鲜湿米粉品质评价及原料选择

为确定适宜鲜湿米粉加工用大米的关联性指标及阈值区间,本研究以18种大米为原料制备切条型鲜湿米粉,探讨大米主要成分质量分数、淀粉糊化特性对米粉蒸煮品质、入味性、感官品质和质构品质的影响,并利用主成分分析建立鲜湿米粉综合品质评价模型,计算米粉品质综合得分,通过逐步回归分析筛选出影响米粉综合品质的关联性指标,结合聚类分析得到适宜加工米粉的原料大米关联性指标范围。结果表明:大米的直链淀粉质量分数,淀粉糊化特性的最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、回生值与米粉的蒸煮品质、感官品质、质构品质显著相关(P0.05);大米主要成分、淀粉糊化特性与米粉的入味性相关性不显著(P0.05)。影响米粉综合品质的关联性指标为直链淀粉质量分数和最终黏度,适宜加工切条型鲜湿米粉的原料大米直链淀粉质量分数应大于26%,淀粉的最终黏度应大于3 852 Pa·s。     

植物乳杆菌强化发酵对鲜湿米粉品质的影响及作用机理分析

鲜湿米粉存在易断条、分散性差、品质不稳定等缺陷,强化发酵是改善以上缺陷的有效途径之一.该文首先研究了植物乳杆菌强化发酵对鲜湿米粉品质的影响,结果表明,植物乳杆菌强化发酵能显著提升米粉的质构、蒸煮及感官品质,其中米粉硬度和咀嚼性增强,蒸煮损失和断条率分别降低了51.72％和60.02％,感官总评分提高了54％.其次,为了...     

纯种发酵对鲜湿米粉品质的影响

对比研究2株乳酸菌、2株酵母与自然发酵对鲜湿米粉品质的影响。结果表明,Lactobacillus plantarumCSL23发酵36~48 h时,鲜湿米粉的拉伸力、硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性、回复性和吸水率在4株菌中最高,蒸煮损失率最低。Lactobacillus fermentum CSL30发酵48 h时,鲜湿米粉的拉伸力、弹性、内聚性、回复性、吸水率和蒸煮损失率仅次于L.plantarum CSL23,而硬度、黏性、咀嚼性最低。自然发酵的鲜湿米粉在发酵60 h时,鲜湿米粉的拉伸力、硬度和咀嚼性较好,质构特点和蒸煮性质居中。Saccharomyces cerevisiae CSY13发酵使鲜湿米粉具有明显的风味特征,但黏性较高、内聚性低。Trichosporon asahii CSY07发酵对鲜湿米粉的拉伸力、质构特点和蒸煮性质的影响均不如自然发酵,但对风味的影响仅次于S.cerevisiae CSY13。总之,乳酸菌有利于鲜湿米粉的食用品质,酵母菌有利于风味;纯种发酵均可以使鲜湿米粉的品质在更短时间内达到最佳状态。     

植物乳杆菌发酵对鲜湿米粉品质的影响: II.食味品质

研究对比了L.23、L.23169和L.22699 3株不同来源的植物乳杆菌发酵对鲜湿米粉蒸煮、色度和风味的影响。结果表明,发酵48 h时,L.23和L.22699组鲜湿米粉的断条率无显著差异,均优于L.23169;3组米粉的蒸煮损失率均无显著差异。白度指标,L.23组显著优于其他2组。电子鼻分析风味指标发现3株菌发酵的产品之间存在差异,SPME/GC/MS测定证实L.23发酵的鲜湿米粉挥发性风味物质最具有米香特色。感官评定亦得出L.23发酵制备的鲜湿米粉食味品质最好的结论。综合考虑食味品质,L.23是3株植物乳杆菌中最适合用于鲜湿米粉发酵的品种。     

