共聚物链结构对共聚型含氟聚酰亚胺薄膜性能的影响

以4,4'-二氨基-2,2'-双三氟甲基联苯(TFMB)、4,4'-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)和3,3',4,4'-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)为反应单体,改变非含氟BPDA单体在二酐中的配比和加料方式制备出一系列共聚型含氟聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜并表征和分析其性能,研究了共聚物链结构对其性能的影响。结果表明,BPDA单体的加料方式及其在二酐单体中的比例均影响薄膜的性能。共聚型含氟PI薄膜在室温下均溶于非质子极性溶剂,且在可见光范围内有较高的透光率。随着非含氟二酐单体BPDA含量的提高薄膜的光学性能略有降低而其热性能和力学拉伸性能提高。非含氟二酐单体占二酐单体的比例为68.97%的共聚型PI薄膜,在500 nm处的透过率达到96.01%;非含氟二酐单体占二酐单体比例为35.71%的共聚型PI薄膜失重10%的热分解温度为595.23℃,拉伸强度为100.98 MPa。同时,BPDA加料方式的改变对共聚型PI薄膜的光学性能、热学性能和力学拉伸性能均有不同程度的影响。     

聚酰亚胺气凝胶的制备及其性能研究

以3,3’,4,4’-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)和4,4’-氨基二苯醚(ODA)为合成单体,1,3,5-三(4-氨基苯氧基)苯(TAB)为交联剂,合成了聚酰亚胺溶胶,最后经CO2超临界干燥得到气凝胶。研究了溶胶配方对聚酰亚胺气凝胶密度、收缩率、孔结构、拉伸强度及热导率等性质的影响规律,制备得到低密度、小孔径、高比表面积、低热导率和较好柔韧性能的气凝胶。     

热塑性共聚聚酰亚胺薄膜的合成及性能研究

以2,2′-二甲基-4,4′-二氨基联苯(m-TB)为二胺单体,均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)为二酐单体,N,N′-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,采用常规的两步法制备了一系列不同二酐比例的热塑性聚酰亚胺,并通过红外光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、热重分析仪、紫外光谱仪、动态热分析仪、溶解性测试等对共聚聚酰亚胺的结构和性能进行表征.结果表明:在1 780、1 720、1 500、1 380、1 050和725 cm~(-1)处出现明显的吸收峰,说明成功制备了聚酰亚胺材料;共聚聚酰亚胺只在PMDA与BPDA物质的量比为0.2∶0.8时存在结晶峰,其他比例时均为非晶聚合物;亚胺化后的共聚聚酰亚胺在DMSO、DMAc、DMF、NMP和m-cresol中有溶解性,证明成功制备出热塑性聚酰亚胺薄膜;热塑性共聚PI起始分解温度大于500℃,800℃时的质量保持率在50%以上,具有良好的热稳定性;随着聚合物中BPDA含量的提高,热塑性聚酰亚胺薄膜的玻璃化转变温度呈现下降的趋势.当紫外光波长达到400 nm时,薄膜的透光率高达57.6%,当波长为760 nm时,薄膜透光率均达到100%,成功制备了透光率较高的聚酰亚胺薄膜.     

含有氢键的聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备和性能表征

以对硝基苯甲酸为原料,通过酰氯化、酰化、还原反应成功合成了4,4’-二氨基苯酰替苯胺(DBN),DBN分别和3,3’,4,4’-联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)、均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)通过两步法缩聚制备出聚酰亚胺薄膜,用红外(FT-IR),差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析(TGA),拉伸测试表征其结构和性能,结果表明,成功合成了含有酰胺键的聚酰亚胺薄膜,并且酰胺键的N-H分别和酰亚胺环中的C-N和C=O形成了氢键。将其与4,4’-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)聚酰亚胺薄膜相比,对应二酐(BPDA和PMDA)分别和DBN制备的聚酰亚胺薄膜表现出了优异的热性能和耐溶剂性,尤其是拉伸强度有了显著的提高。     

一种可溶性双酮酐型共聚酰亚胺的合成及性能

以均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和4,4’-对苯二甲酰二邻苯二甲酸酐(TDPA)为二酐单体,4,4’-(3-氨基苯氧基)二苯甲酮(BABP)为二胺单体,采用两步法低温溶液缩聚合成了系列双酮酐型共聚酰亚胺。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析、热重分析、拉伸测试和溶解性能测试对聚合物的结构与性能进行了表征,考察了TDPA/PMDA不同摩尔比对共聚酰亚胺溶解性、耐热性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,双酮酐型聚酰亚胺的玻璃化转变温度随TDPA摩尔含量的增加逐渐下降,溶解性能则逐渐提高,当TDPA/PMDA摩尔比为7/3时,共聚酰亚胺具有优良的耐热性能及力学性能,可溶于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)等极性溶剂。     

