Effect of low temperature treatment on tensile yield strength of SiCw/6061 Al alloy composites

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎＳｉＣｗ/ 60 61ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ,ｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔ(ＳｉＣｗ)ａｎｄｍａｔｒｉｘ(Ａｌａｌｌｏｙ)ｉｓｖｅｒｙｌａｒｇｅ.Ａｓａｃｏｎ ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ,ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓｉｓｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｄｏｗｎｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｔｏｒｏｏｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ,ａｌａｒｇｅｍｉｓｍａｔｃｈｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒ…     

Effects of particle size on residual stresses of metal matrix composites

A finite element analysis was carried out on the development of residual stresses during the cooling process from the fabrication temperature in the SiCp reinforced AI matrix composites. In the simulation, the two-dimensional and random distribution multi-particle unit cell model and plane strain conditions were used. By incorporating the Taylor-based nonlocal plasticity theory, the effect of particle size on the nature, magnitude and distribution of residual stresses of the composites was studied. The magnitude thermal-stress-induced plastic deformation during cooling was also calculated. The results show similarities in the patterns of thermal residual stress and strain distributions for all ranges of particle size. However, they show differences in magnitude of thermal residual stress as a result of strain gradient effect. The average thermal residual stress increases with decreasing particle size, and the residual plastic strain decreases with decreasing particle size.     

High temperature deformation of NiAl matrix composites

The intermetallic compound, NiAl, has many attractive properties as a high temperature structural material. However, its lack of creep resistance prevents practical applications. Adding ceramic reinforcements, such as TiB₂ particles, Al₂O₃ particles or whiskers can significantly improve the strength of binary NiAl at high temperatures. However, the increase in the yield stress of the discontinuous NiAl matrix composites as compared with monolithic NiAl is difficult to explain. The purposes of this research were to understand the deformation mechanisms which cause the increase in strength achieved by adding TiB₂ particles, Al₂O₃ particles or whiskers to NiAl, and to recognize the principles of the deformation process in NiAl matrix composites. In order to accomplish these objectives, mechanical properties and thermal activation parameters in NiAl matrix composites with different types, shapes and sizes of reinforcements have been systematically evaluated. Microstructures and dislocation structures in NiAl matrix composites have also been thoroughly characterized before and after deformation. It was found that the size of the reinforcement had a large influence on the microstructures of the composites, and the nominal activation energies for all the composites were the same and within the range of the activation energy of self-diffusion for pure NiAl. This indicated that the deformation mechanism was the same for all NiAl matrix composites. The thermally activated motion of jogged screw dislocations is postulated as the rate controlling mechanism of the deformation of NiAl matrix composites. However, this non-conservative motion of jogged screw dislocation theory requires only the appearance of vacancy producing (VP) jogs. A simple model which is based on the cross slip of screw dislocations in NiAl is proposed to account for the occurrence of VP jogs. A formulation of strain rate vs stress for the VP jogged screw dislocation model was derived. By computer simulation, it was found that this mechanism was capable of predicting the temperature dependence of the yield stresses of NiAl composites. It was further concluded that the reinforcement addition only increased the non-thermally activated component of the yield stress.     

细晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金动态本构关系的研究

采用随机顺序吸附法建立了Csf/Mg复合材料周期性体胞模型,对Csf/Mg复合材料的拉伸性能进行了有限元模拟.对比拉伸试验结果,验证了该周期性体胞模型的有效性.模拟结果显示:随着Csf/Mg复合材料中纤维体积分数的提高,其拉伸性能不断提高,弹性模量、屈服强度和抗拉强度均随之增加;平行于外载方向的纤维承载了最大的应力,而与外载方向约呈60°角的纤维承受的应力最小;平行于外载方向的纤维,其端面附近的基体也承受了较大应力;在拉伸变形的过程中,基体的塑性变形由纤维附近区域向基体其他区域扩展.     

铀表面Al/Ti复合镀层热应力的有限元分析

对铀表面Al/Ti复合镀层的热应力进行了热弹塑性有限元分析,表明Ti镀层内为压应力,Al镀层内为拉应力,并达到铝的屈服强度,靠近试样侧边,存在边缘效应引起的应力分布不均匀性,离试样侧边2倍镀层厚度处,不均匀性逐渐消失,试样侧边U-Al界面剪切应力大于中部区域.对沉积温度、镀层厚度及镀层力学性能对镀层热应力和塑性应变的研究表明,随着沉积温度升高,镀层内热应力和塑性应变明显增大,减薄Al镀层和增厚Ti镀层可降低镀层内热应力和塑性应变,Al镀层屈服强度及Ti镀层弹性模量对镀层热应力和塑性应变有重要影响.     

