On the Use of Uniform Circular Arrays for Characterizing UWB Time Reversal

Time reversal (TR) is a promising technique for the improvement of future telecommunication systems. A better understanding of this phenomenon requires deeper investigation of real propagation channels. This paper presents a new scheme to characterize the space-time focusing characteristics of time reversal. The originality of this technique relies on the use of a virtual Uniform Circular Array, which allows to simply derive the space-time focusing characteristics of the channel. An extensive ultrawideband (UWB) propagation experiment is reported, and the method is applied to the experimental data. Different focusing parameters are computed in different configurations. In particular, the paper shows that the delay spread parameter is inappropriate to study time focusing, and a new parameter characterizing the maximum symbol rate is introduced. In a UWB single-input single-output (SISO) configuration, time reversal increases the power of the strongest path by up to 10 dB and the total received power by up to 5 dB. Our analysis shows that when the received signal is appropriately focused in time, the data rate can be increased by a factor of three. The received signal is also focused in space, and the average size of the focus area is approximately $3lambda$ , where $lambda$ is the wavelength of the central frequency. We observed that the focusing spot is larger than the ideal case and is often directed inline with the transmitter direction. At $9lambda$ away from the target, the received signal is attenuated by up to 10 dB in a non line-of-sight environment, which demonstrates the high focusing capabilities of the TR-UWB scheme.      

Channel characterization of time reversal UWB communication systems

An ultra wideband (UWB) communications system that applies time reversal to transmit the desired signal is investigated. Exact expressions for the first- and second-order moments, cross-correlation, intersymbol interference metric, and correlation coefficient of time reversal (TR) UWB equivalent channel are derived in terms of the physical channel parameters such as delay spread and mean excess delay. These expressions are verified by simulated and experimental results. It is shown that TR-UWB excess delay is very smaller than UWB and its delay spread decreases as signaling bandwidth increases. Semi-analytical results show that the time reversal UWB delay spread is approximately the same as UWB. Furthermore, an ISI metric is derived for TR-UWB channel based on transmitted signal and UWB channel parameters. Moreover, correlation coefficient of two TR-UWB received signals with different power delay profile is computed analytically. Simulation and analytical results show that for τ?>?0.3T _w correlation coefficient is below 0.25 and for τ?>?T _w correlation coefficient is zero, where T _w is the transmitted pulse width. Finally, theoretical performance of a receiver with one tap matched filter is computed and compared with measured and simulated result.     

基于时间反演的超宽带无线通信系统研究

针对室内复杂环境的多径传播特性会严重影响通信性能,引入一种具有时空聚焦特性的时间反演技术.这一技术利用信道信息,使信道本身形成空间和时间的滤波器,对发射信号在发射端进行预滤波,从而实现自适应处理.仿真结果表明,在室内多径情况严重情况下,可有效降低误码率.     

Effect of Channel Estimation Error on Time Reversal UWB Communication System

In this paper, effects of channel estimation error on time reversal (TR) UWB systems are investigated. In time reversal, a signal is prefiltered by using a time reversed complex conjugate of the channel impulse response as a transmitter prefilter. To investigate the effect of channel estimation error, an error function is added to TR-UWB prefilter. Analytical and simulation results show that channel estimation error degrade the performance. The signal-to-interference plus noise ratio decreases with increasing error variance. It is shown that the channel performance is degraded about 0.5 dB in CM1 and 1.3 dB in CM4 channel.     

Slightly Frequency-Shifted Reference Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Radio

A promising ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technique being widely considered for low-data-rate applications, such as those often encountered in sensor networks, is the transmitted reference (TR) UWB scheme. However, the standard TR-UWB scheme, while often motivated by the simplicity of its receiver, is still dogged by implementation concerns. In particular, the receiver requires an extremely wideband delay element, which is difficult to incorporate into low-power integrated systems. In this paper, a TR scheme is proposed in which the separation between the data and reference signals, rather than being a time delay, is a slow rotation over the symbol interval. This provides a (slightly) frequency-shifted reference that, while orthogonal to the data-bearing pulse, still goes through a nearly equal channel. A detailed analysis of the proposed scheme is provided. Simulation results demonstrate the expected result that frequency shifting of the reference in the proposed manner is not effective for high-data-rate systems that experience appreciable intersymbol interference. However, for the targeted low-to-moderate data-rate applications, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed system not only achieves the primary goal of providing a much simpler receiver architecture, but also that it outperforms the standard TR-UWB system     

