黄曲霉对不同含水量新疆鲜食核桃活性氧代谢的影响

以新疆“新2”薄皮核桃为材料,无菌水接种为对照组,探究人工接种从自然霉变核桃上分离纯化出的黄曲霉菌后不同含水量的鲜食核桃活性氧代谢相关酶的变化规律。结果表明,不同含水量的鲜食核桃遭受到黄曲霉侵染后,在侵染前期,各含水量的鲜食核桃体内活性氧迅速累积,酶促清除系统被激活,不同的抗氧化酶为抵御病原微生物的侵染活性开始有明显的升高并达到峰值,但随着侵染时间的延长,酶促清除系统清除活性氧的能力减弱,活性氧的大量积累导致果实细胞膜结构被破坏,加快了其老化、腐烂。黄曲霉侵染含水量25%的鲜食核桃时,酶促清除系统的抗氧化酶活性明显高于其他含水量的鲜食核桃。     

含水量对玉米粉贮藏期黄曲霉生长及黄曲霉毒素B1积累的影响

目的 研究含水量对玉米粉贮藏过程中黄曲霉生长及黄曲霉毒素B1积累的影响。方法 将初始水分含量10.42%、13.26%、16.35%、19.88%的玉米粉在28 ℃, 相对湿度75%的模拟环境中储藏30 d; 测定贮藏期间玉米粉含水量、黄曲霉生长量及黄曲霉毒素B1的积累量。结果 贮藏期间玉米粉中含水量呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势, 黄曲霉生长量及黄曲霉毒素B1的积累量随贮藏时间的延迟先快速升高, 后趋于平稳。初始含水量较高的玉米粉贮藏期间含水量、黄曲霉生长量及黄曲霉毒素B1含量始终处于较高的水平。相关性分析表明, 玉米粉含水量、黄曲霉生长量和毒素积累量之间均呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01)。结论 含水量是影响玉米粉贮藏过程中霉菌生长和毒素积累的关键因素, 降低玉米粉初始含水量可以有效减轻贮藏期间真菌危害。     

西藏高原粮油作物曲霉菌污染及菌株产毒力研究

为探明西藏高原粮油作物曲霉菌污染状况及黄曲霉菌产毒能力,连续5年对西藏青稞、小麦、花生3种作物中曲霉菌污染情况进行分析,并对其分离到的黄曲霉菌株开展产毒力研究,结果表明,204份样品中,共分离出15种曲霉菌,曲霉菌污染率呈花生>青稞>小麦。青稞、小麦中曲霉属优势种均为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),真菌毒素主要为杂色曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素;花生优势种为黄曲霉(A.flavus);仅受黄曲霉毒素污染。来源于不同作物的黄曲霉菌,其产毒类型也有差异,麦类作物产毒菌株以产黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)、黄曲霉毒素B₂(AFB₂)为主;花生产毒菌株以产AFB₁、AFB₂、AFG₁、AFG₂为主。     

中高温大曲中黄曲霉的分离鉴定及其安全性初步研究

采用传统微生物分离手段从中高温大曲中分离纯化得到黄曲霉菌株NJSYS-15。通过菌落观察、镜检以及分子生物学手段得知其为黄曲霉属;利用AFPA培养基验证其产毒能力,采用酶联免疫法对其产黄曲霉毒素B1进行定量检测,结果表明,其在液态发酵进行到9 d时,黄曲霉毒素B1达到最高值13.6μg/kg。在进行固态模拟发酵时,黄曲霉菌株的接种量加大至10‰,黄曲霉毒素B1含量为3.2μg/kg,仍在国家标准限制以内。     

