试验温度对镍基单晶高温合金裂纹扩展行为的影响

研究了DD6镍基单晶高温合金从530 ℃到850 ℃的疲劳裂纹稳定扩展行为。疲劳裂纹扩展试样沿[001]方向平行于受拉的加载轴。通过扫描电子显微镜研究疲劳裂纹扩展试验后的断口形貌,并根据形貌特点分为源区、预制裂纹区、稳定扩展区以及快速扩展区。通过电子背散射衍射技术研究垂直于断口的剖面塑性变形情况。通过透射电子显微镜观察断口附近位错机制随温度的变化。结果表明,受温度场、应力场以及暴露时间的作用,在650 ℃时发生氧化,且在650 ℃至760 ℃之间,由于γ′相的弱化,在γ与γ′相中形成大量连续的位错,导致合金氧化加剧,同时760 ℃下疲劳扩展寿命显著下降。     

镍基单晶超合金的剪切强度研究

通过设计滑移系直接受分切应力的剪切试样形式,对镍基单晶超合金在７００℃、８５０℃和９５０℃时的瞬时剪切强度和剪切蠕变性能进行了研究。试验结果表明,本研究试样形式可以直接测量单滑移系的滑移规律,未发现晶体取向相关性。通过转换公式,瞬时剪切强度与圆棒试验结果相吻合。应用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）对试样断口分析表明,断口由平整的小刻面组成,从而进一步验证本试验的有效性,同时发现,由夹杂形成的空洞和平行受载方向的     

剪切载荷条件下镍基单晶合金裂纹扩展与微观结构演化行为研究（英文）

利用分子动力学方法研究了镍基单晶合金在剪切载荷下的裂纹扩展和微观结构演化,分析了应力-应变、势能和裂纹生长速率的变化。同时,揭示了温度和剪切应变率对裂纹扩展和微观结构演化的影响。结果表明,临界分切应力随温度的降低和应变速率的增大而增大;随着温度的升高以及剪切载荷下发生剧烈的热运动,裂缝表现为加速扩展的趋势;而在较高的应变率影响下,会形成位错塞积和孪晶,出现加工硬化现象。     

一种镍基单晶合金的中温蠕变断裂机制

通过对一种镍基单晶合金进行中温不同应力条件下的蠕变性能测试及组织结构与断口形貌观察,研究了合金在蠕变期间的损伤及断裂机制。结果表明:合金在蠕变后期的变形机制是主、次滑移系的交替开动,主/次滑移系的多次交替开动,可在两滑移系交错区域的γ′/γ两相界面萌生裂纹;随蠕变进行,沿与应力轴垂直的γ′/γ两相界面发生裂纹的扩展,形成与<110>方向平行的正方形解理面,其中,裂纹在(001)面沿<110>方向扩展,与{111}二次解理面相截时,可终止裂纹扩展。这是使(001)解理面具有四方形特征的原因。由于蠕变期间在不同横断面发生多个微裂纹扩展,并在裂纹尖端沿较大剪切应力方向形成撕裂棱或发生二次解理,使多个裂纹连通,直至发生蠕变断裂。这是使合金蠕变断口呈现凹凸不平多层次解理特征的主要原因。     

镍基高温合金GH4049高温疲劳小裂纹扩展规律

对镍基高温合金GH4049在相同载荷、不同温度下疲劳小裂纹扩展规律进行了试验，利用复型技术和光学显微镜观测了裂纹尺寸演化全过程，发现小裂纹扩展速率的趋势是先快后慢，且温度升高，扩展速率反而下降。这与小裂纹的闭合效应有关，在700％小裂纹的氧化诱发闭合效应比650％时明显。     

一种镍基单晶合金的凝固行为

采用等温凝固方法研究了单晶镍基合金的凝固区间,利用DSC测试了合金的凝固曲线。结果表明:实验合金的液相线温度约为1380℃,固相线温度约为1310℃。合金的凝固顺序为:Lγ,L MC;γγ′;Lγ+MC。单晶合金的铸态组织中,W偏析于枝晶干,Ti、Cr、Mo和Ta偏析于枝晶间,偏析程度为:MoTiCrTa,Al和Co几乎不发生偏析。1314℃1382℃1361℃1325℃     

镍基单晶裂纹扩展路径研究

采用紧凑拉伸（CT）试样研究了3种不同温度（950，850，760℃）和3种不同晶体取向（[001]，[011]，[111]）下镍基单晶合金DD3的断裂特征，采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察分析了裂纹扩展路径及断口形貌。采用率相关晶体滑移有限元程序对试件裂纹尖端三维分切应力场结构、裂纹启裂和扩展机制以及滑移系激活规律进行了模拟计算分析。结果表明：晶体取向和环境温度对裂纹启裂和扩展以及断裂强度和断裂形式有较大的影响，低温下裂纹扩展沿着特定的滑移带方向，与裂纹平面成一斜角，[001]裂纹取向下为45°，[011]裂纹取向下为53．7°，[111]裂纹取向下为90°，这使得宏观上裂纹扩展路径呈现Z字形外观。而温度较高时，发生的Ⅰ型裂纹扩展与加载方向垂直。并且随着温度的升高，断裂形式逐步由脆性断裂转化为韧性断裂。     

