The European nanometrology landscape

This review paper summarizes the European nanometrology landscape from a technical perspective. Dimensional and chemical nanometrology are discussed first as they underpin many of the developments in other areas of nanometrology. Applications for the measurement of thin film parameters are followed by two of the most widely relevant families of functional properties: measurement of mechanical and electrical properties at the nanoscale. Nanostructured materials and surfaces, which are seen as key materials areas having specific metrology challenges, are covered next. The final section describes biological nanometrology, which is perhaps the most interdisciplinary applications area, and presents unique challenges. Within each area, a review is provided of current status, the capabilities and limitations of current techniques and instruments, and future directions being driven by emerging industrial measurement requirements. Issues of traceability, standardization, national and international programmes, regulation and skills development will be discussed in a future paper.     

一种用于纳米计量的原子力显微镜测头的设计

介绍了我们研制的一种高精度、具有计量学意义的原子力显微镜测头.该显微测头与其它部件协同工作在50 mm×50 mm×2 mm的测量范围内实现纳米级精度的测量.测头采用光束偏转法检测探针悬臂的微小偏移,由单模保偏光纤引入半导体激光作为光源.该测头安装有3个立体反射镜作为激光干涉仪的参考镜.样品与原子力显微镜测头的相对位置可以由激光干涉仪直接读数,可溯源到米国际定义及国家基准上.激光干涉仪的布置无阿贝误差.测头采用立体光路设计,结构紧凑.测头厚度小于20 mm,质量约200 g,却实现了100 mm的反射光程.使用该测头测得与量块表面的力-距离曲线,还测得标称高度300 nm SiO2台阶样板的图像,分辨率优于0.05 nm.     

纳米制造和测量技术产业化的研究

从加工尺度的连续性和加工技术的完整性这一新的角度,分析了纳米加工产业化面临的问题,并提出了相应的解决方案一多离子柬聚焦投影技术。多离子柬聚焦投影技术将填补传统微机加工技术和半导体图形技术之间0．5～5μm的加工空白,并会在1～100nm尺度间实现自上至下技术和自下至上技术的有机结合。纳米测量技术产业化的研究中,以提高扫描探针技术的样品质量作为出发点。在聚焦离子束和扫描电镜平台上集成Ar离子束的“三束”显微镜能有效降低样品的损伤,大大推动了纳米测量技术的发展。     

Interferogram analysis based on the data-dependent systems method for nanometrology applications

A spatial method of wave-front phase detection from an interferogram is presented. The method uses data-dependent systems methodology, an approach that extends and improves the way the stochastic autoregressive moving average models are obtained and interpreted. Its application to interference data addresses the fundamental problem of recovering the self-coherence function commonly used to retrieve the wave-front phase. The self-coherence function is efficiently computed by means of a complex autoregressive model and is used for surface reconstruction. The method is shown to be robust and suitable for surface testing. The correspondence of the data-dependent systems methodology and its physical meaning as related to the classical interferometry are presented. The theoretical development is illustrated by experimental implementation, with the results obtained from one- and two-dimensional interferometric fringe analysis of a computer hard disk.     

Technical measurements,interchangeability, and nanometrology

The features and principles of traditional linear technical measurements and nanometrology are examined. It is shown that traditional technical measurements fully support the requirements of and interchangeability for modern manufacturing with an extensive array of measurement means over wide measurement ranges. Nanometrology serves only for measurement of very small objects in science and in the production of microchips and new materials with the aid of special microscopes based on different physical principles.     

Gradient chemical micro patterns: a reference substrate for surface nanometrology

We present fabrication routes for a new type of surface specimen that exhibits a micro pattern with a gradient in chemical contrast between the pattern domains. Design elements in the specimen allow chemical contrast in the micro pattern to be related to well-established surface characterization data, such as contact angle measurements. These gradient specimens represent a reference tool for calibrating image contrast in chemically sensitive scanning probe microscopy techniques and a platform for the high-throughput analysis of polymer thin film behavior.     