贵州秋季栽培不同荞麦品种成熟期果实中黄曲霉及其毒素的分离与鉴定

本研究以贵阳秋季栽培的2个米苦荞(F.tataricum,贵米苦荞18-1号和贵黑米苦荞12号)、2个多苦荞(F.tatari-cymosum,贵多苦荞003C和贵多苦荞60)、2个甜荞(F.esculentum,贵红花甜荞2号和1412-1)、2个常规苦荞(F.tataricum,定苦荞1号和六苦2017)为材料。对其成熟期种子果壳和籽粒进行了黄曲霉分离鉴定,并采用高效液相色谱法对所有品种果壳和籽粒中分离出的黄曲霉菌株进行AFB₁、AFB₂、AFG₁和AFG₂毒素的检测。结果表明,所有品种果壳中均没有分离出黄曲霉菌落;4类荞麦籽粒中仅米苦荞分离出了黄曲霉菌落,共分离出4株黄曲霉菌株。其中贵米苦荞18-1号黄曲霉带菌率为1.56%,贵黑米苦荞12号黄曲霉带菌率为0.78%。分离菌株形态学和ITS序列扩增产物测序结果与已知黄曲霉菌序列完全一致。毒素检测结果表明不同品种之间产毒素差异显著,所有品种籽粒中只有米苦荞中检出4种毒素,贵米苦荞18-1号产AFB₁最高为(5.861±0.055) μg/kg、AFB₂最少为(1.605±0.052) μg/kg,贵黑米苦荞12号产AFB₁最高为(14.475±0.533) μg/kg、AFG₂最少为(3.393±0.151) μg/kg;籽粒产毒量远大于分离菌株产毒量;各分离出菌株之间产毒素能力差异显著,最大产AFT为(11.102±0.095) μg/kg、最小产AFT为(1.794±0.024) μg/kg。上述结果显示供试米苦荞籽粒带菌来源可能是由于果壳开裂籽粒外露后部分籽粒被直接侵染所致。所得结果可为米苦荞中黄曲霉抗性育种研究及荞麦种子的保存、运输、储藏等研究奠定基础。     

黄曲霉菌株的分离、鉴定及产毒能力分析

对几株从发霉粮食中分离出的黄曲霉菌菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定,并进行发酵培养和产毒能力的HPLC测定。结果表明:试验分离菌株均为黄曲霉菌株且含有黄曲霉毒素产生的关键基因aflR;黄曲霉菌株之间产毒能力差异巨大:黄曲霉菌株3.4408产毒量最高,黄曲霉菌株HDWS产毒量最低,黄曲霉菌株3.2572甚至不产生黄曲霉毒素;产生黄曲霉毒素菌株中部分黄曲霉菌株产生4种黄曲霉毒素AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2,黄曲霉菌株HDWH只产生黄曲霉毒素AFB1、AFB2。     

液相串联质谱法测定核桃中5种黄曲霉毒素

建立核桃中黄曲霉毒素G_1、G_2、B_1、B_2、M_1的测定方法。核桃经70%甲醇溶液提取、免疫亲和柱净化后,用高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱分析法测定。黄曲霉毒素G_1、G_2、B_1、B_2、M_1在0.5μg/L~50μg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r0.999。回收率在86.5%~98.0%之间。此方法定量准确、专属性比较强,假阳性率低,有较普遍的实用性,适合核桃中黄曲霉毒素的测定。     

不同贮藏条件下花生中黄曲霉毒素变化趋势

目的探寻不同贮藏条件下花生中黄曲霉毒素含量的变化趋势。方法以远杂9102和豫花15品种的花生和花生仁为研究对象,采用免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法测定其在不同储藏的条件下黄曲霉毒素的含量。结果在整个贮藏过程中,远杂9102和豫花15品种的花生和含水量低于10%的花生仁的黄曲霉毒素含量为0,而含水量高于10%的花生仁的黄曲霉毒素含量随着贮藏时间的延长而升高。在接菌量相同的条件下,同一品种的花生仁黄曲霉毒素的含量随含水量增加而增高;在含水量相同的条件下,同一品种花生仁中黄曲霉毒素的含量随接菌量的增加而增高。在相同的贮藏条件下,远杂9102花生仁中黄曲霉毒素含量极显著高于豫花15。结论在贮藏过程中,花生中黄曲霉毒素的含量与花生是否带壳、含水量、初始带菌量和品种之间具有相关性。     

