AlN掺杂的镓基液态金属硅脂在电子器件散热上的应用（英文）

为了增强界面传热效果,将镓基液态金属(Ga_(68.5)In_(21.5)Sn_(10))及氮化铝作为导热填料填充到甲基硅油中制备了一种新型复合的热界面材料,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)检测材料的微观结构和化学成分以研究其导热原理。合成的AlN掺杂的镓基液态金属硅脂导热率可达5.014 W/m·K,分别高于液态金属/甲基硅油二元复合材料和现售高端的导热硅脂产品(x-23-7762)约5%和20%。同时,接触热阻减少了约20%和50%,粘度保持在适当的范围内降低了使用过程中的溢出风险。CPU的实测结果表明新合成的AlN掺杂的镓基液态金属硅脂可以显著降低笔记本核心的工作温度,分析其导热机理后提出传热过程的协同效应原理。实验结果表明该产品是一种理想的导热界面材料且具有广泛的应用前景。     

镓基液态金属用作润滑剂的研究现状

镓基液态金属具有无毒、低熔点、低饱和蒸气压、流动性好、热稳定性好,高导热性和导电性等优势,是核工业、航空航天工业、医疗器械领域的某些极端摩擦条件下的理想液态冷却剂和润滑剂。围绕镓基液态金属的润滑性能,综述了镓基液态金属的物理化学性能(润湿性、表面张力、熔点、导热系数)和制备方式,介绍了镓基液态金属的润滑性能特征和相关应用,总结了镓基液态金属润滑性能的影响因素和优化方式。展望了对镓基液态金属作为润滑剂的未来发展趋势。     

液态金属冷却定向凝固设备的研制

介绍了一种新型的液态金属冷却定向凝固设备,可以实现高温合金的熔炼、高速凝固(HRS)和液态金属冷却(LMC)定向凝固工艺。并对设备的炉体结构、抽拉系统、加热系统,液态金属冷却系统以及辐射挡板进行了介绍。     

液态金属喷淋冷却定向凝固设备的研制

高温度梯度是控制高温合金定向凝固组织的重要参数。为了获得高的温度梯度,基于液态金属喷淋冷却定向凝固技术,设计并建造了一套通过喷淋液态锡使高温合金定向凝固的设备。热流分析发现,液态金属喷淋冷却定向凝固技术的热流密度比传统的高速凝固技术提高了47%。采用DZ22高温合金进行了喷淋液态锡使之定向凝固的试验。结果表明：在液态锡喷淋冷却条件下定向凝固的?15 mm DZ22高温合金试样枝晶组织细小,三次枝晶发达,这是液态锡喷淋冷却提高了温度梯度所致。     

液态金属冷却法在高温合金定向凝固中的应用

简述了国内外对单晶涡轮叶片和大尺寸燃气轮机叶片的需求,介绍了国内外液态金属冷却法定向凝固的发展及现状、冷却用液态金属的选择以及凝固参数控制,对液态金属冷却定向凝固中的传热过程进行了分析,论述了液态金属冷却定向凝固在铸件组织控制、性能优化、缺陷消除等方面的优势,展望了液态金属冷却法定向凝固的发展方向.     

液态金属冷却法制备单晶铸件凝固过程的实验与模拟

利用高温度梯度定向凝固技术--液态金属冷却LMC(liquid metal cooling)技术制备了单晶铸件,采用ProCAST 限元模拟软件包计算了LMC定向凝固工艺下,不同抽拉速度单晶高温合金铸件定向凝固过程的温度场,预测了拉速对单晶生长缺陷的影响.结果表明,模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好,计算的温度曲线在1100℃以上与实测温度曲线相比误差小于5%;随着抽拉速度的增加,凝固界面下凹,曲率增加,铸件缘板处出现杂晶的倾向增大.     

