时效处理对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金组织与性能的影响

本文研究了时效处理对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金组织与性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的组织和析出相进行了表征,并对其硬度、导电率和弹性模量进行了测试。结果表明：时效处理后析出Ni3Ti及 β''-Cu4Ti相。随着时效时间的延长,部分合金元素回溶于Cu基体,连续的亚稳定β''-Cu4Ti相向不连续的稳定Cu3Ti相转变。Ni3Ti相及β''-Cu4Ti相的析出减少了Ti原子的固溶,导致导电率升高。经过合适的时效处理,Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金中的Ni3Ti相及连续的亚稳定β''-Cu4Ti相析出完全,导致硬度升高,但时效处理对合金弹性模量影响不大。在本实验范围内,Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的最佳时效处理工艺是 300°C时效2 h后炉冷,随后450 °C时效7 h炉冷。Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的硬度、导电率及弹性模量分别是183 HV、31.34 % IACS (国际退火铜标准)及148.62 GPa。     

Cu-3Ti-2Mg合金的时效特征（英文）

研究了冷变形及时效处理对Cu-3Ti-2Mg合金组织与性能的影响。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及电子背散射衍射(EBSD)对Cu-3Ti-2Mg合金的组织和析出相进行了表征,并对其硬度和导电率进行了测试。结果表明:铸态Cu-3Ti-2Mg合金由Cu_2Mg相、板条状Cu_4Ti相及Cu基体组成。时效处理后析出β'-Cu_4Ti相,过时效则会导致亚稳定β'-Cu_4Ti相转变为稳定的Cu_3Ti相。在本实验范围内,Cu-3Ti-2Mg合金的最佳热处理工艺是700℃保温4 h后水淬,随后冷变形60%并在450℃保温2 h炉冷。Cu-3Ti-2Mg合金的导电率及硬度HV分别是16.7%IACS和3280 MPa。     

时效处理对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金组织与性能的影响（英文）

研究了时效处理对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金组织与性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的组织和析出相进行了表征,并对其硬度、导电率和弹性模量进行了测试。结果表明:Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金时效处理后析出Ni_3Ti及β'-Cu_4Ti相。随着时效时间的延长,部分合金元素回溶于Cu基体,连续的亚稳定β'-Cu_4Ti相向不连续的稳定Cu3Ti相转变。Ni_3Ti相及β'-Cu_4Ti相的析出减少了Ti原子的固溶,导致导电率升高。经过合适的时效处理,Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金中的Ni_3Ti相及连续的亚稳定β'-Cu_4Ti相析出完全,导致硬度升高,但时效处理对合金弹性模量影响不大。在本实验范围内,Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的最佳时效处理工艺是300℃时效2 h后炉冷,随后450℃时效7 h炉冷。Cu-3Ti-3Ni合金的HV硬度、导电率及弹性模量分别是1.83 GPa、31.34%IACS(国际退火铜标准)及148.62 GPa。     

时效态Cu-3Ti-1Ni合金的组织与性能（英文）

研究Ni的添加及时效处理对Cu-3Ti合金组织与性能的影响。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)对Cu-3Ti-1Ni合金的组织和析出相进行表征,并对其硬度和导电率进行测试。结果表明:Ni的添加导致铸态Cu-3Ti合金在凝固过程中形成Ni Ti相,组织由树枝晶转变为等轴晶。时效处理后析出共格的亚稳定β'-Cu4Ti相,过时效导致β'-Cu4Ti相转变为非共格的层片稳定相Cu3Ti。同时,时效处理导致出现了退火孪晶,且在合金基体中发现位错线的聚集。Ni的添加提高了Cu-3Ti合金的导电率,降低了其硬度。在实验范围内,Cu-3Ti-1Ni合金的最佳时效处理工艺是300°C时效2 h后炉冷,随后450°C时效7 h炉冷,其硬度及导电率分别是HV 205及18.2%IACS(国际退火铜标准)。     

深冷处理对Cu-3Ti-5Ni合金组织与性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)对Cu-3Ti-5Ni合金深冷处理前后的组织演化及析出相进行了表征分析,采用维氏硬度计、涡流电导仪分别分析了深冷处理对合金硬度和导电率的影响。结果表明,Cu-3Ti-5Ni合金经深冷处理后,析出细小颗粒相,Ni3Ti第二相析出更完全。TEM分析发现深冷处理后针状Ni3Ti析出相的周围出现了位错的缠绕,基体中的位错线向位错环转换。适当时间的深冷处理可有效提高Cu-3Ti-5Ni合金的硬度,经深冷处理15 h后合金硬度达最大值217 HV10,但深冷处理对合金导电率的影响甚微。     