微生物代谢黄曲霉毒素B1的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是由黄曲霉、寄生曲霉等真菌产生的次级代谢产物，主要存在于谷类、花生、玉米等农作物中。在我国尤其是南方省份，受高温高湿环境的影响，黄曲霉毒素在农作物上的污染极易发生，造成巨大的经济损失。利用微生物代谢黄曲霉毒素，具有专一、高效、反应条件温和等诸多优点，是目前公认的理想脱毒方法。本文首先简要介绍了黄曲霉毒素B₁的形成过程、结构特征以及毒性基团，接着重点介绍了已报道的能代谢黄曲霉毒素B₁的微生物种类、关键酶以及代谢途径，最后列举了应用基础研究的例子。     

高效液相色谱柱后衍生法检测啤酒中黄曲霉毒素的研究

现在大多数检测黄曲霉毒素的方法,如酶联免疫测试盒、免疫亲和层析净化荧光光度法等,都只能检测单一的黄曲霉毒素B₁或黄曲霉毒素总量,而且检测限高,重复性和稳定性不好,难以得到理想的测试结果。本文主要研究啤酒样品经pH7.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液调节pH值后,用含有黄曲霉毒素特异抗体的免疫亲和层析柱净化富集,黄曲霉毒素交联在层析介质的抗体上,用吐温-20/PBS将免疫亲和柱上杂质除去,再以甲醇通过免疫亲和层析柱洗脱,洗脱液经C₁₈柱分离,然后用液相色谱柱后衍生法,用荧光检测器进行检测。本方法可同时分离检测出黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、G₁和G₂,检测限可达0.2μg/L。     

植物乳杆菌发酵桑葚酵素工艺优化及质量评价

目的:解决新鲜桑葚难以保存的问题，将新鲜桑葚制成桑葚酵素。方法:以新鲜桑葚汁为原料，植物乳杆菌为生产菌种，总酚含量为评价指标，通过单因素试验结合响应面试验优化了植物乳杆菌桑葚酵素的发酵工艺，并对桑葚酵素的理化、微生物及感官质量指标进行评价。结果:优化后发酵工艺条件为发酵时间40 h、发酵温度32℃、接种量25%,所制得的植物乳杆菌桑葚酵素的总酚含量达(43.48±0.67)μg/mL,是未经发酵的桑葚汁的1.62倍，可溶性固体物含量为5.36%,pH值为4.08±0.01,微生物指标满足国家标准；桑葚酵素呈紫红、色泽均匀，具有浓郁的桑葚果香和发酵的香味、无异味，酸味柔和、风味好，有光泽、无杂质及沉淀。结论:经植物乳杆菌发酵制得桑葚酵素的过程有生物活性物质产生，有利于提高桑葚酵素质量。     

Theasaponin E1 destroys the salt tolerance of yeasts

Cells of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in a medium containing a high concentration of NaCl were killed during incubation for 2–4 h with a low concentration of a mixture of saponins from tea seeds (TSS). The higher the concentration of NaCl in the medium, the higher the inhibitory effect of TSS on the growth of the yeast. The above inhibitory effect of TSS on the growth of the yeast was not observed when cells were incubated in hypertonic media composed of nonionic substances such as sugars. The ATPase activity of plasma membrane preparations from the yeast cells was slightly affected by the addition of TSS. It is shown that TSS facilitates leakage of glycerol from the yeast cells under NaCl-hypertonic conditions. The major inhibitor in the mixture of saponins was isolated and identified as theasaponin E₁. Its isomer, theasaponin E₂, did not have any effect on the salt tolerance of Z. rouxii or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

MoS2/g-C3N4复合纳米催化剂光催化深度处理造纸废水研究

本研究采用N-甲基吡咯烷酮复合MoS₂与g-C₃N₄,制得MoS₂/g-C₃N₄复合纳米催化剂。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、光致发光光谱仪（PL）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对复合纳米催化剂进行表征,并利用MoS₂/g-C₃N₄复合纳米催化剂光催化深度处理造纸废水。结果表明,少量MoS₂与g-C₃N₄复合可提高复合光催化剂的光催化活性,反应时间180 min、pH值5、1.5% MoS₂/g-C₃N₄复合纳米催化剂投加量为2 g/L时,对造纸废水的COD_Cr去除率和色度去除率最高,分别达到63.4%和83.2%。MoS₂/g-C₃N₄的光催化活性有所增强是由于MoS₂与g-C₃N₄的能带结构匹配,降低了光生电子-空穴的复合几率,从而提高了催化剂的光催化活性。     