有限元模拟SiC增强Al基复合材料的力学行为

采用有限元方法和轴对称单胞模型模拟了增强体(SiC)形状、体积分数以及不同基体类型对铝基复合材料力学行为的影响。模拟结果表明:增强体的加入会阻碍基体的塑性流变,使基体内发生非均匀变形,在增强体尖角处出现应力集中;椭圆柱形增强体对基体塑性变形的阻力最大,传递载荷的能力最强,因此强化效果最好。在一定范围内,随着增强体体积分数的增加,基体与增强体之间的比表面积增大,有利于载荷的传递;增强体体积分数的增加导致颗粒间距减小,几何必须位错自由运动的路径减少,复合材料的强度也随之增加。此外,不同类型基体自身的塑性流变能力不同,Al-Zn-Mg基体强度最高,在拉伸变形过程中,受到增强体的阻碍作用最大,会有更多的载荷从基体传递到增强体,以Al-Zn-Mg为基体的复合材料的强度最高。     

INFLUENCE OF TOP TEMPERATURE OF THERMAL CYCLE ON THERMAL STRESS/STRAIN AND THERMAL FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF PURE IRON

１．ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＦｉｇ．１　ＴｈｅｒｍａｌｆａｔｉｇｕｅｔｅｓｔｍａｃｈｉｎｅｗｉｔｈＯｕｔｅｒｃｉｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔＴｈｅｄａｍａｇｅｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｒｍａｌｆａｔｉｇｕｅｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎｆａｉｌｕｒｅｆｏｒｍｓｏｆｍｅｔａｌｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｐｉｅｃｅｓｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ．Ａｌｏｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｍａｌｆａｔｉｇｕｅｔｅｓｔｓｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｆａｉｌｕｒｅｗｅｒｅｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｖａｒｉｏｕ…     

激光冲击铝合金微结构演化及力学行为的分子动力学模拟

目的 揭示激光冲击铝合金的微结构演化过程及塑性变形机制,探究残余应力产生的机理,为激光冲击提升铝合金力学性能提供理论参考。方法 基于分子动力学模拟,采用活塞冲击法实现多晶铝合金(Al-Mg-Zn-Cu)在不同加载速度下的冲击强化。利用共邻分析法和位错提取法,研究铝合金的微结构演化过程、位错分布以及激光冲击影响铝合金力学性能的内在机理。结果 在冲击波加载阶段,当高速冲击波作用时,铝合金出现大量滑移系,产生高密度位错。在保载阶段,位错集中在晶界附近,导致多晶铝合金发生晶界塑性变形。在卸载阶段,不同类型位错之间进行了相互转化。铝合金两端晶粒和晶界的塑性变形,导致了残余压应力的产生。对完全卸载后的铝合金进行单轴拉伸模拟,发现0.7 km/s和1.0 km/s的冲击速度下,残余压应力抵消了部分拉伸应力,变形晶界附近产生新的位错,且晶界发生迁移和合并,导致极限应力分别提升15%和22%。结论 激光冲击对Al-Mg-Zn-Cu铝合金的微结构及力学性能影响显著,在高速冲击波作用下,铝合金两端发生剧烈的塑性变形,导致残余压应力的产生。单轴拉伸时,残余压应力抵消了部分拉伸应力,且铝合金晶粒内发生原子变形产生新的位错,同时晶界发生运动,最终使得极限应力增大,铝合金的力学性能得到提升。     

Characteristics of the tensile flow behavior of Ti–46Al–9Nb sheet material – Analysis of thermally activated processes of plastic deformation

Flow behavior, strain hardening and activation parameters, i.e. activation volume, stress exponents and normalized free enthalpy of activation, of Ti–46Al–9Nb sheet with near-gamma microstructure have been investigated in tension tests between 700 and 1000 °C. The dependence of yield stress on temperature and strain rate, the course of the strain hardening curves and the values of activation parameters show that thermally activated dislocation mechanisms are mainly involved in the tensile deformation process of the investigated material. At constant temperature the value of the activation volume depends both on plastic strain and strain rate. The activation volume generally decreases with increasing strain. The decrease is particularly well observable for higher strain rates, thus indicating a growing role of thermally activated climb mechanisms governing the process of dynamic recovery. The activation volume calculated for a constant plastic strain (2% in case of this study) is a function of temperature and strain rate. At lower deformation rates, or alternatively at higher temperatures, the activation volume increases. Such behavior indicates a decrease in dislocation density due to the onset of dynamic recrystallization. The analysis of stress exponents and the obtained free enthalpy of activation confirm that different thermally activated processes are acting during deformation under the tensile test conditions studied.     

