江西省出台峰谷分时电价新政策

江西省计委、经贸委、电力公司联合发文 ,新修订的《江西电网峰谷分时电价办法》自 2 0 0 2年 9月 1日起开始执行。此次新峰谷分时电价政策的出台 ,与原先峰谷时段的划分和峰谷分时电价浮动范围有差别 :调整后 ,高峰时段为 17∶0 0～ 2 3∶0 0 ;低谷时段为 2 3∶0 0～次日 5∶0 0 ;其余时段为平段。按照峰谷分时电价的新政策 ,高峰电价为基本电价的 13 0 % ,低谷电价为基础电价的 70 % ,平段电价为基础电价。江西省出台峰谷分时电价新政策@谭志宣     

纺织企业峰谷时用电之实践

纺织企业峰谷时用电之实践山西省临汾纺织厂赵景奇毛华１前言为了用经济手段引导用户调整用电负荷，削峰填谷，近年来，电力部门逐步推行了峰谷分时电价。１９９６年下半年，电力部门又进一步加大了峰谷分时电价的调控力度，在山西电网内，高峰时段电度电价在目录电价基础...     

计及分布式光伏发电的分时电价模型研究

针对分布式新能源发电在配电网的大量接入,提出了一种计及分布式光伏发电的分时电价模型,通过模糊隶属函数对等效负荷曲线进行时段划分,基于消费者心理学建立用户响应曲线,并在考虑用户舒适度的情况下采用遗传算法进行求解。算例分析表明,分时电价可有效地进行削峰填谷,提高等效负荷曲线的负荷率,并兼顾到用户舒适度,说明了所提出的分时电价模型具有优越性和可实施性。     

计及用户感知价值的分时充电电价优化设计模型

摘要： 供电公司对充电服务配套措施的完善成为城市能否成功推广电动汽车的关键影响因素,而这当中充电电价的设计又是其中关键问题之一。以峰谷分时电价为背景,从用户感知价值理论的角度探讨了如何优化峰平谷的充电电价问题。借鉴折扣心理学的相关理论,指出了谷时段折扣电价促销起始点和饱和点的存在及其对供电公司谷时段电价优化的指导意义,并构建了充电电价折扣率对电动汽车用户谷时段充电电量的影响函数关系。在充分考虑电动汽车用户行驶习惯的基础上给出了充电需求的测算模型。依据电动汽车用户的充电行为规律构建了峰谷分时电价时段划分模型。在考虑用户充电响应规律的基础上构建了峰谷分时电价优化设计模型。以冀北地区用户的实际情况为例进行了实例分析,分析结果证明了所构建的基于用户折扣感知价值的峰谷分时充电电价设计模型既能够引导用户转移充电量,又能避免给供电公司带来售电收入的损失。     

电力系统分时电价计算模式探讨

引言随着电力网的日益扩大,电力网的峰谷差不断增大。挖掘电网的现有潜力,调节用户用电负荷,是解决我国当前电力负荷紧张的重要课题。分时电价旨在利用经济杠杆作用,使用户自觉调节负荷的时间分配,从而使电网负荷率在一定程度上得以提高。当前我国电价制定模式和标准不够统一,一般是以平均成本为计算的参考标准,全年实行一种电价。而所谓分时电价是指不同用电季节、不同用电时段,实行不同的电价。处于负荷高峰时间用电电价高。处于负荷低谷时用电电价低;丰水期电价低,枯水期电价高、分时电价的实行在我国还     

智能电网规划2009年7月出台

或许再过几年,用电方式将会发生这样的改变：家里的电价不再是一成不变,它会根据一天中不同时段来自动定价,比如晚上用电高峰期,电价自动上扬;以前只是电力系统读取电表用量,现在用户却可以看到整个城市的用电情况,从而为用电进行规划;另外,家中的空调不仅能够感应外部温度的变化,还能感应用电高峰电价上涨变化,及时计算并自动调整使用时间,帮助控制电量和电费。     

基于超级电池电动汽车功率需求的V2G最优时段与电价研究

综合分析了影响超级电池电动汽车充放电需求的若干因素,建立了用户充放电功率需求的最优时段及电价模型。根据汽油与电能的能量密度之比,计算了超级电池的充放电功率;利用马歇尔需求函数确定用户需求电量与放电价格的函数关系,并基于该函数关系建立放电功率需求概率模型。再根据私家车用户的出行特性构建充电功率需求概率模型,利用蒙特卡洛法寻找最优充放时段和放电价格。以上海电网为例,对未来超级电池电动汽车参与V2G的最优时段及电价进行仿真分析。     

减排因子下模糊自适应变权重峰谷电价模型

从提高电力市场效率角度,提出了一种峰谷分时定价时段划分的新方法,介绍了现阶段分时电价的原理,并根据当前电力市场节能减排目标在用户电力费用中引入减排因子,基于负荷变化的连续性及峰谷时段划分的模糊性,借鉴自适应变权重模糊思想建立了一种变权重综合分时定价模型,并对模糊分时下的减排费用给出了合理的计算方法.算例分析结果表明,该方法有效、可行.     