协同发酵生产的鲜湿米粉及其品质特性和风味研究

为探究不同微生物组合协同发酵对鲜湿米粉品质和风味的影响,将筛选的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae.23,S.c.23)、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei.17,L.c.17)与植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum.9,L.p.9)协同发酵,并测定产酸能力、植物乳杆菌活菌数、理化性质、蒸煮特性、质构特性、挥发性风味物质。结果表明,协同发酵生产的发酵米粉品质良好,挥发性风味物质显著增加。L.p.9+S.c.23+L.c.17的产酸能力最强,植物乳杆菌活菌数最高达到(9.06±0.15) lg CFU/g;蛋白质、脂肪含量显著降低,直链淀粉含量显著升高。结合蒸煮和质构特性测定,L.p.9+S.c.23+L.c.17制得的米粉蒸煮损失率、硬度、弹性等方面优于其他发酵组。L.p.9+S.c.23+L.c.17发酵米粉的挥发性风味物质高达37种,主要为酯类和醇类。多菌种协同发酵显著提升了鲜湿米粉的品质,增加了风味,在发酵米粉产业开发中具有良好的应用潜力。     

大豆分离蛋白提升鲜湿米粉凝胶品质的研究

为探究大豆分离蛋白(Soy Protein Isolate, SPI)对鲜湿米粉凝胶品质的影响,将SPI以0%、2%、4%质量浓度比例与发酵籼米粉混合,对SPI-发酵籼米混合粉的性质及所制SPI-鲜湿米粉的凝胶品质进行测定,并分析了SPI-鲜湿米粉内部淀粉结构的变化。结果表明：随着SPI添加量的增加,SPI-发酵籼米混合粉的糊化黏度增大,崩解值减小,凝胶硬度增大,推断SPI的添加有利于发酵籼米淀粉的凝胶化;进一步测定发现,SPI-鲜湿米粉的硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性增大,蒸煮吸水率上升,说明添加SPI可提升鲜湿米粉凝胶品质;FT-IR显示,R104 7/102 2 cm-1峰强度比值增大、R102 2/995 cm-1峰强度比值减小,两者比值表示鲜湿米粉内部淀粉短程有序结构和氢键强度增加,即淀粉短程有序性升高,这可能与鲜湿米粉凝胶品质的提升相关。     

马铃薯全粉对大米粉理化特性的影响

将不同量的马铃薯全粉添加到大米粉中,研究了混合粉的理化特性、糊化特性以及质构特性。实验结果表明,随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,混合粉的溶解度、膨胀度、胶稠度呈现递增的趋势,且溶解度、膨胀度与马铃薯全粉的添加量呈极其显著的正相关,峰值黏度(PV)、谷值黏度(TV)、最终黏度(FV)、崩解值(BDV)、回生值(SBV)、糊化温度(PTm)随马铃薯全粉的添加呈递减趋势,且与马铃薯全粉的添加量呈极其显著的负相关,质构特性中的硬度、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性均呈现下降趋势,而回复性、内聚性变化不大,硬度、黏性及咀嚼性与马铃薯全粉的添加量有呈显著的负相关。     

大米原料对鲜湿米粉品质影响

试验以5种大米为研究对象,采用快速黏度仪和动态流变仪分析其糊化特性和流变学特性,结合质构和模糊感官评价法对大米制作鲜湿米粉进行品质评价。结果表明,成泰大米衰减值最小,回生值最大;胶稠度和直链淀粉含量与衰减值、回生值和最终黏度等糊化特征值存在显著或极显著相关;温度扫描和频率扫描显示各品种大米G’始终大于G’’,成泰大米G’最高,降温过程中G’上升最快,说明胶凝性最好;各品种米粉质构指标之间存在显著性差异,且综合质构和感官评价结果,选出适合做鲜湿米粉的大米原料。     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶对面粉糊化性质和面条品质的影响

研究2种谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG-M和TG-B)对面粉糊化性质和面条品质的影响。结果表明,这2种谷氨酰胺转胺酶对面粉的糊化温度影响不显著;随TG-M添加量的增加,面粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和崩解值变化不显著;随TG-B添加量的增加,面粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和崩解值呈递增的趋势;添加谷氨酰胺转胺酶能改善面条的质构特性,TG-M与TG-B对面条质构特性的影响没有明显差异;TG-M和TG-B在面条中的添加量不应超过0.5%。     