响应面法优化O3/H2O2组合工艺处理制浆中段废水的研究

本研究为提高臭氧（O₃）氧化处理制浆中段废水的COD去除率,以广西某造纸厂制浆中段废水为研究对象,采用O₃/H₂O₂组合工艺对其进行高级氧化处理。分别探究了废水初始pH值、O₃用量、H₂O₂用量、反应时间和搅拌速度等影响因素对废水色度和COD去除效果的影响。为提高最优工艺参数的精确度,对O₃/H₂O₂组合工艺参数进行响应面优化法分析。结果表明,在废水初始pH值=8、H₂O₂用量为1.0 mL/L、O₃用量为480 mg/L的工艺条件下,废水色度为85.7倍,色度去除率为99.3%;COD_Cr达208.2 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率为84.5%。     

聚苯乙烯/Fe3O4悬浮填料的制备及类芬顿处理愈创木酚模拟废水的研究

均相芬顿(Fenton)处理废水存在化学药剂投加量大、铁泥产生量多的问题,类Fenton是有效的解决途径之一。本课题以羟基修饰的纳米Fe₃O₄(Fe₃O₄-OH)和苯乙烯(St)为主要原料,利用链式加聚反应合成聚苯乙烯(PS)/Fe₃O₄悬浮填料,用于类Fenton处理愈创木酚模拟废水。分别用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、热重分析仪(TGA)、超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)对PS/Fe₃O₄悬浮填料进行分析和表征,发现PS/Fe₃O₄悬浮填料具有Fe₃O₄-OH和PS的双层复合结构,其中Fe₃O₄的质量占比为51.6%。对比研究了PS/Fe₃O₄悬浮填料和纳米Fe₃O_4<...     

Degradation of aflatoxin B1 by fungal laccase enzymes

The enzymatic degradation of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) by white rot fungi through laccase production was investigated in different liquid media. A significant (P < 0.0001) correlation was observed between laccase activity and AFB₁ degradation exhibited by representatives of Peniophora and Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in minimal salts (MSM) (r = 0.93) and mineral salts — malt extract (MSB–MEB) (r = 0.77) liquid media. Peniophora sp. SCC0152 cultured in MSB–MEB liquid medium supplemented with veratryl alcohol and sugarcane bagasse showed high laccase activity (496 U/L), as well as 40.45% AFB₁ degradation as monitored using high performance liquid chromatography. P. ostreatus St2-3 cultivated in MSM liquid medium supplemented with veratryl alcohol resulted in laccase activity of 416.39 U/L and 35.90% degradation of AFB₁. Aflatoxin B₁ was significantly (P < 0.0001) degraded when treated with pure laccase enzyme from Trametes versicolor (1 U/ml, 87.34%) and recombinant laccase produced by Aspergillus niger D15-Lcc2#3 (118 U/L, 55%). Aflatoxin B₁ degradation by laccase enzyme from T. versicolor and recombinant laccase enzyme produced by A. niger D15-Lcc2#3 coincided with significant (P < 0.001) loss of mutagenicity of AFB₁, as evaluated in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. The degradation of AFB₁ by white rot fungi could be an important bio-control measure to reduce the level of this mycotoxin in food commodities.     

Preparation and Characterization of Co3O4/Graphene/Cellulose Nanofiber Composite Films

Nanocellulose has served as an eye-catching nanomaterial for constructing advanced functional devices with renewability, light weight, flexibility, and environmental friendliness. In this study, Co₃O₄/graphene/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) flexible composite films, in which the CNF acted as a spacer for the graphene, were prepared via a facile and scalable vacuum filtration method. The effects of the CNF on the microstructure, hydrophilicity, thermal stability, tensile strength, surface resistance, and electrochemical performance of the Co₃O₄/graphene/CNF composite films were systematically investigated. The results showed that the synergistic interaction of the CNF and graphene substantially improved the overall properties of the Co₃O₄/graphene/CNF composite films, particularly their hydrophilicity and tensile strength. Meanwhile, Co₃O₄/graphene/CNF composite films with a CNF content of 4% appeared to have the optimal electrochemical performance, with an area specific capacitance of 56 mF/cm² and prominent capacitance retention of 95.6% at a current density of 1 A/g after 1000 cycles. This work demonstrated that the prepared Co₃O₄/graphene/CNF flexible composite films have great application potential in the field of flexible energy storage devices.     

