粳米分层淀粉的理化性质

目的:提高粳米淀粉的高值化利用和粳米分层淀粉的综合应用。方法:分别采用碱法和酶法提取粳米淀粉,对离心后3层淀粉的基础成分、溶解度、膨润力和糊化特性等理化指标进行分析,并采用扫描电镜、红外光谱分析其结构特性。结果:碱法和酶法提取的各层淀粉的淀粉含量为91%～99%,其中中层淀粉的相对比例最高,碱法和酶法提取的中层淀粉的淀粉含量高于上层和下层,而上层和下层淀粉的蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量均高于中层淀粉的。碱法和酶法提取的各层淀粉的溶解度和膨润力均随温度的上升而增加,且碱法和酶法提取的上层和下层淀粉的热稳定性优于中层淀粉的。扫描电镜结果显示碱法和酶法提取的各层淀粉颗粒均较为完整,酶法提取的各层淀粉颗粒分布相对稀疏;红外光谱图中,碱法和酶法提取的各层淀粉具有相似的主要特征吸收峰,中层淀粉的短程有序性高于上层和下层淀粉。结论:可进一步开发利用粳米上层和下层淀粉,提高粳米资源的综合利用。     

提取工艺对大米淀粉的理化性质影响

通过试验测得碱提法和酶解法获取的2种淀粉的理化性质,得出如下结论:碱法大米淀粉中的直链淀粉高于酶法大米淀粉中的直链淀粉含量;碱法大米淀粉中支链淀粉含量低于酶法大米淀粉中支链淀粉含量;碱法大米淀粉和酶法大米淀粉的溶解度随着温度的升高而增大,碱法大米淀粉的溶解度对温度更为敏感;2种大米淀粉的淀粉-碘可见光吸收光谱的形状十分相似,都有最大吸收峰;酶法提取的大米淀粉的冻融稳定性比碱法提取的大米淀粉好。     

不同粳米的淀粉及其糊化特性与食用性能的研究

为探索粳米的淀粉特性对粳米饭食用性能的影响,揭示不同粳米的淀粉及其糊化特性与食用性能之间的关系。本实验以10个粳米品种为材料,测定粳米的直链淀粉含量、结晶度和支链淀粉的分支链长等淀粉特性,分析淀粉特性与其糊化特性的相关性,并建立淀粉特性与食用性能的线性回归方程。结果表明:直链淀粉含量与崩解值极显著负相关（r=-0.781,p<0.01）,B1链与峰值粘度、崩解值均呈极显著负相关（r=-0.878、p<0.01;r=-0.924,p<0.01）,短A链与峰值粘度、崩解值则呈极显著正相关（r=0.874、p<0.01;r=0.938,p<0.01）,而B2链只与热浆粘度和崩解值的相关性显著,B3+链与糊化特性的相关性不显著。利用逐步回归分析的方法建立了硬度、粘着性、弹性、内聚性、回复性和感官得分等食用性能指标的线性回归方程,通过回归方程可以对粳米的食用性能进行预测。食用性能较好的粳米,短A链含量较高,而直链淀粉含量、B1链含量和结晶度较低。      

不同粳米的淀粉及其糊化特性与食用性能的研究

为探索粳米的淀粉特性对粳米饭食用性能的影响,揭示不同粳米的淀粉及其糊化特性与食用性能之间的关系。本实验以10个粳米品种为材料,测定粳米的直链淀粉含量、结晶度和支链淀粉的分支链长等淀粉特性,分析淀粉特性与其糊化特性的相关性,并建立淀粉特性与食用性能的线性回归方程。结果表明:直链淀粉含量与崩解值极显著负相关(r=-0.781,p<0.01),B1链与峰值粘度、崩解值均呈极显著负相关(r=-0.878、p<0.01;r=-0.924,p<0.01),短A链与峰值粘度、崩解值则呈极显著正相关(r=0.874、p<0.01;r=0.938,p<0.01),而B2链只与热浆粘度和崩解值的相关性显著,B3+链与糊化特性的相关性不显著。利用逐步回归分析的方法建立了硬度、粘着性、弹性、内聚性、回复性和感官得分等食用性能指标的线性回归方程,通过回归方程可以对粳米的食用性能进行预测。食用性能较好的粳米,短A链含量较高,而直链淀粉含量、B1链含量和结晶度较低。     

大米淀粉提取工艺对淀粉产品镉含量的影响

以3份含镉大米为试验原料,比较了碱法、酶法和表面活性剂法3种淀粉提取工艺对淀粉产品镉含量的影响,筛选出淀粉产品镉含量较低的提取工艺;以淀粉产品的镉含量为指标,应用二次响应面分析法优化大米淀粉提取工艺条件.结果表明,碱法提取的淀粉产品镉含量最低;最优的大米淀粉提取工艺条件为:液料比6.8∶1,碱液质量分数0.23％,反应时间16h.在该工艺条件下提取的大米淀粉产品的镉含量与原料相比下降了84.77％,淀粉纯度为97.02％,淀粉提取率为75.12％.     