镍基单晶合金的厚度效应

考察了镍基单晶合金ＤＤ３板试样在厚度为０．５，１．０，２．０ｍｍ、晶体取向为［００１］，［０１１］，［１１１］和［１１２］以及试验温度为１０００，９５０，８５０和７６０℃下的变形和破坏规律。宏观结果表明，厚度效应表现出与温度的相关性：１０００℃时，试样越薄，屈服强度越高；９５０℃以下，试样越厚，屈服强度越高。ＳＥＭ细观断口形貌分析表明，除１０００℃［００１］取向试样断口表现出韧窝断裂模式外，其余试     

一种镍基单晶高温合金持久各向异性行为

研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金DD499的[001],[011]和[111]3个晶体取向在典型应力条件下的持久性能。结果表明,持久寿命的取向依赖性与温度和应力有关。760℃,790MPa时,[001]取向的持久寿命明显高于[011]和[111]取向;1040℃,165MPa时,持久寿命由大到小顺序为[111]>[001]>[011],但不同取向的各向异性减弱。利用SEM观察持久断裂后的断口和组织结构表明,760℃,790MPa时,[001]取向试样的断裂特征为解理和准解理混合型断裂,[011]取向为单系滑移引起的剪切断裂,而[111]取向为多系滑移引起的剪切断裂;1040℃,165MPa时,3种取向都为微孔聚集型断裂。     

一种镍基单晶高温合金870℃高周疲劳变形微观结构研究

摘 要：本文研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金在870℃℃时的高周疲劳性能及其变形组织结构。结果表明：该合金的疲劳寿命随着应力水平的升高而减小,870℃℃时光滑试样的疲劳强度为443MPa;利用透射电镜（TEM）观察疲劳循环试样的位错组态,发现在疲劳变形的初始和中期阶段,位错组态主要为界面位错,位错在基体通道中{111}面运动,并交互反应形成3维位错网络结构。当应力水平提高到550MPa以上时,在变形的末期,观察到高密度位错集中于位错滑移带及位错切入??r" 相现象。在循环应力和高温叠加作用下,基体通道中诱发析出大量圆形细小二次?r’? 相。二次?r"?相的析出有益于阻止基体位错的滑动,抑制位错切入?r"?相,有利于提高合金的疲劳强度。     

TiAl/Ni基合金反应钎焊接头的微观组织及剪切强度(英文)

以Ti为中间层,对TiAl基金属间化合物与Ni基高温合金进行反应钎焊连接,研究反应钎焊接头的界面微观结构及剪切强度。通过实验发现,熔融中间层与两侧母材反应剧烈,生成连续的界面反应层。典型的界面微观结构为GH99/(Ni,Cr)ss(γ)/TiNi(β2)+TiNi2Al(τ4)+Ti2Ni(δ)/δ+Ti3Al(α2)+Al3NiTi2(τ3)/α2+τ3/TiAl。当钎焊温度为1000°C,保温时间10min时,所得接头的剪切强度最高为258MPa。进一步升高钎焊温度或延长保温时间,会引起钎缝组织中组成相粗化和脆性金属间化合物层的生成,从而导致接头剪切强度的降低。     

Effect of competitive crystal growth on microstructural characteristics of directionally solidified nickel-based single crystal superalloy

Directionally solidified single crystal superalloy test bars were prepared by the spiral grain selection method.The microstructural evolution and orientation characteristics of the starter block and spiral part were studied,and the influence of the competitive growth of crystals on the microstructural characteristics was analyzed.The results show that the divergent grain groups,with small size and randomly oriented grains,appear at the bottom of the start block due to the chilling effect,which is an important area for competitive growth.As the height of the starter block increases,the primary dendrite spacing increases,and the grain density decreases;furthermore,the proportion of grains with an orientation deflection angle less than 10°gradually increases.The<001>texture gradually becomes stronger as the height of the starter block increases,which indicates that the competitive growth of crystals gradually weakens.At the initial stage of the crystal selection in the spiral part,the obstacle of adjacent grains and spiral passage is the main working mechanism.The grains located at the inner side of the front edge of the spiral passage have the growth advantage.The single crystal screening process is achieved at about two-thirds of the spiral height,and the single crystal with the orientation deviation angle of 6.7°from the casting axis is prepared.     

