不同品种猕猴桃汁抗氧化成分及体外抗氧化活性比较

本文以陕西省和四川省两大主产区的美味、中华和软枣3大种系12个品种猕猴桃为材料，测定其果汁中主要抗氧化活性物质多酚、类黄酮、V_C和果实中单体酚含量，比较其体外抗氧化活性，并将抗氧化活性物质和果汁抗氧化能力进行相关性分析，筛选抗氧化物质含量高、抗氧化活性强的品种。结果表明，不同品种猕猴桃的抗氧化活性物质含量和抗氧化能力有显著性差异（P<0.05），V_C在不同品种间的含量差异较大，范围在27.300~130.380 mg/100 g之间；软枣系两品种（益玉和绿迷）类黄酮含量显著高于其他品种（P<0.05）；原儿茶酸、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素为猕猴桃中主要的多酚类化合物；红阳、翠香、亚特、华优对DPPH·和ABTS+·的清除能力较强，益玉和绿迷对·OH的清除能力和总还原力较强；各品种猕猴桃多酚含量与总还原力具有显著相关性（P<0.05），单酚含量之间、单酚与抗氧化活性之间也有相关性。根据抗氧化活性进行聚类分析，可将12个品种猕猴桃分为6类。综合分析，12个品种中以软枣猕猴桃的抗氧化活性最强。研究结果为猕猴桃鲜食及加工过程中高抗氧化活性品种的选择提供了科学依据。     

纽荷尔脐橙果实发育过程中类黄酮变化与体外抗氧化活性的关系

以纽荷尔脐橙果实为材料,研究了果实发育过程中果皮和果肉总类黄酮含量的变化以及与体外抗氧化活性的关系。结果表明：随着果实发育成熟,果皮中总类黄酮含量、体外总抗氧化活性以及清除H2O2 和O2·能力基本呈下降的趋势,而果肉中各参数指标均呈单峰型变化,其峰值基本出现在9 月中旬。相关性分析表明,果实类黄酮含量与体外总抗氧化活性以及与清除H2O2 和O2·能力均存在显著正相关,其相关系数分别为r=0.9664(p＜ 0.01)、r=0.7723(p ＜ 0.01)和r=0.9144(p ＜ 0.01)。     

4种柠檬不同组织的酚类物质分布及其抗氧化特性

采用分光光度计法评价4种柠檬(尤力克黄柠檬、小青柠、青柠檬、香水柠檬)中果皮与果肉的总酚含量与抗氧化活性(清除ABTS+自由基能力、铁离子还原能力和清除DPPH自由基能力),并用超高效液相色谱对其酚类物质进行定性和定量。结果表明:4种柠檬果皮中的总酚含量及抗氧化活性均显著高于果肉(P0.05),其中尤力克果皮与果肉的总酚、抗氧化活性均显著高于其余3个品种(P0.05),而香水柠檬果皮与果肉中总酚、清除ABTS+自由基能力均最低。不同品种柠檬中酚酸、类黄酮种类及含量差异较大。从4种柠檬中共检出21种酚类物质,其中酚酸6种,黄酮6种,黄烷酮6种,多甲氧基黄酮3种。柠檬中的酚类物质主要是黄烷酮,占类黄酮总量61.82%～91.61%,其中青柠檬果皮中酚酸总量最高(535.62 mg/100 g DW),尤力克果皮中类黄酮总量最高(1 506.33 mg/100 g DW),果肉规律与果皮基本一致,然而其含量显著低于果皮含量(P0.05)。从尤力克果皮与果肉中共检出15种酚类物质,其中圣草枸橼含量最高,而新绿原酸是含量最高的酚酸。从小青柠、青柠檬和香水柠檬的果皮与果肉中分别检测出19,16,15种酚类物质,其中橙皮苷含量均最高,而香草酸是含量最高的酚酸。不同品种柠檬的总酚和总类黄酮含量与ABTS+呈极显著的正相关性,同时总酚含量与DPPH呈显著性的正相关性。     

采后UV-C处理对软枣猕猴桃果实酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

研究了采后UV-C辐照对软枣猕猴桃贮藏期间果实品质、酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响。将果实采摘后立即用不同剂量(1.05、2.1和4.2 k J/m~2)的UV-C辐照处理,随后跟踪测定其在室温贮藏和冷藏期间硬度、可溶性固形物、总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷含量和抗氧化活性的变化。结果显示,UV-C处理能够提高果实贮藏期间可溶性固形物含量,延缓果实硬度下降,并显著促进了果实总酚、总黄酮及总花色苷的合成与积累,有效提高果实贮藏期间的抗氧化活性。室温贮藏条件下UV-C处理果实酚类物质含量达到最大时的剂量及其效应时间为4.2 k J/m~2 UV-C辐照后贮藏5 d;冷藏条件下为1.05 k J/m~2 UV-C辐照后贮藏3 d。UV-C辐照处理可作为一种安全无毒的采后处理方式改善和提高软枣猕猴桃果实品质、酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性。     