C5191磷青铜高应变速率条件下的拉伸性能和变形机制

为了探讨C5191磷青铜在高应变速率条件下的动态响应,解决高速冲压工艺问题,本文利用电子万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson拉杆装置对C5191磷青铜分别进行应变速率为0.001S-1和500S-1、1000S-1、1500S-1的准静态和动态拉伸试验,结合SEM和TEM等手段,研究了C5191磷青铜的动态拉伸性能及其变形机制。结果表明：C5191磷青铜高应变速率动态拉伸与准静态条件相比较,其屈服强度和抗拉强度分别提升了32.77%和11.07%;应变硬化指数由0.075增加到0.251;材料强度应变速率敏感指数由0.005变化到0.022,呈现出明显的应变速率敏感性;高应变速率动态拉伸过程中,位错运动速度加快,导致位错“近程阻力”加大,使C5191磷青铜的变形抗力随着应变速率的增加而增大。可动位错数量的显著增多,多系滑移的开启,以及绝热温升软化效应一定程度上提高了C5191磷青铜高应变速率动态拉伸时的塑性。     

Effects of residual stress and dislocation on tensile deformation behavior of SiC_w/Al composites

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌｔｈｅｒｍａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｍｉｓ ｍａｔｃｈｏｆｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ (ＣＴＥ)ｂｅ ｔｗｅｅｎｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｍａｔｒｉｘａｌｌｏｙａｎｄｈｉｇｈｄｅｎｓｉ ｔｙｄｉｓｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｖｉｃｉｎｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｒｅｌａｘａｔｉｏｎｏｆｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｏｎｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｈａｖｅｇｒｅａｔｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃ…     

低温循环过程中SiCw／6061Al复合材料残余应力的变化规律

研究了低温循环过程中压铸态ＳｉＣｗ／６０６１Ａｌ复合材料残余应力的变化零乱低温循环的降温阶段,复合材料基体经历错配拉伸塑性变形过程在升温阶段基体国卸载过程。经过一次低温循环后,残余应力有所降低。如果进行两次低循环自理只有当第二次循环下降温度低于第一次时,才能再次降低复合材料残余应力。     

用原子显微镜纳米压痕法研究Gr／Al复合材料热循环后的微观力学性能

采用原子力显微镜纳米压痕法测量了Gr/Al复合材料热循环后界面附近的纳米硬度和塑性变形能力的分布。随热循环次数的增加,纤维和基体中的纳米硬度小,而基体的塑性变形能力增加。纳米硬度和塑性变形能力的大小是随距纤维／基体界面的距离的变化而变化的。纳米硬度的变化可提供有关残余应变方面的信息,这是因为材料内部局部区域的弹性或塑性残余应变会影响此处的硬度大小。     

Plastic anisotropy and associated deformation mechanisms in nanotwinned metals

Anisotropic plastic deformation in columnar-grained copper in which preferentially oriented nanoscale twins are embedded is studied by experimental testing, crystal plasticity modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. The dominant deformation mechanism can be effectively switched among three dislocation modes, namely dislocation glide in between the twins, dislocation transfer across twin boundaries, and dislocation-mediated boundary migration, by changing the loading orientation with respect to the twin planes. The controllable switching of deformation mechanisms not only leads to a marked dependence of yield strength on loading orientation, but also induces a strong orientation dependence of strain hardening that can be critical for retaining tensile ductility. These results demonstrate a new route for tailoring both nanostructure and loading to control the deformation mechanisms in order to achieve the desired mechanical properties in engineering materials.     

高Nb X80管线钢的屈强比在塑性变形过程中的变化规律

在Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机上,采用预拉伸方法,对高Nb、X80管线钢在JCOE大直径管线钢管成形过程中的塑性变形进行模拟,研究其屈强比的变化规律和机理。研究结果表明,受预拉伸塑性变形的影响,两种高Nb、X80管线钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度均得到不同程度的增加。但由于其屈服强度增加的梯度大于抗拉强度增加的梯度,从而导致材料的屈强比升高。在一次变形量超过8.2%,或一次变形量为6.2%并叠加2%二次变形的情况下,材料的屈强比将达到或超过管线钢管标准规定的0.95极限值。塑性变形过程中,由于位错密度增加而导致的加工硬化现象,是使屈服强度增加的主要原因;材料的初始屈强比及其组织均匀性,是影响变形过程中抗变形能力的主要因素。     

热沉影响钛合金薄板焊接残余应力的试验分析

采用切条应力释放法测量了钛合金TC4薄板常规钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)和动态控制低应力无变形GTAW对接试件中的纵向残余应力和纵向残余塑性应变的分布。测量结果表明,钛合金常规GTAW缝中残余拉应力峰值小于其母材屈服强度,焊缝附近存在残余压缩塑性应变;动态控制低应力无变形GTAW焊技术中热沉的冷却作用使得热源与热沉之间的高温金属承受强烈的拉伸作用,产生拉伸塑性变形,部分抵消了焊接过程中已产生的缩短的塑性变形,使得试件中纵向残余塑性应变减小,焊接残余拉应力峰值降低,残余压应力水平降低。切条应力释放法是一种简便有效的薄板焊后残余应力测量方法,能够满足工程应用的精度要求。     

