棱镜全息干涉法制作光子晶体的研究

全息干涉法制作光子晶体具有经济、快捷等特点,是制作大面积的光子晶体理想的方法。其中棱镜全息干涉法具有实验装置稳定性好、易于调节等优点,成为一种重要的光子晶体制作方法。制作二维光子晶体相对简单,并且在很多器件如LED、半导体激光器等的制作中得到广泛的应用。本文分析了用top-cut六棱镜全息干涉制作二维、三维光子晶体的理论问题：光束的数目、空间分布等对生成的光学晶格结构的影响。本文计算机模拟一定情况下,六棱镜生成的各种二维、三维学晶格结构。     

光子晶体及其自组装制备

自从理论计算指出金刚石结构具有完全光子带隙以来,三维光子晶体的理论研究和实验制作一直受到高度重视。光子晶体的制备方法总体上可分为两大类:微制作法和自组装法。前者适合于制备微波、远红外及近红外波段的光子晶体,后者制备近红外、可见或更短波段的光子晶体具有独特的优势。简述了光子晶体的概念和基本特征,并对三维光子晶体的自组装制备方法进行了综述。     

高出光率GaN基光子晶体LED的研究进展

在LED上制作光子晶体结构将会提高LED的出光效率,这使得LED应用范围更广.主要从不同的光子晶体加工工艺出发,总结近年来GaN基光子晶体LED的研究进展,介绍新的工艺和实验结果.通过比较发现,利用光子晶体的光子禁带效应和光栅衍射原理,都能够提高LED的出光效率,但需要和光子晶体的结构参数以及相应的加工工艺相结合,使出光效率和光场能流密度有大幅度的提高,从而实现LED出光效率的提高,使LED取代白炽灯等光源应用于生活照明成为可能.     

二维空气环型光子晶体的负折射现象

采用平面波展开法和时域有限差分法研究了二维空气环型光子晶体的负折射现象。通过平面波法计算了三角晶格空气环型光子晶体的能带结构和等频曲线分布, 通过等频曲线的分析得到了光子晶体有效折射率与光波归一化频率之间的关系, 并模拟了光波在有效折射率为 -1的平板和楔形结构光子晶体中的负折射传输过程。模拟结果表明, 优化设计的空气环型光子晶体可以实现较为理想的负折射现象, 且特定频率光波实现负折射对结构参数的要求较低, 有效的降低了实验室制作光子晶体负折射材料对结构参数的苛刻要求。在实验室采用X光刻蚀方法制作空气环型光子晶体能够节省大量的刻蚀时间, 进而降低光子晶体的制作成本。     

三维红外光子晶体应用前景看好

Sandi国家实验室的一组研究人员采用逐层周期结构法,并借助微电子加工技术。成功地在硅片上制备了三继红外电光子晶体。这种品体不但提供了一种约束和控制光的方法,并且能够在三维内将光定位在个立方波长的某一个点上的能力,使制作单模发光二极管成为可能。此外,三维光子晶体在戏外发射工作领域具有非常乐观的应用前景。     

光子晶体及其自组装制备

自从理论计算指出金刚石结构具有完全光子带隙以来，三维光子晶体的理论研究和实验制作一直受到高度重视。光子晶体的制备方法总体上可分为两大类：微制作法和自组装法。前者适合于制备微波、远红外及近红外波段的光子晶体，后者制备近红外、可见或更短波段的光子晶体具有独特的优势。简述了光子晶体的概念和基本特征，并对三维光子晶体的自组装制备方法进行了综述。     

多掺杂一维各向异性光子晶体的缺陷特性

为了研究多掺杂一维各向异性光子晶体的光学特性,采用传输矩阵法计算了光波通过多掺杂一维各向异性光子晶体的透射率。经数值模拟得到:光通过该结构光子晶体后,TE波和TM波的透射谱中随掺杂层个数的变化出现了单、双及多缺陷模,禁带中缺陷模的个数随掺杂层数的增大而增多,缺陷模的位置随掺杂层光学厚度的变化向短波方向移动,TE波和TM波的缺陷模能完全分开,透射谱的这一特点为设计制作单、双通道滤波器提供了理论依据。     

光子晶体光纤的研究与应用

从光子晶体的概念出发,概述了光子晶体的特征及分类,并与自然晶体进行对比.通过引入光子晶体光纤的概念,分别介绍了光子带隙光纤与改进的全内反射光纤的基本结构及导光原理,并阐述了两类光子晶体光纤的主要特点及在通信、光器件、光信息处理等方面的应用.     

