基于最大熵和粒子群优化的红外图像分割

最大模糊熵是一种有效的图像分割方法,该方法的一个关键问题是确定模糊隶属度函数的最优参数组合,从而使得图像变换到模糊域后的模糊熵最大.但是直接采用穷举法来寻找最优参数组合的计算量是很大的,甚至是不可能的.因此,提出了采用一种新的优化方法,即粒子群算法来寻找最优参数组合.在参数搜索空间中,随机初始化一群粒子,通过粒子之间的相互协作来寻找最优解.所提出的方法用于分割红外图像的结果表明,花费很小的计算代价就可以获得理想的分割结果.     

基于克隆选择算法的最大模糊熵图像分割

为了分割照度不均匀的图像,提出了一种基于最大模糊熵和免疫克隆选择算法的阈值分割方法.该方法利用最大模糊熵准则确定模糊区间的范围,寻找模糊参数的最优组合,确定区分目标和背景的最佳阈值,实现图像分割.为了验证该方法的有效性,对其进行了图像分割实验,并与遗传算法进行了比较.实验结果表明,该算法能够自动、有效地选取阈值,分割效果优于遗传算法,并能保留原始图像的主要特征.     

一种改进的模糊熵红外图像分割方法

提出了一种改进的模糊熵图像分割算法,该算法定义了一种新的模糊隶属度函数,该模糊隶属度函数只包含一个参数,即所要寻找的最优分割阈值,采用简单的穷举法便可得到最优分割阈值。实验结果表明,此方法的分割效果与传统的模糊熵方法效果相当,但计算时间大大减少,使得分割更加快速。     

基于小波变异本质粒子群和模糊熵的图像分割

针对本质粒子群(BBPSO)算法存在易陷入局部最优以及过早收敛的缺点,提出了一种基于小波变异(WM)BBPSO(WMBBPSO)和模糊熵的图像分割算法,利用WMBBPSO搜索使图像模糊熵最大的参数值,得到模糊参数的最优组合,进而确定图像的分割阈值。通过与其它两种BBPSO算法的分割结果比较表明,该算法取得了令人满意的分割结果,算法运算时间较小,能够满足对煤尘浓度实时精确测量的要求。     

基于局部模糊熵与Otsu的图像阈值分割

传统的图像阈值分割方法对噪声和灰度不均匀敏感,且阈值的确定主要依赖于灰度直方图,未考虑图像中像素的空间信息。通过对含噪声图像像素属性的深入分析,提出了一种基于局部模糊熵和Otsu的图像阈值分割方法。局部模糊熵的滤波作用提高了算法的抗噪性,Otsu的自动阈值选取则提高了算法的可靠性。实验结果表明,该方法能自动、有效地选取阈值,分割效果优于传统的阈值分割方法。     

采用遗传算法与最大模糊熵的双阈值图像分割

提出了一(?)基于概率划分的最大模糊熵双阈值图像分割方法。文章将概率划分、模糊划分及最大模糊熵准 则结合起来,提出一种 概率划分的最大模糊熵准则。将图像分为暗、灰和亮三个部分,并分别采用S函数、Π函数 和Z函数来描述其模糊性。利用最大模糊熵准则确定图像的两个模糊区域带宽及其属性,进而确定图像的两个最佳分 割门限。由于需优化处理的参数较多,本文采用遗传算法对六个模糊参数进行组合寻优,并采用合适的编码方案以避免无 效染色体的产生。试验结果证明利用本文提出的最大模糊熵准则分割图像具有较好的效果,采用遗传算法也使本文的分割 算法速度大大提高,在较短的时间内能够得到满意的分割结果。     

基于相对熵的水下图像模糊增强与边缘检测算法

采用一种基于相对熵的水下图像模糊增强算法对深海结核分布丰度图像进行处理.该算法首先使用基于阈值选取的图像分割原理确定一个阈值参数,然后根据此阈值参数定义隶属函数,从而将图像转化为等效的图像模糊特征平面,通过在模糊平面上采用相对熵的算法对图像进行增强运算,最后实现对图像的边缘检测.仿真结果表明该算法是有效的.     

基于遗传算法的最大熵阈值的图像分割

图像阈值分割技术在图像分析和图像识别中具有重要的意义.最大熵方法具有很多优点,但同时也存在弱点:需要大量的运算时间,特别是在计算多阈值时.因此需要引入优化算法.文中将遗传算法用于最大熵阈值的图像分割方法中,分别对一维及二维阈值分割的情况进行讨论,并提出了一种基于改进型遗传算法的最大熵阈值图像分割方法. 通过对几幅经典图像的分割结果对比,表明了基于遗传算法的最大熵阈值的图像分割方法可以有效地提高最大熵图像分割的计算速度,提高图像处理的实时性.     

基于混沌蚁群算法的快速红外图像分割

提出了一种基于混沌蚁群算法优化二维模糊划分最大熵的红外图像分割方法。二维模糊划分最大熵分割方法不仅利用了灰度信息以及空间邻域信息,并且兼顾图像自身的模糊性,能取得很好的分割效果,然而最大熵的最优参量组合却很难快速准确地获得。本文将混沌蚁群优化算法应用到二维模糊划分最大熵分割方法当中,充分利用混沌蚁群算法快速寻找最优解的特点,来搜索二维模糊划分最大熵的最优参量组合。实验仿真结果表明,该方法比传统的图像分割方法有更好地分割效果,有效抑制了图像噪声对目标区域分割的干扰。     

一种风驱动优化Tsallis相对熵的图像多阈值分割方法

本文提出了一种风驱动优化Tsallis相对熵的图像多阈值分割算法.首先分析了Tsallis相对熵阈值分割原理,并将其推广到多阈值分割.利用高斯分布拟合分割后的图像直方图信息,利用Tsallis相对熵作为衡量最佳分割阈值的度量函数.将风驱动优化算法与Tsallis相对熵度量函数结合,求解Tsallis相对熵函数的最优解,提高阈值分割算法的速度.最后将所提算法与穷举法、粒子群算法做比较,并且与经典的Otsu算法和基于二维熵的多阈值分割法进行对比.实验结果表明所提算法速度快、准确性高能够用于图像的多阈值分割.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.