4,4'-对苯二甲酰二邻苯二甲酸酐和均苯四甲酸酐共聚酰亚胺的合成与性能

以4,4'-对苯二甲酰二邻苯二甲酸酐(TDPA)和均苯四甲酸酐(PMDA)为芳二酐单体,与4,4'-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)经溶液缩聚、热亚胺化制得PMDA/TDPA共聚酰亚胺薄膜,并用红外光谱、热重分析、差示扫描量热分析、力学性能测试等对薄膜的结构和性能进行表征。结果表明,在聚酰亚胺分子主链引入双酮基结构单元后,共聚酰亚胺树脂玻璃化转变温度(Tg)随着TDPA比例的增加逐渐下(Tg为322~285℃),溶剂流延成膜的加工性能得到显著改善,薄膜仍具有优良的热氧化稳定性和力学性能,5%热分解温度(Td5%)为517~550℃,拉伸强度为111~148 MPa。     

可溶性透明含氟聚酰亚胺薄膜的合成与性能

利用3种二胺单体1,4-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)苯、4,4’-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)二苯醚和4,4’-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)六氟丙烷分别与3种二酐单体1,2,3,4-环丁烷四酸二酐(CBDA)、均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和3,3’,4,4’-二苯醚四酸二酐(ODPA)进行低温溶液缩聚反应,再经热酰亚胺化制备出9种聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜。结果表明,这些PI具有较好的溶解性,可溶解于氨型强极性溶剂,在弱极性溶剂中也有一定的溶解性;CBDA和ODPA基PI在450 nm处的透光率超过80%,且CBDA基PI的紫外截止波长为310 nm,更接近无色,但其热稳定性最差,5%热分解温度在420℃左右,而PMDA和ODPA基PI的热稳定性较好。     

6FAPE基含氟聚酰亚胺的结构与性能研究

利用含氟二胺单体4,4'-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)二苯醚(6FAPE),分别与1,2,3,4-环丁烷四酸二酐(CBDA)、3,3',4,4'-二苯醚四酸二酐(ODPA)、3,3',4,4'-联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)、3,3',4,4'-二苯甲酮四羧酸二酐(BTDA)和均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)进行低温缩聚反应,经热酰亚胺化制备出5种聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜,考察了其光学透明性和热性能,研究了聚酰亚胺分子结构与性能的关系.结果表明,CBDA基含氟PI薄膜在可见光波长范围内(400～700nm)具有优异的光学透明性,450nm处的透光率为84.6%,且5种含氟PI薄膜在光通讯波段(1.30μm和1.55μm)均无明显吸收;除CBDA外,含氟PI薄膜均具有良好的热稳定性,5%热失重温度超过530℃;5种含氟PT薄膜的玻璃化转变温度Tg均在200℃以上,且CBDA基舍氟PI薄膜的Tg最高,达到265.5℃.     

双胺芴基聚酰亚胺的合成及性能

以9,9-双(4-氨基苯基)芴(BAF)为二胺,分别与6种二酐单体——均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)、3,3’,4,4’-二苯醚四甲酸二酐(ODPA)、3,3’,4,4’-二苯甲酮四甲酸酐(BTDA)、3,3’,4,4’-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)、4,4'-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)和1,2,3,4-环丁烷四甲酸二酐(CBDA),经室温溶液缩聚反应得到聚酰胺酸溶液,再经化学酰亚胺化反应得到芴基聚酰亚胺(PI)。采用红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析、热重分析、溶解性测试及气体分离性能测试等手段对PI的结构和性能进行了表征。所合成的PI在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)等强极性溶剂中均具有良好的溶解性,且表现出良好的热性能,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)均在300℃以上,芳香族PI的起始热分解温度也均超过500℃,经600℃热处理的芴基PI,表现出了较好的气体渗透性能,但PI-CBDA膜的气体通量最小。     

基于氧杂二甲桥八氢化萘二酐的新型聚酰亚胺共聚物的制备与研究

通过分子设计合成了一种含氧杂二甲桥八氢化萘大体积结构的新型二酐单体(BADA),并将其按不同的比例与联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)和4,4′-二氨基苯醚(ODA)进行共聚，制备了一系列聚酰亚胺粉末和薄膜材料。通过对新型二酐与新型聚酰亚胺的研究发现，该新型脂环族二酐具有良好的溶解性，且随着脂环族二酐含量的增加，聚酰亚胺表现出优异的溶解性和疏水性，有望应用于5G高频柔性印制电路中。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.