两种贮藏温度下“黑琥珀”李果实品质及不同部位抗氧化活性的变化规律

研究不同贮藏温度下李果实品质以及近果皮与近果核部位果肉抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明,在20℃贮藏时,李果实硬度、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基和DPPH 自由基清除能力不同程度降低,而pH 值、总抗氧化能力、总酚和总黄酮含量升高,2℃贮藏可显著延缓李果实硬度、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基和DPPH 自由 基清除能力的降低,以及pH 值、总抗氧化能力、总酚和总黄酮含量的升高;相关性分析的结果表明,李果实中酚类、黄酮类物质含量与总抗氧化能力具有极显著相关性(P ＜ 0.01);李果实近果皮及近果核处果肉的总抗氧化能力、羟自由基清除能力、总酚及总黄酮含量均存在显著性差异;李果实SSC 与近果皮果肉总抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基及DPPH 自由基能力、总酚含量的相关系数大于近果核,而pH 值与近果核处总抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基及羟自由基能力、总酚及总黄酮含量的相关系数大于近果皮果肉。李果采后品质劣变可能与清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基及DPPH 自由基能力的降低有关。     

不同贮藏温度对软枣猕猴桃采后生理品质及抗氧化性的影响

为了探究贮藏温度对软枣猕猴桃采后生理品质及抗氧化酶活性的影响,分别将软枣猕猴桃置于0、5和10℃下贮藏,测定其在贮藏过程中的相关指标。结果表明,与5和10℃相比,0℃贮藏显著抑制了软枣猕猴桃的褐变以及呼吸强度,保持了较高的果实硬度、维生素C(Vc)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和类黄酮含量,抑制了相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的增加,同时,保持了较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性。0℃条件下软枣猕猴桃没有发生冷害,该贮藏温度最有利于保持软枣猕猴桃的采后生理品质。     

不同地区酿酒葡萄果实中酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力的分析

以源于我国4个地区(宁夏玉泉营、山西乡宁、河北昌黎和沙城地区)赤霞珠和梅鹿辄葡萄果实为研究对象,通过光谱和液相色谱-质谱联用技术对其理化指标、酚类物质含量、抗氧化能力及花色苷单体酚含量进行测定和分析。研究结果表明:宁夏玉泉营地区赤霞珠和梅鹿辄果实中的总酚、总类黄酮、总黄烷醇和总花色苷均最高,抗氧化能力也最强,河北沙城次之,其他2个地区互有高低;在2个品种中分别检测出22和23种花色苷单体酚物质,其中包括5种基本花色苷和18种花色苷衍生物;生态条件对赤霞珠和梅鹿辄果实花色苷组成的影响主要表现在其衍生物上,对其含量的影响与品种特性有关。产区生态条件对葡萄果实中酚类物质含量及花色苷单体酚的组成造成不同程度的影响。     

不同涂膜处理对采后梨果实抗氧化能力的影响

目的:以采后黄冠梨为试材,系统研究梨果实在贮藏期间抗氧化能力的变化和涂膜处理对抗氧化活性的影响。方法:采用CaCl2和普鲁兰多糖涂膜处理梨果实,主要对梨果实不同组织部位的VC含量、总酚含量、总黄酮含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及抗氧化能力进行测定,进行显著性和相关性分析。结果:CaCl2和普鲁兰多糖涂膜处理均能有效延缓贮藏期间VC、总酚、总黄酮含量的下降,显著抑制SOD、CAT、抗氧化活性的下降速度及POD的活性(P<0.05)。梨果皮的各抗氧化指标均显著高于果肉。结论:涂膜处理能够显著抑制梨果实抗氧化成分的流失和抗氧化酶活性的下降,提高其抗氧化能力,保护抗氧化成分和流通品质。     

5 个费约果品种果实多酚类物质含量及其抗氧化能力比较

以5 个新西兰主栽费约果品种为试材,比较不同费约果品种果实多酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力的差异。结果表明：费约果果实富含多酚类物质,特别是原花青素,且具有较强的抗氧化能力。不同基因型和果实不同部分（果皮、果肉和果浆）总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量和抗氧化能力均有显著差异。在5 个品种中,“Anatoki”具有最高的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量和铁离子还原能力,且费约果果实的果皮积累总酚、总黄酮和原花青素最多,其次是果肉,果浆含量最少。     