植物乳杆菌发酵对鲜湿米粉品质的影响: I.力学性能

本论文对比研究了不同来源的L.23、L.23169和L.22699三株植物乳杆菌发酵对鲜湿米粉力学性能的影响。结果表明,米粉的拉伸应力、硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均随着发酵时间的延长而逐渐增强,最后均在48 h时达到最大值、此时L.23极显著优于L.23169和L.22699(p<0.05)。三株菌在不同发酵时间对米粉的粘性和内聚力影响不显著(p>0.05)。感官评价显示L.23发酵48 h的米粉口感滑爽、筋道最好,说明不同来源的植物乳杆菌对鲜湿米粉力学性能的影响效果不同,其中L.23在三株菌中最有利于鲜湿米粉良好力学性能的形成。原料米在发酵过程中的组分分析表明蛋白质显著影响米粉的硬度(p<0.05)。     

Inflorescences of Brassicacea species as source of bioactive compounds: A comparative study

Two Brassica oleracea varieties (B. oleracea L. var. costata DC and B. oleracea L. var. acephala) and Brassica rapa L. var. rapa inflorescences were studied for their chemical composition and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic compounds and organic acids profiles were determined by HPLC–DAD and HPLC–UV, respectively. B. oleracea var. costata and B. oleracea L. var. acephala inflorescences presented a similar qualitative phenolic composition, exhibiting several complex kaempferol derivatives and 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, while B. rapa var. rapa was characterized by kaempferol and isorhamnetin glycosides and several phenolic acids derivatives. B. oleracea L. var. costata and B. rapa var. rapa showed the highest phenolics content. The three Brassica exhibited the same six organic acids (aconitic, citric, pyruvic, malic, shikimic and fumaric acids), but B. oleracea L. var. acephala presented a considerably higher amount. Each inflorescence was investigated for its capacity to act as a scavenger of DPPH radical and reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid), exhibiting antioxidant capacity in a concentration dependent manner against all radicals. These samples were also studied for its antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, displaying antimicrobial capacity only against Gram-positive bacteria.     

An enzyme-based extraction process for the purification and enrichment of vegetable proteins to be applied in bakery products

In the current study an efficient aqueous extraction procedure using glucoamylase was developed to produce food grade protein extracts from lentils and white beans. The extracts contained 50.3 ± 0.6 and 49.2 ± 0.05 g protein per 100 g dry extract, respectively. The nutritional value of lentil and white bean protein extracts proved to be satisfying according to the amino acid composition, where methionine was the limiting amino acid. The produced extracts were tested for their technological properties. Both lentil and white bean protein extracts showed similar or even better technological properties regarding foaming and emulsifying capacities, heat stability and gelling properties compared to soy and pea protein extracts. Food application tests in white bread, pound cake and sponge cake proved lentil and white bean protein extracts to be potential alternatives to soy protein in replacing proteins from animal origin.     

Effect of aeration and dilution rate on nisin Z production during continuous fermentation with free and immobilized Lactococcus lactis UL719 in supplemented whey permeate

The influence of dilution rate (D) and aeration on soluble and cell-bound nisin Z production was investigated during continuous free (FC) and immobilized cell (IC) cultures with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis UL719 in supplemented whey permeate. Maximum total bacteriocin titres during non-aerated continuous FC and IC cultures were obtained for low D, with 1490 and 1090 IU mL⁻¹ for 0.15 h⁻¹ or 0.25 and 0.5 h⁻¹, respectively. For both systems, aeration increased nisin total production with maximum titres of 2560 and 2430 IU mL⁻¹ for low D, respectively, as well as specific production. Volumetric productivity was the highest for an intermediate D of 0.4 h⁻¹ during FC cultures (460 IU mL⁻¹ h⁻¹ for both aerated and non-aerated cultures), while it increased continuously with D during IC cultures, reaching high values of 1090 and 1760 IU mL⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 2.0 h⁻¹ without and with aeration, respectively. In comparison with previous data for FC batch cultures, data from this study may indicate that during continuous fermentations at steady state, some steps in nisin biosynthesis are limiting. In these conditions, nisin production by immobilized cells is reduced.     

Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis

Glucosinolates of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) from Korea were characterised to determine the total glucosinolate content and the diversity amongst glucosinolates; 24 varieties were analysed. The profiles of 14 glucosinolates identified from the leaves were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the differences among varieties. The Kori, Sandun and e-Norang varieties separated from the others based on glucosinolate concentration. Genetically modified Chinese cabbage containing the bar gene could not be separated from non-genetically modified varieties. Glucobrassicanapin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, gluconapin and glucobrassicin in Chinese cabbage were confirmed as the main glucosinolate compounds. The Kori, Sandun and e-Norang varieties appear to be good candidates for future breeding programmes since they have a high glucosinolate content. The presence of indolic glucosinolates in all varieties should be studied more extensively because they are the precursor of indole-3-carbinol, a potent cancer chemopreventive agent.     

10种抗氧化剂对小桐子生物柴油氧化稳定性的影响

研究了常见7种生物柴油的氧化稳定性,分析了10种抗氧化剂对小桐子生物柴油氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明:只有棕榈油生物柴油的氧化稳定性能达到生物柴油国家标准;天然抗氧化剂VC、VE的抗氧化效果较差,且其添加量对小桐子生物柴油氧化稳定性影响也较小;GAM(没食子酸)抗氧化效果好,但油溶性能较差;TBHQ在添加量较高时对小桐子生物柴油氧化稳定性影响较大,AP(L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯)和TBHQ对精制和粗制小桐子生物柴油的抗氧化效果差别较大;MT(没食子酸甲酯)、PG(没食子酸丙酯)、OG(没食子酸辛酯)、BHA和BHT 5种抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果较好,且在添加量较低时对小桐子生物柴油氧化稳定性的影响较大,是较为理想的抗氧化剂。     

Functionality of freeze-dried L. casei cells immobilized on wheat grains

Lactobacillus casei cells were immobilized on wheat grains and the effect of nine cryoprotectants during freeze-drying was investigated. Survival and fermentative activity of the freeze-dried immobilized biocatalysts was studied by monitoring pH, lactic acid and lactose content in successive fermentations batches of both synthetic lactose medium and milk. Freeze-dried L. casei cells immobilized on wheat grains without using cryoprotectants resulted in high cell survival and metabolic activity. The same biocatalysts were stored at room temperature for 9 months and at 4 °C and −18 °C for 12 months. Reactivation of the stored biocatalysts was carried out in synthetic lactose medium. Storage at room and low temperatures (4 °C and −18 °C) resulted in about 5.11, 4.9 and 4.3 final pH respectively during fermentations, indicating the suitability of the immobilized biocatalysts for the production of mild and low pH dairy products. The immobilization of a probiotic microorganism, such as L. casei, on boiled wheat which contains prebiotic compounds might provide a potential synbiotic preparation.     

The effect of nisin and garlic (Allium sativum L.) essential oil separately and in combination on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes

In the present study, the anti-listerial activity of the nisin and garlic (Allium sativum L.) essential oils (GO) alone and in combination was investigated at different temperatures (20 and 30 °C), pH (6.8, 5.6 and 4.8) and NaCl concentrations (0, 0.5, 2.5 and 4.5 g/100 mL). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Listeria monocytogenes were assessed for the nisin and essential oil. Furthermore, for combinations of the antimicrobials, the Differences in Population (DP) method were used to determine their effect. Both essential oil and nisin possessed considerable antimicrobial effects on the microorganism. The MICs for nisin and GO were 12.5 IU/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Regardless of NaCl concentration and temperature, the anti-listerial activity of both GO and nisin was strongly influenced by pH. Moreover, at the same temperature, and regardless of pH value, the growth of the organism was also affected by increasing NaCl concentration. In combination, the DP was related strongly to the agent’s concentration and media pH. Meanwhile, among all combined systems, the effect of the combination (EC) of nisin with GO at 30 °C, pH 5.6 and 0 g/100 mL NaCl, showed significant anti-listerial activity (P ≤ 0.05).     