利用时段电价差节支

本文就如何充分利用时段电价差，在低谷时段多用电，高峰时段少用电，在总用电量不变情况下，生产同量产品的条件下，减少费用支付，降低成本，提高企业经济效益进行了分析。     

我国居民电力消费影响因素的协整研究

针对实施阶梯电价前考虑电价及收入水平等因素对居民用电需求的影响、对设计阶梯式分档电价及各档电价的电量划分问题,采用向量误差修正模型定量研究了我国1985～2008年的居民电力消费影响因素.结果表明,居民人均收入和替代能源价格对居民电力消费有正向作用;我国居民的电力需求缺乏价格弹性,为充分发挥阶梯电价确保居民基本生活用电需求和抑制电力高消费的作用,实施时应拉大备档价差或增加电量的分档数.     

The residential demand for electricity by time-of-use: A survey of twelve experiments with peak load pricing

Information on customer response to time-of-use (TOU) rates plays a major part in utility resource planning, particularly in the design of cost-based rate structures and cost-effective load management programs. Several elasticity concepts have been used by economists to analyze customer response to TOU rates. We discuss the interrelationships between various concepts and show that total uncompensated price elasticities are the appropriate measure of customer response.Evidence from twelve pricing experiments involving about 7000 customers indicates that residential peak-period electricity consumption is generally price-sensitive. TOU rates generally reduce peak period electricity use, as well as daily use. Response is generally higher for high use customers.Short-run own-price elasticities of peak consumption range from nil to ?0.45. Off-peak elasticities lie in a similar range, but are less statistically significant. This wide range indicates that elasticities are not fixed constants but vary parametrically with several conditioning variables such as level of total (daily) electricity use, composition of appliance portfolio and duration of pricing periods. If proper allowance is made for these interactions, it may be possible to transfer elasticities between utility service areas, thus obviating the expensive and time-consuming need for every utility to conduct its own experiment.     

Interfuel substitution in the residential sector of South Australia

Quantitative knowledge of the own- and cross-price elasticities for various energy sources and that of substitution possibilities between any two types of energy is a prerequisite for proper planning and pricing of energy sources. In this paper, the South Australian data for the period 1960–1982 are used to estimate a translog cost function. The estimated results are interesting and contrast with the traditional view of unitary elasticity of substitution between any two forms of energy. Whereas electricity was found to be a substitute for both gas and oil, oil and gas appeared to be non-substitutes. Own-price elasticities were found to be large and significant. Viewed from the fact that our results are from a simultaneous equation and compared with results of other studies, our estimates appear closer to elasticities that can be deduced a priori.     

Can market oriented economic reforms contribute to energy efficiency improvement? Evidence from China

Since China accelerated its market oriented economic reforms at the end of 1992, its energy intensity has declined 3.6% annually over 1993–2005. However, its energy intensity declined 4.2% annually during its first reform period 1979–1992. Therefore, can we conclude that the accelerated marketization since the end of 1992 has made no contribution to its energy efficiency improvement? In order to answer this challenging question, we examine the changes of energy own-price elasticity, as well as the elasticities of substitution between energy and non-energy (capital and labor) in China during the periods of 1979–1992 and 1993–2003. Generally, in transition or developing economies, holding the technology and output level fixed, if the energy own-price elasticity (algebraic value) declines or the substitution elasticity between factors rises, they will contribute to energy efficiency improvement. Our empirical study finds that: (1) during 1979–1992, the energy own-price elasticity is positive (0.285), and capital-energy, labor-energy are both Morishima complementary; which indicates a distorted energy price and inefficient allocation; and (2) during 1993–2003, the own-price elasticity for energy is negative (−1.236), and capital-energy and labor-energy are both Morishima substitute. All factor demands become more elastic, and all elasticities of substitution increase. The implication is that the accelerated marketization contributes substantially to energy efficiency improvement since 1993.     

基于分时电价的水库调度图优化研究

以芹山水库为例,结合分时电价原理与水库优化调度理论,划分了分时电价的时段,建立了考虑电价的以水电站水库发电效益最大为目标、兼顾保证出力要求的优化调度模型,应用改进的遗传算法优化水库常规调度图.结果表明,考虑分时电价影响后平均出力变小,能多发峰电,增加发电效益.     