Prospects for development of a process for recovering technetium from spent fuel of nuclear power plants

Comperative analysis is made of the Tc behavior in different stages of spent fuel reprocessing, to make a decision on the process allowing separation of Tc as an individual product. The electrochemical and sorption processes for separating Tc from nitric acid solutions are tested. The electrochemical process presents significant difficulties, and it appears more favorable to recover Tc as an individual product in the first extraction cycle. Based on the fractionation principle, a scheme can be suggested in which Tc is separated along with Np in the first cycle and then recovered using ion exchange or extraction.     

我国果蔬低温贮藏保鲜发展状况与展望

综述我国果蔬低温贮藏保鲜发展状况,包括机械冷藏、机械气调冷藏、机械减压冷藏、机械湿冷冷藏和机械冰库冷藏等冷藏场所及设施。介绍数字化与智能化控制、环境友好型制冷工质及制氮方法及多种温度和气调使用形式等保鲜科技及技术支持与新技术开发。提出研究果蔬物流保鲜全程控制体系、完善果蔬冷链流通体系和冷藏库建设以物流现代化为基础的展望。     

Thermionic multielement single-channel electrogenerating assembly: Prospects of development and application

The paper presents a comparative analysis of various schemes of thermionic electrogenerating assemblies (EGAs) that convert the heat of a nuclear reactor into electricity. Multielement single-channel EGAs, combining advantages of a single-element and a garland multielement EGA, are quite promising. The problem of high-temperature insulation of emitters in the construction of this EGA is solved by implementing a special technology to form a multilayer metal-ceramic composition, which is confirmed by the test results. We consider a number of different options for the possible use of this EGA design, depending on the emerging problems, emitter temperatures, and the output electrical power levels.     

Prospects for the development of real time signal analysis measurement techniques (to stimulate discussion)

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 52–54, August, 1990.     

光电子技术展望

文章介绍了光电显示技术 ,光通信用光电子器件 ,高密度光存储技术和量子阱激光器的国内外进展情况 .     

纳米材料和技术的研究及展望

阐述了纳米材料和技术在科学与技术中的地位,叙述了纳米科学技术发展的五大领域,分析了纳米材料及科学研究目前存在的基础科学问题,并展望了纳米材料和技术的应用前景及其需要解决的问题。     

Prospects for Deregulation in Telecommunications

The FCC and state regulators have been working hard since the1996 passage of the Telecommunications Act to restructure regulationto make it more compatiable with competition. Dergulation remainsan especially complex problem for telecommunication, given suchfactors as its dependence on carrier-to-carrier cooperation,tendency toward a natural monopoly, the multi-dimensional aspectsof copetiton, and the politcal constrains on deregulation. Thepaper suggests four organizing principles for deregulation:(A) accept some trade-off, given state of competition; (B) recognizeex ante as well as ex post effects; (C) remove stepping stonesif they become deadweight; and (D) evolve away from subsidymentality. The paper suggests some steps toward exploring theimplications and possible implementation of these principles     

特种印刷发展前景广阔

所谓特种印刷是指采用不同于普通制版、印刷、印后加工方法和材料生产供特殊用途的印刷方式的总称。具体地说，特种印刷与一般印刷的主要区别不是以版式为依据，而是从制版、印刷、印后加工方法和材料生产及用途等五个方面进行衡量，凡其中一个方面与一般印刷不同即属于特种印刷范围。特种印刷业伴随着商品经济和印刷科学技术的不断发展和进步，表现出强大的生命力和广阔和发展前景。     

电熔氧化锆的发展及前景

介绍了电熔氧化锆的发展、国内外生产以及发展前景,最后指出,纯度高、活性高的电熔脱硅氧化锆具有十分广阔的发展前景,而国产钙稳定氧化锆亟待提高其档次和品质的稳定性.随着科学技术的发展和市场对新材料的需求,各种新材料应运而生,电熔氧化锆更是如此.