接枝变性淀粉的分子结构设计

为合理设计接枝变性淀粉的分子结构,对接枝支链的主链结构、接枝支链的空间结构、接枝支链中的侧基和接枝支链的分子量及其分布等影响接枝淀粉分子结构的主要因素进行分析,指出:接枝支链的主链应为碳碳单键结构的线型长链;支链上侧基以疏水性酯基为主,辅以亲水性基团,分布尽量均匀;接枝支链的分子量适中,分布以略宽为宜.     

60Co-γ线对粳米黏度的影响及机理分析

为明确大米辐照后黏度下降的原因,将粳米粒放在不同剂量的60Co-γ射线下辐照后观察了淀粉粒的形态与结构,测量了蒸煮黏度、碱溶蛋白分子量种类以及自由基含量的变化.结果表明,随辐照加强,粳米的蒸煮黏度的数值自213cPs单调降低到21cPs;淀粉组织崩解碎裂;蛋白质碎片增多,生成了35kD以下的小蛋白片段和肽;自由基增多,ESR信号增强;大米受γ射线辐照时,其成分物质中的电子从原有轨道激发电离,生成电子未配对的自由基,与淀粉、蛋白质等反应,导致后者断裂;以及辐射的生热效应使淀粉和其它成分膨胀产生的应力使大米结构崩解,也是粳米黏度降低的部分原因.     

大米淀粉的提取

以大米为原料,采用酶法和酶法与超声波结合的方法提取大米淀粉。酶法采用中性蛋白酶,酶解温度40℃,酶解时间18 h,酶用量3%为最佳条件,得蛋白质含量0.43%,淀粉提取率87.59%。在酶与超声波结合使用中,先酶解5 h,再超声波作用20 m in(1 000 W),得蛋白质含量0.43%,淀粉提取率87.39%,说明与超声波结合可缩短生产周期,有利于大米淀粉的提取。     

大米淀粉三种提取方法的对比研究

为选择大米淀粉的实验室提取方法,本论文研究了石油醚脱脂-碱法提取、碱法提取-正戊醇脱脂、还原剂NaHSO_3提取等方法对籼米、糯米、粳米淀粉理化性质的影响。结果表明,石油醚脱脂-碱法提取和碱法提取-正戊醇脱脂提取的大米淀粉的蛋白质含量均低于0.8%,显著低于还原剂NaHSO_3提取法的2.08%～3.45%(P0.05);相应的淀粉含量前两种方法提取显著高于NaHSO_3法,但直链淀粉在碱法提取-正戊醇脱脂法中含量最高在21.69%～34.99%,脂肪含量均无显著差异。三种提取方法中,碱法提取-正戊醇脱脂提取的大米淀粉的膨润力最高在18.11～46.93 g/g,峰值黏度和最终黏度较低;石油醚脱脂-碱法提取的大米淀粉的崩解值和回生值较高;还原剂NaHSO_3法提取的淀粉的溶解度最低在3.6%～12.25%,峰值黏度和低谷黏度较高,崩解值和回生值较低。综合考虑淀粉提取纯度与所耗时间的影响,石油醚脱脂-碱法提取大米淀粉是实验室最适用的方法。     

浓香型白酒酒糟中淀粉的提取

以浓香型白酒酒糟为原料,研究了酶法、碱法、SDS法对淀粉纯度的影响。研究表明:酶法提取的酒糟淀粉纯度最高;同时在单因素试验的基础上,根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,采用三因素三水平响应面分析法对酒糟淀粉提取工艺进行优化研究,确定酶法提取酒糟淀粉的最佳工艺参数:酶添加量为2%,pH3.5,酶解温度40℃。该条件下得到酒糟淀粉纯度为70.23%。酶法制得的酒糟淀粉理化特性为:扫描电镜图片显示该提取方法未对淀粉颗粒造成损伤;与原淀粉相比,晶体类型从A型变为A+V型,这可能与酿酒工艺有关,而与提取方法无关。     