Causal responsibility and peak load pricing

This article clarifies the basis for peak load pricing when some customers have a steady demand and others have a specific peak period demand. Causal responsibility for peak capacity rests on both types of customers. Peles, in this journal, has proposed that electricity consumption beyond the off-peak period monthly average be priced at a higher rate than other consumption. Customers consuming only on the peak would face higher prices than those who consumed relatively less during the peak. However, such a price structure can discourage economic off-peak consumption and encourage uneconomic peak period consumption. Both steady and nonsteady demanders must face the same price signal during peak periods for the achievement of efficiency, so long as each group imposes the same costs on the system.     

The pricing of off-peak power

Benefit-cost analysis is used to show that even with only one electricity production technique, marginal cost pricing of electricity in a firm off-peak period might reduce social welfare rather than improve it. This may occur when there are more periods with dissimilar demands for power than feasible prices for electricity. Thus the conclusion is reinforced that it may be more important to charge a higher price for electricity during periods of peak demand than a price equal to marginal running costs during the most off-peak hours.     

Cost-reflective electricity pricing: Consumer preferences and perceptions

In Australia, residential electricity peak demand has risen steeply in recent decades, leading to higher prices as new infrastructure was needed to satisfy demand. One way of limiting further infrastructure-induced retail price rises is via ‘cost-reflective’ electricity network pricing that incentivises users to shift their demand to non-peak periods. Empowering consumers with knowledge of their energy usage is critical to maximise the potential benefits of cost-reflective pricing. This research consulted residential electricity consumers in three Australian states on their perceptions and acceptance of two cost-reflective pricing scenarios (Time-of-Use and Peak Capacity pricing) and associated technologies to support such pricing (smart meters, in-home displays and direct load control devices). An energy economist presented information to focus groups on the merits and limitations of each scenario, and participants’ views were captured. Almost half of the 53 participants were agreeable to Time-of-Use pricing, but did not have a clear preference for Peak Capacity pricing, where the price was based on the daily maximum demand. Participants recommended further information to both understand and justify the potential benefits, and for technologies to be introduced to enhance the pricing options. The results have implications for utilities and providers who seek to reduce peak demand.     

Analyzing carbon pricing policies using a general equilibrium model with production parameters estimated using firm data

Policy simulation results of Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models largely hinge on the choices of substitution elasticities among key input factors. Currently, most CGE models rely on the common elasticities estimated from aggregated data, such as the GTAP model elasticity parameters. Using firm level data, we apply the control function method to estimate CES production functions with capital, labor and energy inputs and find significant heterogeneity in substitution elasticities across different industries. Our capital-labor substitution elasticities are much lower than the GTAP values while our energy elasticities are higher. We then incorporate these estimated elasticities into a CGE model to simulate China's carbon pricing policies and compare with the results using GTAP parameters. Our less elastic K-L substitution leads to lower base case GDP growth, but our more elastic energy substitution lead to lower coal use and carbon emissions. In the carbon tax policy exercises, we find that our elasticities lead to easier reductions in coal use and carbon emissions.     

峰谷分时电价对用户满意度影响的系统动力学分析

峰谷分时电价作为电力需求侧管理的一种有效调峰手段,其实施会对用户的用电方式满意度和电费支出满意度产生一定的影响,从而最终影响用户对峰谷分时电价的综合满意度。从系统和运动的观点出发,分析了不同影响因素间的因果关系,基于系统动力学方法构建了峰谷分时电价对用户满意度影响的系统流程图,从峰谷电量变化、用户电费节约及用户满意度3个方面分析了峰谷分时电价对用户满意度的影响,并对不同峰谷电价比和响应敏感型用户进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,模型合理、有效。     

Double dividend effectiveness of energy tax policies and the elasticity of substitution: A CGE appraisal

There is a considerable body of literature that has studied whether or not an adequately designed tax swap, whereby an ecotax is levied and some other tax is reduced while keeping government income constant, may achieve a so-called double dividend, that is, an increase in environmental quality and an increase in overall efficiency. Arguments in favor and against are abundant. Our position is that the issue should be empirically studied starting from an actual, non-optimal tax system structure and by way of checking the responsiveness of equilibria to revenue neutral tax regimes under alternate scenarios regarding technological substitution. With the use of a CGE model, we find that the most critical elasticity for achieving a double dividend is the substitution elasticity between labor and capital whereas the elasticity that would generate the highest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is the substitution elasticity among energy goods.