生物柴油对铜的腐蚀特性及动力学研究

利用失重法研究在室温~90℃范围内,小桐子油生物柴油和柴油混合油样对铜的腐蚀动力学特性,建立相应的腐蚀动力学模型。研究结果表明:随着油样中生物柴油浓度增加和温度升高,铜的腐蚀速率增加,腐蚀规律符合Mathur经验公式,腐蚀速率常数与温度间的关系符合Arrhenius方程,腐蚀动力学方程为v=ke(-3×10-5T2+0.019 6T-2.478 4)c,腐蚀反应的活化能为7.40 kJ/mol,指前因子为0.695 6。生物柴油腐蚀铜的动力学模型为扩大试验和生物柴油应用中的防腐蚀提供理论依据。     

Partial characterization of peroxidase from the leaves of thymbra plant (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata)

Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7; donor: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase) catalyses the oxidation of various electron donor substrates (e.g. phenols, aromatic amines). In this study, the peroxidase was extracted from Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata and, then partially purified with (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation and dialysis. The substrate specificity of peroxidase was investigated using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), o-dianisidine, o-phenylenediamine, catechol and guaiacol as substrates. Furthermore, the effects of buffer concentration, pH, temperature and thermal inactivation on enzyme activity were also studied. The results obtained have shown that (i) the best substrate is o-dianisidine, followed by ABTS, catechol, guaiacol and o-phenylenediamine, respectively; (ii) the best buffer concentration is 40 mM for o-dianisidine and catechol, 10 mM for ABTS and guaiacol, and 100 mM for o-phenylenediamine; (iii) optimum pH is 2.5 for ABTS and o-phenylenediamine, 6.0 for o-dianisidine, and 7.0 for catechol and guaiacol; (iv) optimum temperature is 20 °C for catechol, 40 °C for ABTS, guaiacol and o-dianisidine, and 50 °C for o-phenylenediamine; and (v) the enzyme activity in the thermal inactivation experiments was enhanced with increase in temperature with o-dianisidine as a substrate while its activity decreased with o-phenylenediamine.     

单一及混合乳酸菌发酵对番木瓜汁品质的影响

目的：探讨植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum （Lp）、鼠李糖杆菌Lactobacillus rhamnosus （Lr）、嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus （La）及两两混合菌（Lp+Lr、Lp+La、Lr+La）对番木瓜汁发酵后植物化学、微生物学、风味特性和功能特性的影响，并开发出一种具有改善功能和促进健康特性的番木瓜益生菌发酵饮料。方法：通过测定发酵过程中pH值、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、活菌数、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、有机酸和挥发性化合物的变化，考察各菌发酵过程中总酚、总黄酮含量和抗α-葡萄糖苷酶、抗酪氨酸酶的能力。结果：在72 h的发酵过程中，单一菌株培养和混合菌株培养的变化相似，pH值显著降低，酸度显著提高；乳酸和琥珀酸含量均显著提高，柠檬酸和苹果酸含量显著降低。发酵后，木瓜汁中总酚类物质和总黄酮含量均有所增加。Pearson相关分析表明，酚类物质的代谢可能有助于增强α-葡萄糖苷酶和酪氨酸酶的抑制作用。所有发酵组中，由植物乳杆菌单菌发酵的番木瓜汁乳酸、总酚、总黄酮含量最高，对α-葡萄糖苷酶和酪氨酸酶的抑制作用最强。未经发酵的番木瓜原汁中主要检出6种挥发性化合物，丁酸含量最大为89.742%，其次为芳樟醇。发酵后，从6组发酵果汁中共鉴定出25种主要挥发性成分，其中丁酸含量显著降低，减少了番木瓜不愉快气味的产生。所有发酵中，Lp单菌产生的挥发性成分最多（18种），混合菌Lp+Lr的较少（5种）。虽然混合菌Lp+Lr存在的活菌数最多[7.61 lg（CFU/mL）]，但总体看来，单一菌种Lp可能更可取。结论：单菌种植物乳杆菌发酵可以改善番木瓜汁的感官特性，并增强其潜在的功能特性。