高斯信道超宽带通信信号设计

超宽带无线通信是利用频带非常宽、中心频率相对较低的信号进行信息传输。由于它可以用较低的发射功率进行高速传输，因而成为室内短距离无线通信的最佳选择。通过分析信号的特性及其在高斯信道中传播的特点，对Euclidean矩和比特误码率进行具体的仿真分析，最后给出了二维超宽带通信信号的设计公式。     

A Single Input-Multiple Output Time Reversal UWB Communication System

Time reversal is a promising technique for the improvement of UWB communication systems. Intersymbol interference (ISI) limits the system performance in such wireless systems. This paper presents a general ISI analysis for time reversal UWB communication systems. The time reversal UWB system gives good performance for rates below the coherence bandwidth but at higher data rates the performance of the system is limited by intersymbol interference and bit error rate saturates even for high signal-to-noise ratio. To mitigate the ISI effects, a single input/multiple output (SIMO) time reversal UWB system is used and its performance is analyzed. It is shown that by using a SIMO TR transceiver, ISI reduces and the system capacity increases. Transmitted signal power at SIMO time reversal decreases, therefore in low data rate SISO performance is better than SIMO, But in high rate scenario, SIMO TR suppresses the ISI better than the SISO TR and its performance is better than SISO TR. It is possible to compensate the reduced power by using a receiver with more sensitivity.     

Characterization of indoor time reversal UWB communication systems: Spatial,temporal and frequency properties

In this paper, an indoor UWB communications system that applies time reversal (TR) for transmitting the desired signal is proposed. First we define equivalent channel model of TR‐UWB, which is the convolution of channel impulse response and its complex conjugate time‐reversed version. Then spatial, temporal and frequency characteristics of equivalent channel are analyzed and the analytical or semi‐analytical results are validated by comparing measurements with simulation. (Semi) analytical expression of equivalent channel transfer function, TR UWB power delay profile (PDP), focusing gain, spatial correlation and power azimuth spectrum (PAS) is performed. Also probability density function (PDF) of TR‐UWB amplitude and path‐gain is derived. Analysis and simulation results of different distributions, such as uniform, Laplacian and Gaussian for PAS, are considered and presented. It is shown that uniform and truncated Laplacian distributions are appropriate fits to the measurement results for power azimuth spectrum of TR‐UWB. It is seen that for distances greater than λ/2 from the authorized receiver, received signal decreases 10 dB, where λ is the wavelength of the central frequency. Finally, PDF of TR‐UWB path‐gain is described. Measurement results show that for small time windows, the densities of the path‐gain are highly non‐Gaussian. But for starting time of 10T_w or more, and window size of 2T_w or more the densities are nearly Gaussian, where T_w is the transmitted pulse duration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Path-loss and time dispersion parameters for indoor UWB propagation

The propagation of ultra wideband (UWB) signals in indoor environments is an important issue with significant impacts on the future direction and scope of the UWB technology and its applications. The objective of this work is to obtain a better assessment of the potentials of UWB indoor communications by characterizing the UWB indoor communication channels. Channel characterization refers to extracting the channel parameters from measured data. An indoor UWB measurement campaign is undertaken. Time-domain indoor propagation measurements using pulses with less than 100 ps width are carried out. Typical indoor scenarios, including line-of-sight (LOS), non-line-of-sight (NLOS), room-to-room, within-the-room, and hallways, are considered. Results for indoor propagation measurements are presented for local power delay profiles (local PDP) and small-scale averaged power delay profiles (SSA-PDP). Site-specific trends and general observations are discussed. The results for path-loss exponent and time dispersion parameters are presented.     

Joint Downlink Beamforming and Time-Reversed Matched Filtering for Multiuser UWB Signals

This paper proposes a simple delay-line (DL) downlink beamformer for pulsed ultra-wideband (UWB) systems to compensate for propagation delay, which is detrimental to UWB signals. Moreover, we propose a prefiltering-based transmission scheme at the fixed access point (i.e., base station) by shifting the signal processing needs from the receiver at the mobile unit to the transmitter where power and computational resources are plentiful. The DL transmitter array can steer signals to the direction of the desired mobile user such that the desired signals stemming from each antenna are coherently combined and the multiuser interference (MUI) is averaged out. Furthermore, the prefiltering scheme is composed of a set of time-reversed matched filters (TR MFs) subject to multiple-input single-output (MISO) finite impulse response (FIR) channels. A simple correlation receiver is proposed at the mobile unit to extract the information of the time-hopping (TH) UWB signal. The performances under different scenarios are extensively evaluated.     