基于锯齿口和多支路的二维光子晶体出射光集束

光子晶体波导具有传输速率大、损耗率低、稳定性好等特点,在光集成、光信息传输等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景.然而作为亚波长波导,由于存在衍射极限,光子晶体波导的出射光会发散到各个方向,影响出射光集束.为解决光子晶体波导出射端光场控制问题,提出了一种新型的二维正方晶格光子晶体出射光集束的结构.该结构通过在波导出射端表面引入锯齿口结构和多支路通道,大幅度提升了出射光的辐射距离.利用时域有限差分法分析结果表明,具有3个锯齿口和2条支路的正方晶格光子晶体能够实现最佳的出射光集束,辐射距离高达200 μm,该辐射距离约为单波导出射端结构的25倍,且该结构在200 μm处的辐射效率可达53％.     

利用常规工艺提高光子晶体GaN LED的出光效率

计算了GaN二维光子晶体的能带结构,并利用常规工艺在国内首次制备出了GaN基二维平板结构的光子晶体蓝光LED。经过器件测试表明,与没有制作光子晶体的器件相比,光子晶体使器件的有效出光效率达到了原来的1.5倍以上。另外,还对感应耦合等离子体刻蚀(ICP)的制备光子晶体LED的刻蚀工艺进行了分析。     

Semiconductor three-dimensional and two-dimensional photoniccrystals and devices

Semiconductor three-dimensional (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystals and their effects on the control of photons are investigated for possible applications to optical chip and functional devices. First we review our approaches creating full 3-D photonic bandgap crystals at near-infrared wavelengths, and also functional devices based on 2-D photonic crystals where the focus is on surface-emitting-type channel-drop filtering devices utilizing single defects in 2-D photonic crystal slabs. Then, we describe the recent progress on 3- and 2-D crystals. On 3-D crystals, the effect of the introduction of a light emitter into the 3-D photonic crystal is investigated, and the design of a single defect cavity is performed. On the 2-D photonic crystals, the photonic states are investigated from the perspective of their polarization properties     

光子晶体及二维光子晶体波导

光子晶体是一种新兴的光学材料,其各种优异的光学特性可以用来制作所需要的光子晶体器件,。本文介绍了一维、二维、三维光子晶体的结构、特性及其主要的理论研究方法、实验制备方法,并着重阐述了二维光子晶体波导的特性及其制备方法及国内外研究进展。     

倾斜底涂法制备聚苯乙烯胶体晶体及其光学特性研究

采用倾斜底涂法将单分散的聚苯乙烯胶体微球自组装生长成为胶体晶体,并用扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见光分光光度计对其形貌和光学特性进行测量。结果表明,聚苯乙烯微球自组装为面心立方密堆积结构,胶体晶体的光子带隙位于可见光波段。分别对不同胶体颗粒的粒径、悬浮液的浓度、基片倾斜角度及环境温度等制备条件下生成的聚苯乙烯光子晶体样品逐一分类对比,分析了影响光子带隙宽度和深度的因素。     

Alignment and stacking of semiconductor photonic bandgaps bywafer-fusion

Semiconductor-based three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals are developed by utilizing a wafer fusion and alignment technique. A clear and considerable bandgap effect is successfully demonstrated in infrared to near-infrared wavelengths. It is pointed out that the introduction of arbitrary defect states and/or efficient light emitters can be possible in this method. For the example of the introduction of a light-emitting element, a surface-emitting laser with a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal structure is fabricated, and very unique lasing characteristics are demonstrated. These results encourage us very much for the development of various quantum optical devices and circuits including not only passive, but also active devices     

Transmission of a microcavity structure in a two-dimensional photonic crystal based on macroporous silicon

Photonic crystals consist of regularly arranged dielectric scatterers of dimensions on a wavelength scale, exhibiting band gaps for photons, analogous to the case of electrons in semiconductors. Using electrochemical pore formation in n-type silicon, we fabricated photonic crystals consisting of air cylinders in silicon. The starting positions of the pores were photolithographically pre-defined to form a hexagonal lattice of a=1.58 μm. The photonic crystal was microstructured to make the photonic lattice accessible for optical characterization. Samples with different filling factors were fabricated to verify the gap map of electric and magnetic modes using Fourier-transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The complete band gap could be tuned from 3.3 to 4.3 μm wavelength. We were able to embed defects such as waveguide structures or microcavities by omitting certain pores. We carried out transmission measurements using a tunable mid-IR optical parametric oscillator. The resonance is compared with theoretical expectations.     

