因素是岩（土）体的蠕变,施工、环境因素的影响具有时效性;④本工程区监测数据验证了临时断面监测仪器布置的合理性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。