Amylopectin structure of heat–moisture treated starches

The effects of heat–moisture treatment (HMT; moisture content of 25%, at 100°C for 24 h) on starch chain distribution and unit chain distribution of amylopectin in normal rice, waxy rice, normal corn, waxy corn, normal potato, and waxy potato starches were investigated. After HMT, starch chain distribution (amylose and amylopectin responses) of waxy corn and potato starches were identical to those of untreated starches, whereas the chromatographic response of waxy rice starch showed a slight decrease, but with a slight increase in peak tailing. This result indicated that HMT had no (or very limited) effect on the degradation of amylopectins. Analysis of unit chain distribution of amylopectins revealed that waxy characteristics affected the molecular structure of amylopectin in untreated starches, i.e., the CL of normal‐type starches was greater than that of waxy‐type starches. After HMT, the CL and unit chain distribution of all starches were no different than those of untreated starches. The results implied that changes in the physico‐chemical properties of HMT starches would be due to other phenomena rather than the degradation of amylopectin molecular structure. However, the thermal degradation of amylopectin molecules of waxy starches could occur by HMT at higher treatment temperatures (120 and 140°C).     

Structure‐Functionality Changes in Starch Following Rough Rice Storage

The molecular‐level features of starch in relation to the changes in rice functionality during storage are not yet fully elucidated. This work investigated the effects of rough rice storage conditions on starch fine structures and physicochemical properties. Dried rough rice samples (medium‐grain Bengal and long‐grain Cypress) were stored at 4, 21, and 38°C in temperature‐controlled chambers and then periodically removed and evaluated after 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 months. Flour (powdered head rice) and starch (extracted from head rice by alkali steeping) samples were evaluated for pasting and thermal properties. High‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography and high‐performance anion exchange chromatography were used to characterize starch molecular size and amylopectin chain‐length distribution, respectively. Significant changes in starch fine structure were observed primarily on the 38°C lots, and to some extent on the 21°C lots. The decreased amylose: amylopectin ratio, shortened amylopectin average chain length, and the shift in chain‐length distribution to shorter branch chains were implicative of molecular‐level starch degradation. The flour and starch samples showed inconsistent trends in pasting and thermal properties, thus suggesting the role of not only starch but also its interaction with non‐starch components in rice aging.     

Starch Structure and Digestibility of Rice High in Resistant Starch

Starch digestibility and starch structure of a high‐resistant starch (RS) rice (RS111) was compared to that of a wild rice type (R7954). RS111 exhibited high RS content and incomplete starch hydrolysis in both cooked rice and retrograded rice flour. High RS rice RS111 had a higher λ_max of absorbance and blue value of iodine‐binding starch complex and contained a higher percentage of intermediate chains of amylopectin than R/954. X‐ray diffraction pattern of RS isolated from cooked high RS rice displayed a mixture of B‐ and V‐type that was more resistant to starch hydrolysis by alpha‐amylase. Resistant starch in RS111 is composed mainly of linear amylose and some low‐molecular‐weight amylopectin.     

稻米淀粉及其级分的凝胶色谱分析

对糯稻、粳稻和籼稻的天然淀粉及其支链淀粉、直链淀粉进行凝胶色谱分析，以确定不同来源淀粉的组成、淀粉级分的特性。结果表明，籼稻淀粉和粳稻淀粉主要由支链淀粉、中间级分和直链淀粉组成，糯稻淀粉主要由支链淀粉和中间级分组成。采用正丁醇反复结晶法分离得到的直链淀粉和支链淀粉有较高的纯度。支链淀粉的分子量分布比直链淀粉的宽，粳米直链淀粉的分子量分布比籼米的宽，三种稻米支链淀粉的分子量分布差异不大。     

不同米淀粉精细结构对其回生特性的影响

选用4种不同的淀粉,通过考察回生特性,探究相对分子质量、链长分布、短程有序性、相对结晶度及半结晶层状结构等精细结构影响回生特性的机理。结果表明：与糯米淀粉和粳米淀粉相比,小米淀粉和黑米淀粉回生值、硬度和热焓值较大,糯米淀粉储藏前后硬度和回生后的热焓值均较小,具有较好的抗回生特性。研究发现,这是由于小米淀粉和黑米淀粉的直链质量分数较高(小米淀粉15.55%、黑米淀粉11.22%),支链淀粉峰M_w较大(小米淀粉M_w=2.12×10⁷ g/mol、黑米淀粉M_w=2.25×10⁷ g/mol)、半结晶层厚(小米淀粉d=6.978 4 nm、黑米淀粉d=6.698 6 nm),且中长链占比大(小米淀粉B1链占比40.91%),易形成稳定的双螺旋结构,具有更高的表面有序度(小米淀粉0.76、黑米淀粉0.70),回生后2种淀粉分子重排更有序稳定。     