High-quality SiO2 Colloidal Crystal Fabricated by Controllable Vertical Deposition Method

Monodispersed silica microspheres with diameter of 353 nm were assembled into photonic crystal in ethanol colloidal suspensions of varied silica volume fraction at different temperature and humidity by means of controllable vertical deposition method. The surface morphology and optical properties were studied by SEM and UV-Vis-NIR. It was found that the high quality silica colloidal photonic crystals were obtained from ethanol solutions with environment temperature between 45℃ and 55℃, humidity between 66% and 76%, the volume fraction of microspheres is between 0.8% and 1.5%, The ordered close-packed photonic crystal fabricated by controllable vertical deposition method had the two photonic bandgaps in the visible light band and near infrared band,     

Cavities of crystal light [photonic crystal microcavities]

This paper presents the characteristics of photonic crystal microcavity light sources. Microcavities with dimensions on the scale of the wavelength of light are being extensively investigated due to their ability to exhibit enhanced spontaneous emission, directional output, and single-mode operation. Photonic crystals, which are the optical analog of semiconductors in electronic devices, are capable of controlling the properties of light by confining photons in one, two, or three dimensions. The technology to fabricate photonic crystals at the optical-wavelength scale (i.e., feature sizes at the submicron scale) has only very recently been achieved. Single or multiple defects in the photonic crystals act as microcavities with dimensions on the order of the wavelength of light and have emerged as the preferred way to obtain defect-free optical microcavities. The authors have been investigating electrically injected photonic crystal microcavities, and these devices are described in this paper. Electrically injected microcavities offer the advantage of possible integration with current optoelectronic circuits and devices. Also, arrays of such devices can be fabricated when electrically controlled. Electrically injected photonic crystal microcavity light sources may also realize high-efficiency single-mode LEDs.     

Design and fabrication of silicon photonic crystal optical waveguides

We have designed and fabricated waveguides that incorporate two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystal geometry for lateral confinement of light, and total internal reflection for vertical confinement. Both square and triangular photonic crystal lattices were analyzed. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis was used to find design parameters of the photonic crystal and to calculate dispersion relations for the guided modes in the waveguide structure. We have developed a new fabrication technique to define these waveguides into silicon-on-insulator material. The waveguides are suspended in air in order to improve confinement in the vertical direction and symmetry properties of the structure. High-resolution fabrication allowed us to include different types of bends and optical cavities within the waveguides.     

中红外完全光子带隙Ge反蛋白石三维光子晶体的制备

采用溶剂蒸发对流自组装法将单分散二氧化硅（SiO2）微球组装形成三维有序胶体晶体模板。以锗烷（GeH4）为先驱体气,用等离子增强化学气相沉积法向胶体晶体的空隙中填充高折射率材料Ge。酸洗去除二氧化硅微球,得到Ge反蛋白石三维光子晶体。通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和傅立叶变换显微红外光谱仪对锗反蛋白石的形貌、成分和光学性能进行了表征。结果表明：Ge在SiO2微球空隙内填充致密均匀,得到的锗为多晶态,锗反蛋白石为三维有序多孔结构。锗反蛋白石的测试光谱图有明显的光学反射峰,表现出光子带隙效应。测试的完全光子带隙位于中红外3.4µm处,测试的光学性能与理论计算基本吻合。     

Block copolymers as photonic bandgap materials

Block copolymers self-assemble into one-, two-, and three-dimensional periodic equilibrium structures, which can exhibit photonic bandgaps. This paper outlines a methodology for producing photonic crystals at optical length scales from block copolymers. Techniques for enhancing the intrinsic dielectric contrast between the block copolymer domains, as well as increasing the characteristic microdomain distances, and controlling defects are presented. To demonstrate the applicability of this methodology, a self-assembled one-dimensional periodic structure has been fabricated that reflects visible light. The wealth of structures into which block copolymers can assemble and the multiple degrees of freedom that can be built into these materials on the molecular level offer a large parameter space for tailoring new types of photonic crystals at optical length scales