超临界锅炉安装质量监督检验工作的实施

简述超临界锅炉特点、安装工艺特点及安装质量监督检验工作性质、意义，详细介绍超临界锅炉安装监督检验工作内容、方法及安装监督检验工作中发现的主要问题，并提出超临界锅炉安装监督检验工作的合理化建议，提高超临界锅炉安装质量。     

超临界锅炉安装监检应注意的问题

对于超临界电站锅炉，《锅炉安装监督检验规则》要求对安装过程中涉及安全性能的项目进行监督检验和对安装单位的质量管理体系运转情况的监督检查，具体的监检细则在《锅炉安装监督检验大纲》中有明确的要求。本文主要分析监检工作容易忽视的几个典型问题。     

基于改良BP神经网络的生物质锅炉飞灰含碳量预测模型研究

针对生物质锅炉飞灰含碳量较高的问题,文章提出了基于主成分分析法(PCA)或Garson算法与普通LM-BP神经网络相结合的两种生物质锅炉飞灰含碳量预测模型。这两种模型通过对负荷、燃烧室烟气温度、烟气含氧量等17个原始输入变量进行降维得到新输入变量,再进行训练建模,提高了模型精度。利用我国某生物质电厂飞灰含碳量的实测数据对模型进行检验,检验结果表明,LM-Garson-BP神经网络的MAPE为2.09%,MSE为0.11,MAE为0.25,泛化能力最强,稳定性最好。     

超（超）临界锅炉产品存在制造质量的问题

自2003年至今，安徽特检院联合中国特种设备检测研究院对22套超（超）临界火电机组的锅炉安装实施了全过程监督检验，锅炉制造厂分别为哈尔滨锅炉厂、上海锅炉厂、东方锅炉厂。在监检过程中，发现很多原始制造缺陷，对其制造缺陷和问题进行了汇总、分析，为后续锅炉的安装监督检验提供一点借鉴，并对该类产品制造过程中的产品安全性能监督检验工作提出一些建议。     

生物质循环流化床锅炉尾部受热面积灰分析及处理

针对某生物质电厂直燃锅炉尾部受热面严重灰渣沉积情况,结合该电厂生物质原料特性和生物质锅炉运行工况,对生物质直燃锅炉受热面灰渣形成机理及灰渣沉积的影响因素进行分析,明确了在生物质燃料特性和锅炉燃烧方式不变的情况下,受热面灰渣沉积的必然性。结合生物质直燃锅炉实际运行情况,提出通过优化受热面布置和改进烟道结构等措施来解决尾部受热面灰渣沉积积堵问题,并在某生物质直燃锅炉发电厂的优化改进中取得良好效果。     

生物质直燃循环流化床发电锅炉设计准则和运行分析

介绍了纯燃生物质的循环流化床锅炉与燃煤锅炉的差别和存在的问题以及自主研发的生物质直燃循环流化床锅炉的设计特点和设计准则。采用该设计准则设计的第1台75 t/h次高温次高压生物质直燃循环流化床发电锅炉,已于2010年3月在浙江长广生物质电厂投入运行,运行结果表明,锅炉稳定性好,各项性能指标均达到设计要求。     

生物质锅炉技术现状与存在问题

介绍了国内外生物质锅炉的技术现状,着重讨论了生物质锅炉存在的问题及解决途径,其中对生物质锅炉的沾污、腐蚀、结块,SO2、NOX、HCl以及气溶胶的排放等问题进行了分析研究.对生物质燃料锅炉的设计及已投运锅炉的安全运行有一定的参考作用,对我国生物质发电锅炉的应用实例和研究发展状况进行了介绍.     

生物质燃料转化利用技术的现状、发展与锅炉行业的选择

介绍了生物质成型、生物质气化、生物质液化及热解多联产等几种常见的生物质转化技术。分析了生物质燃料在锅炉行业中的利用现状及存在的主要问题,并指出锅炉行业未来应立足生物质燃料的发展,并朝着原料绿色化、生产清洁化和产品智能化的方向发展。     

燃用木质生物质鼓泡流化床锅炉的设计与应用

简述了现阶段生物质流化床锅炉的应用现状和存在问题,分析了木质生物质燃料的特点.根据项目现场条件,设计一种专门燃用木质生物质的鼓泡流化床锅炉.该锅炉在严格控制燃料的情况下,运行状况良好,各项性能参数基本达到设计要求.     

