Zr-0.8Sn-1Nb-0.3Fe锆合金显微组织与耐腐蚀性能关系（英文）

采用不同的热处理工艺制备出Zr-0.8Sn-1Nb-0.3Fe合金板材试样,用OM、TEM分析了试样的显微组织,用静态高压釜进行了360℃/18.6 MPa/0.01 mol/L LiOH水溶液和400 ℃/10.3 MPa蒸气腐蚀试验。结果表明,随着热轧温度从600 ℃增加至700 ℃时,第二相分布均匀性逐渐变差,第二相主要为C14型HCP-Zr(Nb, Fe)_2;热轧前时效改善第二相分布均匀性的同时,促进Nb的扩散,相应增加了βNb的数量,延长最终退火时间对第二相分布影响不大,但增加了第二相中的Nb/Fe比;合金在2种水化学介质中的耐腐蚀性能随热轧温度升高而降低,热轧前时效能改善合金的耐腐蚀性能,延长最终退火时间提高了合金在LiOH溶液中的耐腐蚀性能,但对合金在过热蒸气中腐蚀不利;分析了显微组织与耐腐蚀性能的关系,认为第二相尺寸分布、Nb含量是引起Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe锆合金耐腐蚀性能差别的主要原因。     

退火工艺对Zr-0.8Sn-0.25Nb-0.35Fe-0.1Cr-0.05Ge合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

利用静态高压釜腐蚀实验和SEM、TEM/EDS分析方法,以Zr-0.8Sn-0.25Nb-0.35Fe-0.1Cr-0.05Ge合金为对象,研究了β相水淬后不同退火工艺对合金的显微组织及在400℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:500℃退火处理的样品发生了部分再结晶,退火时间对第二相尺寸的影响不明显;580℃退火处理的样品发生了完全再结晶,并且随着退火时间的延长,第二相的尺寸增大;合金元素主要以密排六方的Zr(Nb,Fe,Cr)_2、四方的Zr_3Ge和正交的Zr_3Fe第二相析出;该合金在400℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能随着退火温度的升高和退火时间的延长而提高。     

Nb含量对Zr-xNb-0.4Sn-0.3Fe合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

用高压釜腐蚀实验研究了不同Nb含量的Zr-xNb-0.4Sn-0.3Fe(x=0~1,质量分数,%)合金在360℃、18.6MPa纯水,360℃、18.6MPa、0.01mol/LLiOH水溶液以及400℃、10.3MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能,用TEM和SEM分析了合金腐蚀前后的显微组织。结果表明,x从0增加至1时,合金在纯水和过热蒸汽中的腐蚀增重逐渐增加,但在LiOH水溶液中的腐蚀增重减少;Nb具有细化合金再结晶晶粒作用,随着Nb含量的增加,合金中第二相直径相接近,但第二相的面密度和Nb/Fe比增大,当x≤0.2时,第二相主要为不含Nb的ZrFe或含少量Nb的ZrNbFe相,0.3≤x≤1时,主要为ZrNbFe相;合金腐蚀速率越高,氧化膜断面平行裂纹越多,基体/氧化膜界面处呈"菜花"状凸起越严重。探论了Nb含量对Zr-xNb-0.4Sn-0.3Fe耐腐蚀性能影响的机理,认为含Nb第二相的析出量是引起合金耐腐蚀性能差别的主要原因。     

退火工艺对Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe-Si合金耐腐蚀性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

SZA-6(Zr-(0.35~0.65)Sn-(0.35~0.65)Nb-(0.15~0.45)Fe-(0.01~0.02)Si)合金经β相区水淬后经500和580℃保温5~50 h,通过静态高压釜腐蚀实验研究样品在400℃、10.3 MPa过热蒸汽和360℃、18.6 MPa、0.01 mol/L LiOH水溶液中的腐蚀行为。并利用SEM、TEM和EDS研究合金的显微组织,包括第二相的尺寸、分布与种类。结果表明:经500℃退火处理的样品发生部分再结晶,经580℃退火处理的样品发生完全再结晶,退火时间对第二相尺寸的影响也不明显,退火时间对第二相尺寸的影响不明显;合金中的第二相主要是密排六方的Zr(Nb,Fe,Cr)_2、四方的Zr_5Si_4以及正交的Zr_3Fe;SZA-6合金在400℃、10.3 MPa过热蒸汽与360℃、18.6 MPa、0.01 mol/L LiOH水溶液中的耐腐蚀性能均随着退火温度的升高而变差,退火时间对SZA-6合金的耐腐蚀性能影响不大。     

退火工艺对Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe-Si合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

SZA-6(Zr-(0.35~0.65)Sn-(0.35~0.65)Nb-(0.15~0.45)Fe-(0.01~0.02)Si)合金经β相区水淬后经500和580℃保温5~50 h,通过静态高压釜腐蚀实验研究样品在400℃、10.3 MPa过热蒸汽和360℃、18.6 MPa、0.01 mol/L LiOH水溶液中的腐蚀行为。并利用SEM、TEM和EDS研究合金的显微组织,包括第二相的尺寸、分布与种类。结果表明:经500℃退火处理的样品发生部分再结晶,经580℃退火处理的样品发生完全再结晶,退火时间对第二相尺寸的影响也不明显,退火时间对第二相尺寸的影响不明显;合金中的第二相主要是密排六方的Zr(Nb,Fe,Cr)_2、四方的Zr_5Si_4以及正交的Zr_3Fe;SZA-6合金在400℃、10.3 MPa过热蒸汽与360℃、18.6 MPa、0.01 mol/L LiOH水溶液中的耐腐蚀性能均随着退火温度的升高而变差,退火时间对SZA-6合金的耐腐蚀性能影响不大。     

