2099铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织

通过显微硬度测试、金相观察、EBSD和透射电镜观察等手段研究T83态2099铝锂合金挤压型材搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊缝的微观组织和硬度分布。结果表明:基材呈部分再结晶组织,主要析出相为T1相和δ′相,存在{112}111铜型、S织构和立方织构。焊接区域的晶粒尺寸均小于基材,且该区域在焊接过程中基材的原有析出相发生溶解后重新析出细小的δ′相。焊缝区的硬度由于晶粒尺寸和析出相的变化整体下降,呈W型分布,热机械影响区的硬度最低。热机械影响区和热影响区分别以{112}110织构和{112}111铜型织构为主,且都存在较弱的{001}120再结晶织构。焊核区发生动态再结晶,存在大量旋转立方织构。     

铁硅合金轧制-退火过程中立方取向晶粒的形核与长大

利用金相显微镜和EBSD技术分析研究了Fe-3.2%Si合金二次冷轧织构、(100)[001]立方取向晶粒形核、初次再结晶以及二次再结晶后立方织构的形成。结果表明,二次冷轧之后的织构主要为{111}<112>和{111}<011>,并存在少量的{112}<110>,同时在变形晶粒内部存在有接近{100}<001>取向的微区。冷变形晶粒内部各微区取向连续变化,并且逐渐向近立方取向靠近。冷变形晶粒内部立方取向的微区作为形核的核心,在退火过程中利用(100)晶粒低表面能和γ→α相变最终发展成为具有集中立方织构的柱状晶组织。     

高磁感取向硅钢轧制及热处理过程中的晶界和织构演化

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)对不同轧制和热处理态的高磁感取向硅钢的重合位置点阵(CSL)晶界和织构进行了研究。结果表明,热轧态取向硅钢截面织构呈层状分布,表层主要为{110}<001>Goss织构,1/4厚度主要为{001}<110>立方织构、{112}<111>铜型织构和{110}<001>Goss织构,而心部则形成较强的{112}<111>铜型织构、{111}<110>形变织构和{110}<001>Goss织构;常化处理后截面织构梯度变化不明显,但中心位置{112}<111>织构向{110}<001>Goss织构转变。冷轧退火态主要织构为{110}<001>Goss织构、{112}<111>织构和{111}<110>形变织构。二次再结晶后,则生成强烈的{110}<001>Goss织构。随着织构的变化,CSL晶界也发生了明显的转变。热轧态CSL重位晶界中∑3~∑29均有出现,但比例较低;常化处理后CSL重位晶界比例增加,冷轧退火后CSL晶界比例大幅提高,特别是∑3、∑7、∑9和∑15等晶界;二次再结晶后,由于CSL晶界发生了转化,CSL晶界类型减少,∑3、∑13等晶界比例增加,∑9晶界消失。     

新能源汽车用含稀土无取向硅钢生产过程中组织、织构演变

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪及扫描电镜对含稀土无取向硅钢整个生产流程中的显微组织及织构演变进行研究。结果表明,热轧板在厚度方向上有显著的分层,即表层的再结晶层、过渡层、中间层的变形组织层,其织构主要包含铜型、黄铜型织构;正火后晶粒发生了完全再结晶,织构类型相对热轧基本无变化,但强度减弱;两次冷轧后的组织均为纤维组织,形成了以α、γ线性织构为主的织构类型,还出现了强度较高的反高斯织构如{001}<110>、{112}<110>、{111}<110>;脱碳退火后发生部分再结晶,织构相对于冷轧态α、γ线性织构强度均减小;在高温退火阶段晶粒发生再结晶,存在以{111}<112>、{111}<110>为主的γ织构,以及{100}<001>织构。     

退火工艺和稀土元素对SPCC冷轧板再结晶过程及织构的影响

研究了退火工艺和添加微量稀土元素对SPCC冷轧低碳钢板再结晶过程及织构的影响。试验结果表明,提高加热温度加快了SPCC冷轧板再结晶过程,促进晶粒长大;稀土元素的加入阻碍了再结晶过程,抑制了晶粒长大,也明显地提高了稀土SPCC冷轧板有利于深冲性能的{111}<011>织构、{111}<112>织构和{001}<100>立方织构的密度。     