A Packet-Level Model for UWB Channel with People Shadowing Process Based on Angular Spectrum Analysis

Ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication technologies have been proposed to support high data rate multimedia services in office or residential environments. Due to the low transmission power of UWB, the shadowing effect by moving people can considerably reduce the received signal quality and thus significantly degrade the quality of service (QoS) of on-going transmissions. An open issue is to build a simple model which captures the temporal variation of UWB channels and the packet error rate (PER) due to the people shadowing effect (PSE), which will be a useful tool for upper layer protocol performance analysis and simulation. This paper presents an analytical study of the PSE and the temporal variation of UWB channels induced by the motion of a person. First, we derive the angular power spectral density (APSD) of the indoor UWB channel impulse response (CIR), and the PSE in terms of signal power attenuation. Second, based on a two-dimensional random walk mobility model, the PER variation due to people shadowing is modeled as a finite-state Markov chain (FSMC). The investigation of APSD provides important insights on the spatial propagation characteristics of UWB signals. The proposed packet-level channel model can be conveniently incorporated into analytical frameworks and simulation tools for evaluating upperlayer protocols of UWB networks.     

Time hopped transmitted reference with multiple autocorrelation sampling for ultra wideband radio

Transmitted reference (TR) schemes for ultra wideband (UWB) eliminate the need for channel estimation, reducing receiver complexity at the cost of reduced performance. This letter proposes a transmitted reference (TR) scheme with multiple autocorrelation sampling detection. The proposed receiver captures the energy in the received signal's autocorrelation side lobes, outperforming the traditional TR scheme for the operational range of signal to noise ratio (SNR) values. Time hoping, as well as the use of bandwidth efficient signaling with favorable spectral characteristics, facilitate significant improvement in system capacity in comparison to a similar scheme using orthogonal chirp signals in multipath spread channels.     

Enhanced Secure Error Correction Code Schemes in Time Reversal UWB Systems

In this paper, secure channel coding schemes based on turbo codes are suggested for time reversal ultra wideband (TR-UWB) systems. Turbo code has the capability of error correction near Shannon’s limit. Adding security to turbo code is an attractive idea since it could reduce the overall processing cost of providing secure coded data and enjoys the advantages of high-speed encryption and decryption with high security, smaller encoder and decoder size and greater efficiency. The proposed turbo code schemes are labeled as follows: secure puncturing rate, secure frame length, and secure interleaving. Using these scenarios, secure turbo code is defined in a way that the redundant information used for error correction is not pre-determined by the nature of the error correction part of the algorithm but it can be chosen arbitrarily out of the whole set of possible strings. The lower bound of bit error probability for secure turbo code schemes in AWGN and TR-UWB systems are evaluated. Analytical and simulation results show secure turbo code performance is very satisfying. Various crypto-analytical attacks are investigated against these schemes. Based on this analysis, secure turbo code structures changed during the encryption procedure to increase the complexity of linear and differential cryptanalysis. It is seen that the performance of conventional turbo code and random frame length with Poisson distribution are the same. Comparing these schemes shows, secure interleaving approach has the best performance and secure puncturing rate the worst, but the latter provides the most security. The enhanced security of UWB, due to rich multipath nature of UWB channel, could be exploited. Due to space-time focusing property of time reversal UWB, there is an environmental confidentiality (or spatial security), which is additional security for secure turbo code in this system. Using secure turbo code, it is possible to increase the transmission range of UWB systems.     

超宽带传输参考接收机的性能研究

分析了超宽带传输参考(TR)接收机的原理和优势,针对UWB通信应用在多个比特传输中信道基本不变的特点,将TR信号集合扩展为一帧几个参考信号和多个数据信号,提出了一种改进TR接收机。文中对基本TR接收机和改进TR接收机的性能进行了理论分析,并采用IEEE的CM1、CM2多径信道模型进行了性能仿真,结果表明,综合考虑性能、传输效率和成本,改进TR接收机优于基本TR接收机。     

时间反转技术在无线通信抗干扰中的应用

时间反转技术是一种空间信道匹配新技术,具有空间及时间聚焦特性,在克服码间干扰、共道干扰和多址干扰等方面具有独特的优势.本文简要介绍了时间反转技术的基本概念及其空间和时间聚焦特性,通过与一些传统抗干扰技术的对比分析,总结了时间反转技术在无线通信抗干扰中的应用及研究进展,同时指出了今后的研究方向.     