贮藏温度对葡萄果实采后抗氧化活性的影响及动力学分析

以"甬优1号"葡萄果实为原料,探讨贮藏温度(273.15、283.15、293.15K)对果肉和果皮总酚、花色苷和抗氧化活性的影响,并应用Gomportz函数模型,对不同温度下葡萄果实贮藏期间抗氧化活性变化的动力学模型进行研究。结果表明,葡萄果实贮藏过程中果肉和果皮中的总酚含量下降,果皮中花色苷含量也呈下降趋势。0℃贮藏可显著抑制果肉和果皮中总酚含量及果皮中花色苷含量下降,保持葡萄果实较高的DPPH自由基清除能力。在Arrhenius动力学方程基础上得出葡萄果实贮藏期间果肉和果皮总酚、花色苷和抗氧化活性变化的速率常数随着贮藏温度的提高而增大,拟合所得总酚、花色苷含量和DPPH自由基清除能力一级动力学模型回归方程的决定系数均大于0.91。由果肉和果皮总酚、花色苷和抗氧化活性预测模型所得各抗氧化指标预测值与实测值之间的平均相对误差均小于10%,表明在贮藏温度273.15～293.15K(0～20℃)范围,可预测葡萄果实采后抗氧化物质含量及抗氧化能力的变化。     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌mcr-1基因携带及分析

目的 了解在农业农村部禁止使用多黏菌素作为动物促生长使用后四川部分地区鸡源大肠埃希氏菌（E.coli）mcr-1基因的携带情况,为制定进一步防控措施提供依据。方法 采集四川部分地区市场售卖点肉鸡直肠拭子,用含有多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的EC肉汤增菌接种含多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的麦康凯平板,挑取可疑菌落,采用PCR方法鉴定菌株并检测mcr-1基因;微量肉汤稀释法测定mcr-1基因阳性菌株对临床常见抗菌药物耐药情况。脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对mcr-1基因阳性菌株进行同源分析。耐药基因质粒结合实验验证mcr-1基因传播途径。结果 从70份肉鸡样本中的13份检出mcr-1基因阳性大肠埃希氏菌,检出率18.57%（13/70）,对实验的13种抗生素,除13株mcr-1阳性菌株对头孢西丁有12株敏感以外,对其他抗生素都表现出不同程度的耐药,其中四环素和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑耐药率最高,达到了100%（13/13）;其次是氨苄西林和氯霉素,耐药率为84.62%（11/13）。PFGE显示13株mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌分属13个不同的型别;质粒结合实验显示mcr-1基因能够通过质粒传播。结论 mcr-1基因在鸡大肠内大肠杆菌中检测率比较高,且鸡大肠中mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌的耐药情况比较严重。     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹. Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹ and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹. A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at ≥10⁵ cfu g⁻¹ or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chilli sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.     

Comparison of the most odour-active volatiles in different hop varieties by application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis

Application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis on the volatiles isolated from five different hops (Hallertau Perle, Hallertau Hersbrucker Spät, Slowenian Golding, Hallertau Smaragd, US Cascade) revealed linalool and myrcene with the highest Flavour Dilution (FD)-factors in all varieties, followed by 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 3-methylbutanoic acid and geraniol. Some odourants, however, showed high FD-factors only in certain varieties, for example, (5Z)-octa-1,5-dien-3-one and germacrene B in Hersbrucker Spät, (3E,5Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene in Hersbrucker Spät and Cascade and nonanal in Cascade. The overall odour profile of the Cascade sample clearly differed from the other varietes, and was dominated by a black currant like odour note. The identification experiments revealed 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, so far unknown as hop constituent, as key contributor to this odour. In addition, an odour-active undecatetraene was present, in particular, in Perle and Cascade. Synthesis and structural assignment of the four stereoisomers of (3E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene allowed the identification of the fresh, pineapple-like smelling compound as (3E,5Z,9E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene. Among the four isomers synthesised, this compound showed by far the lowest odour threshold of 0.01 ng/L in air.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Developmental and population growth rates of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of stored-product insect pests

Phosphine resistance positively contributes towards an individual's fitness under phosphine fumigation. However, phosphine resistance may place resistant individuals at a fitness disadvantage in the absence of this fumigant, which can be exploited to halt or slow down the spread of resistance. This study aimed to determine if there is a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance in populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) and the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)). The developmental rate and population growth of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of these three species of stored-product insects were therefore determined under phosphine-free environment. The majority of the phosphine-resistant populations exhibited lower developmental and population growth rates than the susceptible populations indicating that phosphine resistance is associated with fitness cost in all three species, which can potentially compromise the fixation and dispersal of the resistant genotypes. Nonetheless, some phosphine-resistant populations did not show a fitness cost. Therefore, resistance management strategies based on suppression of phosphine use aiming at eventual reestablishment of phosphine susceptibility and subsequent reintroduction of this fumigant will be useful only for insect populations exhibiting a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance. Therefore recognition of the prevailing phosphine-resistant genotypes in a region is important to direct the management tactics to be adopted.