CSP冷轧薄板退火过程再结晶机理的研究

采用EBSD分析方法,对CSP试验钢冷轧板退火过程中组织转变和再结晶织构的演变进行分析。结果表明,试验用钢的再结晶过程属定向形核,冷轧基体织构主要是成条状的{111}<110>、{111}<112>和{001}<110>取向。新的再结晶晶粒主要是{111}<112>和{111}<110>取向,且两种取向相互生成。在再结晶温度区间有利于形成{111}<110>和{111}<112>取向,在晶粒长大阶段会生成大量的对深冲性能无明显影响的{112}<110>取向转变。因此,控制再结晶温度区间内形成的{111}取向稳定存在而不发生转变,将有利于提高材料的深冲性能。     

冷轧高纯铝箔初始织构对再结晶织构的影响

高压箔经过多道次冷轧后,形成类型复杂的织构。本试验应用X射线衍射仪测定铝箔织构,定量研究了冷轧高纯铝箔常见初始织构与再结晶织构的关系。结果表明,当初始织构为高含量的S织构{123}<634>、铜织构{112}<111>和约10%的立方织构{100}<001>,较少的旋转立方{001}<110>、黄铜织构{011}<211>时,再结晶退火后立方织构含量最高。由于S织构与立方织构存在40°<111>关系,在退火过程中有利于形成立方织构。     

微量Sr对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金板材织构的影响

应用取向分布函数(ODF)研究和分析了微量Sr对Al Mg Si Cu合金板材织构的影响。结果表明:Al Mg Si Cu合金板材主要存在{100}<011>旋转立方织构,另还存在{112}<111>铜织构,{111}<110>、{111}<112>黄铜R织构。加入微量Sr可以改变织构组分含量。当加入0.093%Sr时,降低了其旋转立方织构的含量。其原因是Sr的加入引起基体晶格变化,降低铝合金板材的层错能,阻碍了交滑移的进行,造成织构类型的转变。     

3104铝合金热粗轧板的织构梯度及其对热压缩变形后退火织构演变的影响

采用X-ray衍射和光学显微镜对AA3104铝合金热粗轧板沿厚向的织构和组织进行研究。结果表明:热粗轧板中存在明显的组织和织构梯度现象;在表层及次表层,剪切织构占主导地位,表现为较强的旋转立方织构R-cube{001}110和{112}110织构,显微组织以再结晶组织为主;在中心层及过渡层,则以典型的形变织构(即Cu{112}111、S{123}634和Bs{011}211)及热变形流线组织为主;这种沿厚度方向的组织和织构梯度对热变形后再结晶织构也有很大影响,热粗轧板中原始的剪切织构有助于退火后立方织构的形成,而原始中心层的形变织构会促使热变形退火后产生{111}110剪切织构和P织构。     

形变诱导Inconel 625合金管材静态再结晶行为

使用室温压缩变形与再结晶退火处理研究了Inconel 625高温合金冷变形及再结晶行为,采用EBSD技术分析冷变形过程中的应变分布、晶粒尺寸变化、组织与织构演变,分析冷变形Inconel 625合金再结晶过程中再结晶分数、晶粒尺寸、组织及织构演变。研究表明,Inconel 625合金在变形量为35%~65%时具有良好的塑性,随着变形量的增加,晶粒尺寸减小,应变分布越均匀,{111}<112>织构和{110}<001>织构逐渐减弱,而{001}<110>织构和{112}<111>织构略为增强。冷变形Inconel 625合金再结晶退火处理后,随着退火温度与保温时间的升高,再结晶分数增大;随着变形量的增大,Inconel 625合金发生完全再结晶时温度减小,且发生完全再结晶时的晶粒尺寸变小,变形量为35%时,再结晶过程主要是{112}<111>织构{123}<634>变形织构转变为{110}<112>织构、{001}<100>织构与{124}<211>织构。随着变形量增加到50%及65%时,冷变形产生的{123}<634>织构在再结晶过程中转变成了{124}<211>织构。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.