超细高氯酸铵复合粒子的制备及性能研究

为降低超细高氯酸铵(AP)的机械感度,以纳米石墨粉、普通石墨粉和炭黑为钝感改性剂,采用气流冲击粉碎法对超细AP进行表面改性,制备了超细AP/纳米石墨(AP-1)、超细AP/石墨(AP-2)、超细AP/炭黑(AP-3)复合粒子以及空白超细AP对比样(AP-C)。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、微米粒度仪、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)及傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR),表征了复合粒子的形貌和结构;用撞击感度仪和摩擦感度仪,测试对比了复合前后超细AP粒子的机械感度;采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC),测试了复合粒子的热分解性能。结果表明,相比于AP-C,AP-1、AP-2和AP-3的撞击感度分别降低了18.2%、21.2%和8.9%,AP-1、AP-2和AP-3的摩擦感度分别降低了12.5%、12.5%和8.3%,10℃·min-1的升温速率下,AP-1、AP-2和AP-3的高温分解峰分别提前了75.4,64.2℃和44.4℃。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备RDX/SiO2纳米复合含能材料

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备RDX纳米复合含能材料的干凝胶及气凝胶。采用透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其形貌和晶体结构进行表征,测试了其热分解性能和撞击感度。结果表明,RDX含量为45%的RDX/SiO2纳米复合含能材料气凝胶的DSC分解峰温提前了15.4℃。SiO2凝胶基体可以降低RDX的撞击感度,并且随SiO2基体含量的增大降低幅度增大。     

CL-20/FOX-7基PBX的制备及其性能表征

为提高六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL?20)的安全性能,并保持其较高能量,以聚氨酯高聚物Estane为包覆剂,1,1?二氨基?2,2?二硝基乙烯(FOX?7)为含能降感成分,利用水悬浮包覆法制备了三种不同配比的CL?20/FOX?7基高聚物粘结炸药。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、撞击感度测试仪以及摩擦感度测试仪对样品的形貌结构、晶型、热分解特性以及样品的机械感度进行测试分析,用电测法对三种配比高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)爆速进行测试。结果表明,CL?20/FOX?7基炸药颗粒包覆效果较好,且CL?20和FOX?7均未发生转晶。三种CL?20/FOX?7基PBX表观活化能比细化CL?20分别提高了17.12,32.87 kJ·mol~(-1)和40.24 kJ·mol~(-1);活化焓(ΔH)较CL?20也明显提高;特性落高由细化CL?20的27.5 cm分别提高到58.3,56.5,54.2 cm。三种配比CL?20/FOX?7基PBX实测爆速分别为8474,8503,8577 mg·s~(-1),与PBXN?5相当,但特性落高较PBXN?5提升了48.5%以上,炸药安全性能明显提升。     

RDX基复合含能微球的制备及表征

以硝化棉(NC)为粘结剂、黑索今(RDX)为主体炸药,采用喷雾干燥法制备了RDX/NC超细复合含能微球,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其进行了表征及热分析,并与RDX原料进行了对比;对喷雾干燥法细化的RDX/NC和RDX、水悬浮法包覆的RDX/NC、溶剂非溶剂法细化的RDX、RDX原料的撞击感度分别进行了测试。结果表明,RDX/NC复合含能粒子与RDX原料相比,形貌从块状变为球形,粒径从50~200μm减小至0.5~7μm,晶型无变化,但X射线衍射峰明显弱化,活化能从200.11kJ·mol-1降至186.87kJ·mol-1,热爆炸临界温度从504.98K升至507.70K。喷雾干燥细化、球形化和复合的RDX/NC球形粒子的撞击感度降低显著。     

纳米碳酸锶/高氯酸铵复合粒子的制备及其撞击感度和热分解性能研究

利用超声辅助共沉淀法制备纳米碳酸锶（SrCO₃）,通过溶剂-非溶剂法制备纳米碳酸锶/高氯酸铵（SrCO₃/AP）复合粒子。采用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)分别对纳米SrCO₃的形貌、粒径、晶型和纳米SrCO₃/AP复合粒子的复合效果进行表征。对纯AP和纳米SrCO₃含量分别为2%、4%、6%的SrCO₃/AP复合粒子进行撞击感度测试;采用差示扫描量热仪分别对纯AP、纳米SrCO₃/AP复合粒子和相同比例的纳米SrCO₃与AP的简单混合物进行热分析。通过马弗炉将纳米SrCO₃/AP复合粒子分别在350 ℃和500 ℃下煅烧1 h,对煅烧后的产物作XRD表征,研究纳米SrCO₃的作用机理。结果表明：采用超声辅助共沉淀法制备出的纳米SrCO₃为类球形,粒径在60 nm左右,晶型为斜方晶系;制备出的纳米SrCO₃/AP复合粒子中,微米级的AP表面均匀分布着纳米SrCO₃,纳米SrCO₃的加入会使AP的撞击感度增加;通过两种不同方式添加的纳米SrCO₃均能升高AP的高温分解峰温度,对AP的低温分解没有影响;与纳米SrCO₃和AP的简单混合物相比,纳米SrCO₃/AP复合粒子中AP的高温分解峰值温度升高6.02 ℃,将纳米SrCO₃与AP进行复合后可以提高纳米SrCO₃对AP高温分解的负催化作用。     