超宽带室内多径信道随机分析模型

使用随机分析方法研究超宽带(UWB)室内多径信道.从UWB信号的基本传播特性出发构建随机分析模型的物理基础.假设UWB信号的多径分量在信道中的传播轨迹是某个随机过程的样本,把UWB信号在信道中传播时发生的传播损耗,和与散射体发生碰撞产生的损耗分开,建立UWB室内多径信道的随机分析模型,包括完全随机的布朗桥模型和有约束的布朗桥模型.使用有约束的布朗桥模型对假设的有8个散射体的不完全随机分布室内环境,以及有金属网格玻璃门反射的走廊环境进行仿真,得到了具有明显成簇现象的UWB信道的功率延迟分布.仿真结果与已公布的UWB信道实测结果具有很好的相似性.     

基于注入锁定法布里-珀罗型激光二极管的超宽带信号产生技术

提出了一种基于三波长注入法布里-珀罗型激光二极管(FP-LD)产生超宽带(UWB)信号的方案。在FP-LD不同激射模式中注入一路信号光和两路直流探测光,实现多波长变换并得到两路反码输出和一路正码输出;再通过光纤进行色散走离,使不同波长信号之间产生时延,形成UWB脉冲,最后经过光电转换产生UWB信号。对所提出的UWB信号产生方案的原理进行分析,并对UWB信号的波形以及频谱特性进行了实验研究。在此基础上,进行了1.25Gb/s非归零码(NRZ)信号注入FP-LD产生差分编码UWB信号的实验。实验产生的UWB脉冲信号半峰全宽最小为83.3ps,10dB谱宽约为4.6GHz,其频宽比为107%。     

The TR-UWB receiver based on spatial diversity

This paper presents a new Transmitted Reference (TR) Ultra-WideBand (UWB) receiver based on Spatial Diversity (SD), which employs Multi-Antenna Technology (MAT) to improve the performance of TR-UWB receiver. According to the amplitude of correlator output of every antenna branch, this paper analyzed the performances of the proposed TR-UWB receiver employing three different kinds of combina-tion strategies, i.e., Maximum Ratio Combination (MRC), Equal Gain Combination (EGC), and Selective Combination (SC), which are different from conventional ones, and theoretically proved that the performance of EGC is better than MRC. Simulation results verify that when EGC is adopted and BER=10–3, increasing three antennas provides Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) gain of about 3 dB in CM4 channel and SNR gain of about 2 dB in CM2 channel.     

伪波束法研究超宽带室内信道的功率分布

针对超宽带(UWB)信号的传输特点,以及超宽带信道与窄带信道间的区别,基于传播环境的几何描述,使用伪波束法建立了UWB多径信道有约束的布朗桥模型(BBBM)。根据UWB室内多径信道接收功率的遍历性假设,利用得到的多径信道模型计算室内UWB通信系统的功率分布。对三个典型环境下不同路径的UWB室内信号功率分布进行了仿真分析,计算结果与理论分析一致,表明基于伪波束法的UWB室内信道BBBM模型是正确的,使用BBBM模型可以分析UWB通信系统在室内环境的功率覆盖。     

基于时间反演的多用户下行安全传输技术

无线通信是开放的自由空间，窃听用户可能在通信过程中对信息进行窃取.针对多用户下行链路的信息泄露问题，提出一种基于时间反演（time reversal，TR）且采用波束赋形（beam forming，BF）技术优化的安全传输方案.该方案以最大化安全容量为多用户通信准则，建立多输入单输出（multiple-input single-output，MISO）窃听信道模型.一方面基站采用BF技术使信号在指定方向上增强，针对期望用户发送需求信号；另一方面由于TR技术对环境是自适应的，基站的信号在发射之前都要经过TR腔，其空时聚焦性使能量聚焦在合法接收方，保密性能更优.理论分析和仿真结果表明:与已有物理层安全方案相比，所提方案安全容量更高，误比特率更低.