芋头淀粉的分离和纯化

用重结晶法可以得到纯度较高的芋头直链淀粉和支链淀粉。直、支链淀粉的蓝值分别是1 1 8和 0 2 0 ,λmax分别为 61 4nm和 5 87nm ,芋头淀粉中直链淀粉含量为 1 4 7%。高效液相色谱表明 ,芋头支链淀粉的分子质量具有较宽的分布 ;重均聚合度 ,大米支链淀粉 >芋头直链淀粉 >大米直链淀粉 >芋头支链淀粉 ;分散度 ,芋头支链淀粉 >芋头直链淀粉 >大米直链淀粉 >大米支链淀粉 ;芋头支链淀粉中 ,长支链所占比例 >短支链 ;分散度 ,长支链 >短支链。     

Varietal Differences in Physicochemical Properties of Waxy Rice Starch

High-gelatinization temperature (GT) waxy rice starch amylopectin has higher sedimentation coefficient than low-GT waxy rice amylopectin. Get filtration on Sepharose CL-2B and TSK-Gel G-6000PW also showed higher mean molecular weights for high-GT amylopectins than for low-GT amylopectins. The harder texture of cooked rice products from high-GT waxy rices, compared to the texture of products from low-GT waxy rices, may be due to the higher molecular weight of their amylopectins.     

Structural characterization of rice starch in rice cake modified by Thermus scotoductus 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (TS alpha GTase)

ABSTRACT:  Rice cake was produced with a thermostable 4-α-glucanotransferase from Thermus scotoductus (TSαGTase). Starch molecular fine structure, texture, and retrogradation for the enzymatically prepared rice cake were investigated and compared to those for control rice cake. The amylose content in TSαGTase-treated rice cakes decreased, whereas branched and linear malto-oligosaccharides ranging from maltose to maltoheptaose increased slightly. The average molecular weight of the enzyme-treated rice starch in rice cake decreased as amylopectin macromolecules were cleaved and reorganized into small amylopectin clusters. The number of shorter side chains (degree of polymerization [DP] < 9) increased, whereas the number of longer side chains (DP > 10) decreased through the disproportionation reaction of TSαGTase. After 24 h of storage at 4 °C, the enzyme-treated samples demonstrated significantly lower melting enthalpy of retrograded starch (0.4 mJ/mg) compared to that of the control (1.4 mJ/mg). The results indicated that TSαGTase treatment effectively inhibited starch retrogradation in rice cakes. It is suggested that the reduction of amylose content, the rearrangement of amylopectin, and the production of malto-oligosaccharides caused by TSαGTase treatment are responsible for the ineffective molecular reassociation of rice starch in rice cake.     

Amylose Content and Chain Profile of Amylopectin from Normal,High Amylose and Waxy Barleys

The amylose content and the chain profile of amylopectin from normal, waxy and high amylose barley starches were determined after enzymatic debranching and gel permeation chromatography and the degree of branching of the amylopectin was analysed by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The normal barley starch contained around 30%, the high amylose around 40% and the waxy starch 9% amylose. The amylopectin of the high amylose starches had longer chains than those of the normal or waxy starches, especially in the molecular weight interval 5,400-8,000, but less of those below 2,400 in molecular weight. The chain length of amylopectin from high amylose barley was on average 5 units longer than those of normal or waxy barleys.     

Comparative Study on the Starch Noodle Structure of Sweet Potato and Mung Bean

ABSTRACT:  Fine structure of sweet potato starch (SPS) and mung bean starch (MBS) by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the amylose in SPS and MBS had 9.0 and 1.8 chains, respectively. The long chains of amylopectin in MBS (A_p-MB) were longer than those of amylopectin in SPS (A_p-SP), but the short chains of A_p-SP were shorter than those of A_p-MB. The structures of starch noodles of sweet potato (SPSN) and mung bean (MBSN) were analyzed by GPC, scanning electron micrograph (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction after hydrolysis by acid and enzymes. The results showed that the residues obtained with acid and enzymes in MBSN contained large amounts of high molecular weight fractions, and a relatively small amount of low molecular weight fractions, whereas those in SPSN contained some high molecular weight fractions and large amounts of low molecular weight fractions. SPSN exhibited higher digestibility by HCl, α-amylase, β-amylase, and pullulanase than MBSN. The surface of MBSN was more smooth than that of SPSN and the inside of MBSN contained long, thick, and orderly filaments, while there were many pore spaces inside SPSN from SEM. The DSC thermogram of the resistant residues from both starch noodles after acid/enzyme hydrolysis showed a broad endotherm peak near 100 °C (96 to 115 °C) due to the presence of the complexes of amylose-lipid and lipid-(long chains in amylopectin). Because of a lower content of branched amylose and a higher content of amylopectin in SPS, the structure of SPSN had a less distinct crystalline pattern and higher adhesiveness, whereas there was a higher content of amylose with a little branch and moderate amylopectin in MBS. Thus, the structure of MBSN had a stronger distinct crystalline pattern and good cohesiveness.