纳米六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷与三氨基三硝基苯含能复合物的制备及性能研究

为提高六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）的安全性能,通过一步球磨法制得CL-20与三氨基三硝基苯（CL-20/TATB）含能复合物。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）对原料和含能复合物的性能进行表征,并进行撞击感度测试与分析。结果表明：制备的产物不是CL-20和TATB的简单物理混合,而是生成新的晶型;在SEM图中,与原料相比,CL-20/TATB含能复合物表面更加光滑,球形化效果明显,形貌呈规则的小颗粒状,粒度分布约在50~200 nm之间;在XRD图谱中,最终产物的主要衍射峰分布明显不同于原料和简单混合物的衍射峰,有新的衍射峰出现,说明最终产物中有新的晶型出现,同时由于粒径变小导致衍射峰谱带弥散且宽化;在CL-20/TATB含能复合物的FT-IR图中,由于CL-20（—NO₂或—CH） 和TATB（—NO₂或—NH₂）之间的氢键作用,导致红外谱峰发生偏移;在DSC图中,CL-20/TATB含 能复合物的放热峰比原料CL-20和原料TATB的都提前,说明CL-20/TATB含能复合物的热分解活性比原料CL-20和原料TATB有所增强;撞击感度测试中,CL-20/TATB含能复合物的特性落高比CL-20高62 cm,具有更好的撞击安全性能。     

新型HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的制备及表征（英文）

以含能聚合物(EP)为基底通过共沉淀法制备了奥克托今(HMX)/高氯酸铵(AP)/含能聚合物(EP)纳米复合物。用扫描电镜(SEM),能量色散X射线能谱(EDS)、比表面积(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET))测定、红外(IR)光谱法和差示扫描量热法(DSC)表征了它的结构及性能。结果表明,HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物具有三维纳米网状结构。HMX和AP均匀沉积在EP上面,其尺寸为50~200 nm。HMX、AP和EP紧密结合在一起,具有良好的相容性。HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的分解温度远低于HMX的。当HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的氧平衡为零时,其分解热高达2570 J·g-1。HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的撞击特性落高H50为50.49 cm,与HMX的撞击感度的特性落高(27 cm)相比,其机械感度较低。     

新型HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的制备及表征（英）

以含能聚合物(EP)为基底通过共沉淀法制备了奥克托今(HMX)/高氯酸铵(AP)/含能聚合物(EP)纳米复合物。用扫描电镜(SEM),能量色散X射线能谱(EDS)、比表面积(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET))测定、红外(IR)光谱法和差示扫描量热法(DSC)表征了它的结构及性能。结果表明,HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物具有三维纳米网状结构。HMX和AP均匀沉积在EP上面,其尺寸为50~200 nm。HMX、AP和EP紧密结合在一起,具有良好的相容性。HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的分解温度远低于HMX的。当HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的氧平衡为零时,其分解热高达2570 J·g^-1。HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的撞击特性落高H₅₀为50.49 cm,与HMX的撞击感度的特性落高(27 cm)相比,其机械感度较低。     

基于气流粉碎法的超细类球形高氯酸铵批量制备及其表征

利用经过改进的气流粉碎机直接制备了超细类球形高氯酸铵(AP)粒子,通过扫描电子显微镜、激光干法粒度仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪表征了原料AP、超细非球形AP和超细类球形AP 的形貌、粒度、样品成分和晶体结构。对同粒度超细类球形AP与非球形AP粒子的热分解性能、机械感度、堆积密度、吸湿性与结块性进行了测试。结果表明,利用气流粉碎法直接制备的超细AP粒子基本为类球形,粒度大约2 μm,粒度均匀,表面光滑无缺陷,且分散性良好,过程无杂质引入。球形化后AP粒子相比同粒度非球形AP粒子：热稳定性略微提高,撞击感度降低37.6%,摩擦感度降低26.7%;松装堆积密度提高了10.7%,振实密度提高了24%;吸湿与结块性明显改善。     

球磨法制备高氯酸铵基分子钙钛矿微纳米颗粒及安全性能分析

为了改善高氯酸铵基分子钙钛矿((H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3],DAP)作为含能材料的安全性能,用球磨法制备出微纳米级DAP颗粒材料,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)以及Raman光谱仪分别对其形貌、结构进行表征。采用热重分析-差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)对其热分解性能进行表征,按GJB770B-2005爆炸概率法测试其撞击感度。结果表明,球磨法得到的细化DAP为0.5~10μm的微纳米级椭球颗粒,球磨后颗粒表面近似光滑,展现了良好的晶型稳定性;细化后DAP热分解峰温度为370.6℃,与原料DAP(热分解峰温度385.4℃)相比明显降低;与原料DAP(撞击感度为56%)相比,细化后DAP的撞击感度(28%)大幅降低。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.