Intramolecular formation of cyclic ether by dehydration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3

Two new conversion ginsenosides having cyclic ether together with ginsenoside Rg₅, Rk₁, and Rz₁ were isolated from dehydration products of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg₃. On the basis of NMR spectroscopic analyses and comparison with spectral data of ginsenoside Rg₃ as a starting material, the chemical structures of two new ginsenosides were established as 12β-O-20(S)-ginsenoside Rg₃ and 12β-O-20(R)-ginsenoside Rg₃. The compounds were named as neoginsenoside L₁ and L₂ respectively. The conversion mechanism was expected to be accomplished by the formation of a tertiary carbocation or intramolecular nucleophilic displacement. The two new ginsenosides confirmed the existence from red ginseng extract by liquid chromatography.     

Short communication: Investigation of aflatoxin M1 levels in infant follow-on milks and infant formulas sold in the markets of Ankara,Turkey

Aflatoxins are fungal toxins known to be carcinogenic and are classified as food contaminants. This study was performed to investigate aflatoxin (AF) M₁ levels in baby foods sold in Ankara (Turkey) and to evaluate the obtained results according to the Turkish Food Codex (TFC). For this purpose, a total of 84 baby food samples (50 follow-on milks and 34 infant formulas) were obtained from different markets in Ankara and the presence of AFM₁ in the samples was analyzed by ELISA. In 32 (38.1%) of 84 infant food samples, the presence of AFM₁ was detected in concentrations ranging between 0.0055 and 0.0201 µg/kg. The mean level (±standard error) of AFM₁ was found to be 0.0089 ± 0.0006 µg/kg in positive infant follow-on milks. Aflatoxin M₁ was detected in only 1 infant formula sample (2.94%) at a concentration of 0.0061 µg/kg. The extrapolated levels of AFB₁ contamination in feedstuffs were calculated based on levels of AFM₁ in baby food samples. The data estimating AFB₁ contamination in dairy cattle feedstuff indicate that contamination may range from 0.3410 to 1.2580 µg/kg, with the mean level (±standard error) being 0.5499 ± 0.0385 µg/kg, which is lower than the level set by the TFC and European Union regulations (5 µg/kg). According to the obtained results, the levels of AFM₁ in analyzed samples were within the allowed limit (0.025 µg/kg) set in the TFC. Low levels of AFM₁ in infant follow-on milks and infant formula samples obtained during the study do not pose a health risk to infants.     

Cultured C2C12 cell lines as a model for assessment of bacterial attachment to bovine primary muscle cells

The mechanisms of bacterial attachment to meat tissues need to be understood to enhance meat safety interventions. However, little is known about attachment of foodborne pathogens to meat muscle cells. In this study, attachment of six Escherichia coli and two Salmonella strains to primary bovine muscle cells and a cultured muscle cell line, C₂C₁₂, was measured, including the effect of temperature. At 37 °C, all but one strain (EC623) attached to C₂C₁₂ cells, whereas only five of eight strains (M23Sr, H10407, EC473, Sal1729a and Sal691) attached to primary cells. At 10 °C, two strains (H10407 and EC473) attached to C₂C₁₂ cells, compared to four strains (M23Sr, EC614, H10407 and Sal1729a) of primary cells. Comparing all strains at both temperatures, EC614 displayed the highest CFU per C₂C₁₂ cell (4.60 ± 2.02 CFU/muscle cell at 37 °C), whereas greater numbers of M23Sr attached per primary cell (51.88 ± 39.43 CFU/muscle cell at 37 °C). This study indicates that primary bovine muscle cells may provide a more relevant model system to study bacterial attachment to beef carcasses compared to cell lines such as C₂C₁₂.