谈燃生物质锅炉的设计

通过对生物质燃料的特性、燃烧机理和燃生物质锅炉存在的问题的深入分析,归纳出生物质锅炉在设计时应该注意的事项,并从锅炉选型、给料方式等方面对生物质锅炉设计提出了自己的设计思路。     

Photovoltaic materials, past, present, future

This paper traces briefly the history of this photovoltaic materials and it tries to look at possible future scenarios. A large part of the paper is concerned with silicon although from solid-state physics we know that silicon is not the ideal material for photovoltaic conversion. From the first solar cell developed at Bell Laboratories in 1954 photovoltaics was dominated by silicon. The reasons for this dominating position are investigated. Crystalline silicon today has a market share of 86% which is almost equally distributed between single crystal and cast silicon. Amorphous silicon has another 13%. The main endeavor is to reduce cost. Present trends in the crystalline field are reviewed. The conventional technology still has significant potential for cost reduction but this comes only with increasing volume. A problem to be solved is the supply of solar-grade silicon material. Other future possibilities include thin film crystalline silicon on different substrates. Because of the low absorption coefficient of silicon light trapping is required. True thin film materials need only 1–2 μm of material. Amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide (CIS) and CdTe are hopeful approaches for very cost-effective solar cells. Some other, more speculative materials and concepts are described at the end of this paper     

Hydrogen dissociation and diffusion on transition metal (= Ti,Zr, V,Fe, Ru,Co, Rh,Ni, Pd,Cu, Ag)-doped Mg(0001) surfaces

The kinetics of hydrogen absorption by magnesium bulk is affected by two main activated processes: the dissociation of the H₂ molecule and the diffusion of atomic H into the bulk. In order to have fast absorption kinetics both activated processed need to have a low barrier. Here we report a systematic ab initio density functional theory investigation of H₂ dissociation and subsequent atomic H diffusion on TM (= Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, Cu, Ag)-doped Mg(0001) surfaces. The calculations show that doping the surface with TMs on the left of the periodic table eliminates the barrier for the dissociation of the molecule, but the H atoms bind very strongly to the TM, therefore hindering diffusion. Conversely, TMs on the right of the periodic table do not bind H, however, they do not reduce the barrier to dissociate H₂ significantly. Our results show that Fe, Ni and Rh, and to some extent Co and Pd, are all exceptions, combining low activation barriers for both processes, with Ni being the best possible choice.     

Flexible, long-lived, large-area, organic solar cells

We report herein large area (>10 cm²), interconnected organic solar cell modules both on glass substrates as well as on flexible ultra-high barrier foils, reaching 1.5% and 0.5% overall power conversion efficiency under AM1.5 conditions. Series connection is described, as these modules consist of up to three cells. Using our flexible barrier material, a shelf lifetime of polythiophene-based solar cells of 6000 h could be realized. Furthermore, we compare the photovoltaic performance of efficient conjugated polymer:fullerene solar cell modules with established technologies. Under typical indoor-office lighting, our modules are competitive with these systems.     

Solar optical properties of thin films of Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Al

The optical properties of metal coated glass substrates have been investigated. Thin films of various thicknessesof the noble metals: Cu, Ag, Au, the transition metals: Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and the free electron-like metal Al were thermally evaporated onto glass substrates. The front and backside reflectance and the transmittance between 0.35 and 15 μm were measured. The obtained data were used to calculate the integrated values of solar reflection and transmission as a function of metal film thickness. The application of metal films on domestic windows as sun-screens and heat-mirrors are discussed. It is concluded that Cu is the best coating in a window system if good heat insulating properties are desired. This is due to its ability to remain continuous at very thin film thicknesses. An infra-red reflectance of 86 per cent combined with a solar transmittance of 55 per cent was obtained for a 70film. For solar heat-protection Au-films are found to be superior owing to their transmittance peak in the middle of the visible wavelength region. The transition metals are less selective than the noble metals, but due to their flat response-curves in the visible range they cause a smaller change in colour of the transmitted and reflected light.     

阳光·希望·成长——2009太达杯国际太阳能建筑设计竞赛作品评析

立足于灾后重建的建筑设计,必须注重低造价、低技术策略的运用,充分利用自然资源,适应可持续发展的要求.太阳能等绿色技术的融入,丰富了建筑设计的内涵,增加了可实施性.介绍了2009国际太阳能建筑设计竞赛获奖作品从基地调研、环境应对、建筑组合到技术融入的系列构思过程,从而在灾后重建过程中通过建筑传递给人们阳光与希望.