真空热处理后Ni-Co-W-Ta-Al-Cr-Mo-Re-Nb-Hf系镍基单晶高温合金表面的氧化状态分析

将Ni-Co-W-Ta-Al-Cr-Mo-Re-Nb-Hf系镍基单晶高温合金试样在真空炉中完成固溶和时效真空热处理,由于设备状态或是其他原因造成试样表面存在不同程度的氧化(即表现出不同的氧化色),利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析对不同氧化色的单晶高温合金试样表面氧化微观组织和氧化物成分进行观察和测试。结果表明:单晶高温合金试样随着氧化程度的加深表面氧化物的组织状态和成分存在不同程度的变化,对于该氧化问题应详细分析原因并对症处理,最终才能获得表面质量满足要求的单晶高温合金制件。     

Laser cladding of Ni-based alloy on stainless steel

The coatings on a stainless steel substrate were conducted by laser cladding of Ni-based alloy, using a 5 kW continuous wave CO2 flow transverse laser. SEM, EDX and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructure and constituent phases of the obtained coatings by laser cladding with direct injection of the powder into the melt pool. Solidification planar, cellular and dendrite structures were observed in Ni-based alloy coating. There exists an optimum metallurgical bond between Ni-based laser cladding layer and the base material. The high hardness of the Ni-based alloy coating is attributed to the presence of M7C3-type carbides (essentially chromium-riched carbide) dispersed in the γ(Ni,Fe) phase matrix.     

Adiabatic shear banding of hot-extruded tungsten heavy alloy under cryogenic temperature

The effect of cryogenic temperature on adiabatic shear banding (ASBing) of tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) processed by hot-hydrostatic extrusion was investigated.Results show that,when the initial temperature is decreased,the dynamic flow stress,the critical failure time,and the dynamic failure energy of specimens show an increasing tendency,while the susceptibility to ASB of WHA shows a decreasing tendency,which is characterized by decreased shear strain and increased width of shear bands.Microstructure analysis shows that the number of microcracks within ASB exhibits an increasing tendency with decreased initial temperature,and the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process within ASB is evidently suppressed at the lower temperature.As a result of the lower temperature,the motion and rearrangement of dislocation are effectively suppressed,which is mainly responsible for the incomplete DRX process within ASB and decreases susceptibility to ASB.     

Ni基合金基体激光熔覆Co基合金涂层的微观组织与性能

利用CO2激光热源在Inconel 600镍基合金基体上熔覆制备了纳米稀土Y2O3/Co-Cr-W系钴基合金涂层,并对涂层的组织及性能进行了分析。结果表明,Co基合金激光熔覆涂层由界面熔合区、柱状枝晶区及熔覆金属中心胞状区3个区域构成。稀土Y2O3/Co-Cr-W系钴基合金复合涂层距离表面2 mm左右显微硬度最高,为938.9 HV,而Inconel 600基体显微硬度只有362.0 HV。钴基合金涂层的耐磨性也大大高于基体组织,磨损40 min时磨损量为0.7 mg,只有基体组织的2.73%。     

Crack growth behavior of SRR99 single crystal superalloy under thermal fatigue

The thermal fatigue behavior of a single crystal superalloy SRR99 was investigated.Specimens with V-type notch were tested at the peak temperatures of 900,1000,and 1100℃.The crack growth curves as a function of the number of cycles were plotted.With the increase of peak temperature,the crack initiation life was shortened dramatically.Through optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation,it was found that multiple small cracks nucleated at the notch tip region but only one or two of them continued to develop in the following thermal cycles.The primary cracks generally propagated along a preferential direction.Microstructure changes after thermal fatigue were also discussed on the basis of SEM observation.     

Modeling of microstructural evolution and flow stress of aluminium alloy during thermomechanical process

The evolution of microstructural variables, including the densities of mobile dislocation, immobile dislo-cation at the cell interiors, immobile dislocation in the cell walls, as well as total dislocation density, of an Al-Mg-Si aluminium alloy during thermomechanical processing were simulated based on a three-internal-variables-model (3IVM) involving dislocation climb and interaction. Optimization was carried out to fit the calculated stress--strain curves to the experimental data of the Al-Mg-Si alloy with minimum mean deviation. Precipitations were taken into consideration of modeling. The stress--strain curves predicted by the kinetic equations of state in the 3IVM have a good agreement with the experimental data.     

AlMg6Mn合金在剪切旋压过程中的变形行为与微观组织演变(英文)

通过力学性能表征、光学显微镜和SEM电镜观察结合EDS分析,对AlMg6Mn合金在剪切旋压过程中的变形行为和微观结构进行研究。将样品在一工业旋压机上进行剪切旋压变形,压下量分别为30%,50%和68%。晶粒在剪切旋压过程中逐渐得到细化。随着压下量的增大,晶粒沿轴向拉长,沿圆周方向收缩。得到了最优的强度和伸长率,这归因于晶粒细化和固溶体中粒子与Mg、Mn原子之间的位错反应。