添加Nb对Zr-4合金在500℃过热蒸汽中耐腐蚀性能的影响

用高压釜腐蚀实验研究了在Zr-4合金成分基础上添加0.1%-0.3%(质量分数)Nb的合金在500℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能,用TEM和SEM分别观察了合金的显微组织和氧化膜断口形貌,结果表明.合金在500℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中腐蚀500 h均未出现疖状腐蚀.完全抑制了疖状腐蚀的产生,这与Nb在αZr中的固溶量较大有关.固溶在αZr中的Nb能抑制疖状腐蚀斑的形核,提高耐疖状腐蚀性能;合金耐均匀腐蚀性能随着Nb含量的增加而降低,这与Nb的添加降低了固溶在α-Zr中的(Fe+Cr)含量有关,也与Zr(Fe,Cr.Nb)_2第二相的析出有关.这2种因素都会加快氧化膜显微组织在腐蚀过程中的演化,促进孔隙和微裂纹的形成.     

Zr-1Nb-xCu合金在400℃过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能

采用静态高压釜腐蚀试验研究了在Zr-1Nb锆合金基础上添加Cu的Zr-1Nb-xCu(x=0~0.5,质量分数,%)合金在400℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能,用TEM和SEM分别观察了合金的显微组织和氧化膜的断口形貌。结果表明,当Zr-1Nb合金中添加的Cu含量不超过0.2%时,大部分Cu都固溶在α-Zr中,合金中析出的第二相主要为尺寸细小的β-Nb,这时合金在400℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能会随着合金中Cu含量的增加而得到明显的提高;当Zr-1Nb合金中添加的Cu含量超过0.2%时,合金中析出了Zr2Cu型第二相,且析出的Zr2Cu型第二相会随着Cu含量的增加而数量增多,尺寸增大。在Zr-1Nb-0.35Cu合金中,析出了适量的Zr2Cu型第二相,这对改善合金在400℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性是有利的;但是在Zr-1Nb-0.5Cu合金中,由于析出了数量较多且尺寸较大的Zr2Cu型第二相,在400℃过热蒸汽中腐蚀时将诱发疖状腐蚀,对合金的耐腐蚀性能是有害的。     

Cr对Zr-0.3Nb合金显微组织及在400 ℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中腐蚀行为的影响

通过制备Zr-0.3Nb-xCr(x=0.2, 0.5, 1.0,%,质量分数)合金,并在高压釜中进行400℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽腐蚀实验,利用SEM和TEM表征和分析合金基体及氧化膜截面显微组织,研究了Cr对Zr-0.3Nb合金显微组织及在400℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,Zr-0.3Nb-xCr合金中的第二相主要为面心立方和密排六方的ZrCr₂相,尺寸在10～100 nm范围内,随Cr含量增加,第二相的数量增加,但尺寸无明显变化。添加适量的Cr能促进氧化膜中柱状晶的生长并延缓柱状晶向等轴晶的转变,从而改善Zr-0.3Nb合金的耐腐蚀性能。当Zr-0.3Nb合金中添加0.5%的Cr时,耐腐蚀性能较好,这可能是因为Zr-0.3Nb-0.5Cr合金的氧化膜较为致密,且在氧化膜/基体界面处存在亚氧化层,可以延缓氧化膜的显微组织演化,提高合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

Zr-0.72Sn-0.32Fe-0.14Cr-xNb合金在500℃过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能

选用织构相同的Zr-0.72Sn-0.32Fe-0.14Cr-x Nb(x=0,0.12,0.28,0.48,0.97,质量分数,%)合金片状样品,利用高压釜在500℃,10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中进行500 h的腐蚀实验,用TEM和SEM分别观察了合金的显微组织和氧化膜断口形貌,研究了Nb含量对锆合金耐腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,5种合金样品都未出现疖状腐蚀,并且各自的轧面(SN面)、垂直于轧向的截面(SR面)和垂直于横向的截面(ST面)上氧化膜的厚度没有明显差异,没有腐蚀各向异性的特征.当Nb含量超过0.28%后,腐蚀250 h后合金的腐蚀速率随着Nb含量的增加而增加,合金的耐腐蚀性能变差.Nb的添加会对合金中第二相的晶体结构产生影响,低Nb的合金中主要含fcc结构的Zr(Fe,Cr)2或Zr(Fe,Cr,Nb)2型第二相,而高Nb的合金中主要含hcp结构的Zr(Fe,Cr,Nb)2型第二相.     

Zr-Nb-Cu合金在500℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽中的腐蚀行为

将添加不同Cu、Nb含量的Zr-Nb-Cu合金在500℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽条件下腐蚀,用TEM和SEM研究合金腐蚀后生成氧化膜的显微组织。结果表明:添加Nb或Cu元素总含量较低时,Zr-Nb-Cu合金在500℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽中会出现较严重的不均匀腐蚀。Zr-0.2Nb-0.2Cu和Zr-0.2Nb-1.0Cu合金表现出较好的耐腐蚀性能;Zr-0.2Nb-Cu合金中的Cu含量达到0.2%(质量分数)后,能够完全抑制不均匀腐蚀现象的发生,但在实验条件下继续提高Cu含量对其耐腐蚀性能的影响作用不大。锆合金腐蚀生成氧化膜中的微结构,特别是微孔洞、微裂纹等缺陷的形成与合金元素及第二相的氧化过程密切相关。Nb元素的存在会延缓Zr_2Cu相的氧化及其氧化物的扩散迁移,抑制氧化膜中裂纹的产生,延缓氧化膜中柱状晶向等轴晶形态的转变,从而提高含Cu锆合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.