低功率激光辐照对弯曲成形件表面残余应力的影响

目的 针对航空铝合金构件维修加工后存在残余拉应力,进而影响部件使用寿命的难题,研究一种基于低能量输入激光辐照消减构件表面残余应力的方法.方法 采用激光辐照材料残余应力集中区域,通过激光热作用诱导弹性内能转化为塑性功,从而降低残余应力.为了验证该方法的可行性,对2A12铝合金试样进行四点弯曲加载,通过不均匀塑性变形产生残余应力,再通过激光扫描应力集中区域诱导表面残余应力局部释放.结果 采用X射线衍射法测量表面残余应力的结果表明,激光扫描后,试样表面的残余拉应力完全消除,当激光功率增大到95 W时,残余应力可以消除77％左右.通过理论分析和微观形貌对比,发现材料在激光辐照前后并没有相变.通过分析材料Al(311)晶面X射线衍射峰半高宽的变化,发现激光辐照使材料表面位错密度下降,随着激光功率增大,位错密度下降幅度增大,这也是残余应力降低的原因之一.结论 在不改变材料微观组织的前提下,采用低功率激光辐照可以显著降低材料表面残余应力分布.     

Thermal residual stresses and stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings of short fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＤｕｅｔｏｌａｒｇｅｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｃｏ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｆｉｂｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｍａｔｒｉｘａｎｄｓｐｅｃｉａｌｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｉｃａｌｓｈａｐｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｂｅｒ ,ｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｓ (ＴＲＳ) ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｈｉｇｈ(ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ)ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｔｏｒｏｏｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｈａｖｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ…     

Multistage strain hardening through dislocation substructure and twinning in a high strength and ductile weight-reduced Fe–Mn–Al–C steel

We investigate the kinetics of the deformation structure evolution and its contribution to the strain hardening of a Fe–30.5Mn–2.1Al–1.2C (wt.%) steel during tensile deformation by means of transmission electron microscopy and electron channeling contrast imaging combined with electron backscatter diffraction. The alloy exhibits a superior combination of strength and ductility (ultimate tensile strength of 1.6 GPa and elongation to failure of 55%) due to the multiple-stage strain hardening. We explain this behavior in terms of dislocation substructure refinement and subsequent activation of deformation twinning. The early hardening stage is fully determined by the size of the dislocation substructure, namely, Taylor lattices, cell blocks and dislocation cells. The high carbon content in solid solution has a pronounced effect on the evolving dislocation substructure. We attribute this effect to the reduction of the dislocation cross-slip frequency by solute carbon. With increasing applied stress, the cross-slip frequency increases. This results in a gradual transition from planar (Taylor lattices) to wavy (cells, cell blocks) dislocation configurations. The size of such dislocation substructures scales inversely with the applied resolved stress. We do not observe the so-called microband-induced plasticity effect. In the present case, due to texture effects, microbanding is not favored during tensile deformation and, hence, has no effect on strain hardening.     

Effect of {332}< 113 > Twins Combined with Isothermal omega-Phase on Mechanical Properties in Ti-15Mo Alloy with Different Oxygen ContentsEI北大核心CSCD

beta-type alloys have a wide application prospect in aerospace, biomedical and marine engineering and other fields, owing to their high specific strength, good corrosion resistance and low elastic modulus. Their yield strength and uniform elongation are affected by the second phase precipitation, plastic deformation mode and interstitial element, especially the oxygen element. In this work, the effect of tensile pre-deformation induced {332}< 113 > twins combined with isothermal w-phase after subsequent ageing on the mechanical properties of beta-type Ti-15Mo alloy with different oxygen contents from 0.1% to 0.5% (mass fraction) was examined by OM, XRD, TEM and DSC, Vickers hardness tester and tensile testing machine. The results indicated that with increasing the oxygen content, the formation of mechanical twins and isothermal omega-phase in the alloy was suppressed, and the effect of pre-deformation induced twins on the precipitation of isothermal omega-phase was negligible. After pre-deformation combined with subsequent ageing, the alloy with low oxygen content had the relatively high yield strength and large uniform elongation, but it with high oxygen content exhibited the brittle fracture. A good combination of strength with ductility in the alloy with low oxygen content was contributed to the twinning and dislocation slip coupled deformation. The high yield strength was mainly dominated by the dislocation slip, and the large uniform elongation was due to the static and dynamic grain refinement effects, which were caused by the pre-deformation induced twins and subsequent twinning deformation, respectively. Through utilizing the alloying element of oxygen effectively, and changing the plastic deformation mode and phase precipitation behavior based on the reasonable process of pre-deformation and heat treatment, the combination of strength and ductility can be controlled in a large range for the beta-type titanium alloys.