Zr对Cu-4Ti-0.05RE合金组织和性能的影响

采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)对Cu-4Ti-0.05RE和Cu-4Ti-0.12Zr-0.05RE两种合金的微观组织进行观察。对比分析发现添加Zr元素会抑制时效过程中形成片层组织(即延缓过时效的发生);两种合金在峰值时效时析出相均为亚稳的β′-Cu4Ti相,而在过时效状态下均会出现稳定的β-Cu3Ti相。采用显微硬度计和电导率测试仪分别研究两种合金在时效过程中显微硬度和电导率的变化规律。发现Cu-4Ti-0.05RE合金在450℃,6h达到峰值时效,此时合金的显微硬度HV是3150MPa,电导率是11.99%IACS;而Cu-4Ti-0.12Zr-0.05RE合金在450℃,8h达到峰值时效,此时合金的显微硬度HV是3350MPa,电导率是11.41%IACS。     

形变热处理对Cu-Ti-Fe-Sn合金组织与性能的影响

利用真空熔炼法制备了Cu-3Ti-0.2Fe-1Sn合金,通过均匀化退火、固溶+冷轧(变形量分别为40%、60%、80%)+450 ℃时效处理,研究了形变热处理对Cu-3Ti-0.2Fe-1Sn合金显微组织、导电率及硬度的影响。结果表明:真空熔炼制得的 Cu-3Ti-0.2Fe-1Sn合金铸态组织中含有大量的枝状晶组织,经固溶处理后组织中出现了晶粒长大;铸态合金的硬度和导电率分别为178.1 HV和10.85%IACS,固溶处理后硬度和导电率都相应降低,分别为102.7 HV和4.58%IACS。经过冷变形和时效处理后Cu-3Ti-0.2Fe-1Sn合金硬度明显提高,变形量为60%时,时效480 min时硬度达到峰值,合金硬度为310.2 HV,此时合金的导电率为18.59%IACS。     

形变热处理对上引拉铸Cu-0.45Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg组织性能的影响

对上引连铸的Cu-0.45Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg合金进行固溶处理、冷拉拔以及时效处理工艺,研究拉冷拔形变及时效对材料力学性能、导电性能及组织结构的影响规律。结果表明:时效前的冷拉拔变形能提高Cu-0.45Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg合金的力学性能而保持较高的导电率;合金在950℃固溶1h后经70%冷拉拔变形和500℃时效4h,合金显微硬度和导电率分别达到了170HV,85%IACS;时效合金组织转变过程为:固溶体→G.P.区→Cr+Cu4Zr,析出相对位错的运动的阻碍是合金强化的重要机制。     

Cu-1.5Ni-1.0Co-0.6Si合金的时效行为

研究了时效处理后不同程度冷变形的Cu-1.5Ni-1.0Co-0.6Si合金的时效行为,利用光学显微镜和透射电镜分析了合金时效过程和显微组织,并对其孪晶及析出相进行了标定;同时研究了时效处理和冷轧变形量对合金导电率和显微硬度的影响,建立了导电率方程和时效析出动力学方程,探讨了合金的时效强化机制和时效析出动力学。结果表明:经过时效处理,Cu-1.5Ni-1.0Co-0.6Si合金的硬度和导电率均得到提升;Cu-1.5Ni-1.0Co-0.6Si合金经40%冷轧变形后,在500℃时效1 h后,其导电率为44%·IACS,显微硬度为255 HV0.1。Cu-1.5Ni-1.0Co-0.6Si合金在500℃时效时,合金析出相析出完成所用时间最短。     

轧制与时效处理对Cu-Cr-Zr合金组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、万能材料试验机、涡流金属电导仪等分析技术研究了30%、60%、90%变形量轧制与(450℃, 1 h)时效处理对Cu-1.0Cr-0.1Zr合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:Cu-1.0Cr-0.1Zr合金经适当的冷变形和时效处理,其力学性能和导电性能都显著提高,在90%冷变形+(450℃, 1 h)时效后的综合性能最好,其抗拉强度、屈服强度、硬度、伸长率和导电率分别达到411.7 MPa、364.69 MPa、127.6 HV、25.72%和63.7%IACS。通过显微组织分析和理论计算可知,时效处理后,第二相的弥散析出是该合金获得高强度的重要原因,同时合金元素大量析出,使导电主体(Cu基体)中固溶原子减少,进而获得了较高的导电率。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。