高导热高绝缘导热硅脂的制备及性能表征

高导热硅脂作为一种热界面材料,可以显著地减小因接触空隙而产生的热阻,提高散热效果。通过采用自制的氮化硅、氮化铝、氧化铝等陶瓷粉体来代替传统的金属粉体作为导热填料,制备出高绝缘高导热的导热硅脂。研究了陶瓷粉体种类、添加量以及表面改性剂对导热硅脂热导率的影响规律。采用热阻测试仪、AMD、Inter主板测试平台、耐压测试仪等表征了导热硅脂的导热和绝缘性能。并对实验结果进行了理论分析。     

耐液态锌腐蚀材料的研究和应用

研究了多种材料的耐液态锌腐蚀性能，筛选出实用性较好的改性ＦｅＢ金属间化合物，带有这种Ｆｅ－Ｂ化合物层的热电偶套管在工业上试用，取得了良好的效果。     

液态金属冷却定向凝固工艺下大尺寸高温合金铸件的显微组织分布

采用液态金属冷却工艺,对大尺寸定向凝固镍基高温合金铸件的显微组织分布、变化规律进行研究。结果表明:随铸件远离冷却盘,冷却速率逐步降低;利用二次枝晶间距与冷却速率之间的定量关系,经计算得出距离冷却盘10 mm、100 mm、200 mm和300 mm位置的冷却速率分别为2 K/s、1 K/s、0.42 K/s和0.26 K/s。冷却速率的降低导致铸件不同位置的显微组织发生变化,包括枝晶组织发生粗化,MC碳化物由规则八面体形貌发展为汉字体形貌,显微缩松含量增加。冷却速率对枝晶组织的变化产生直接影响,而MC碳化物形貌和显微缩松含量变化主要由枝晶间距的变化而引起。     

金属材料在液态和液固转变过程中磁化率变化的测量方法和装置

提出一种基于电磁感应原理的测量液态金属材料磁化率变化的方法并开发相应装置,分析该装置的基本工作原理。使用该装置测量CuSn合金在温度变化时磁化率的变化情况。实验结果表明,样品在相变点处其磁化率有明显的变化。液态CuSn合金的磁化率的倒数与温度成线性关系,但在925℃附近,其斜率有明显的变化。通过液态合金的粘度实验证实,Cu75Sn25合金的结构在925℃时发生了相应的变化。     

An analytical model for simulation of heat flow in plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

Numerical (finite difference) and analytical models have been developed for the simulation of heat flow through plasma-sprayed coatings, allowing the effective thermal conductivity to be predicted as a function of microstructural parameters. The structure is assumed to be composed of lamellar material (splats), separated by (thin) pores, within which there are areas of contact (bridges). The analytical model is based on dividing the material into two regimes, within which the heat flow occurs either by unidirectional serial flow through lamellae and pores or by being funneled through the regions of the lamellae above and below the bridges. The validity of this model is demonstrated by a comparison of the predictions obtained from it and those obtained from the numerical model. The effects of pore geometry on conductive and radiative heat transfer within the coating have been investigated over a range of temperatures and gas pressures. It is shown that the main factor controlling the conductivity is the intersplat bridge area. Comparisons are also presented with experimental conductivity data, for cases in which some attempt has been made to characterize the key microstructural features. The study is oriented toward thermal barrier coatings, based on zirconiayttria top coats. It is noted that the effect of microstructural sintering, which tends to occur in these coatings under service conditions, can be predicted using this model.     

The effect of liquid metal cooling on thermal gradients in directional solidification of superalloys: Thermal analysis

Numerical methods were used to examine the influence of casting and baffle geometry, mold thickness as well as withdrawal speed on solidification conditions and resulting microstructure. Achievable thermal gradients, stability limits and primary dendrite arm spacings for Liquid Metal Cooling (LMC) and High Rate Solidification (HRS) process are reported. Calculations were compared with experimental results from the literature and good agreement was found. A thermal gradient almost 1.8 times higher was observed for the use of LMC in the case of simple cylindrical castings. In contrast, a thermal gradient up to three times higher was calculated with LMC compared to HRS for large section size castings. The numerical investigations indicate that the nature of the baffle has a stronger effect than the different mechanism of heat dissipation when HRS and LMC are compared.     

热处理对氮化铝化学镀铜组织性能的影响

目的优化化学镀铜氮化铝(AlN)基板的综合性能,掌握热处理对其镀层致密度、界面结合强度和热导率的作用机理,并对划痕膜层失效行为进行分析。方法采用化学镀铜法实现AlN陶瓷基板表面金属化,对其进行200~500℃热处理。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、激光导热仪,对Cu-AlN基板的物相结构、显微形貌、热学性能进行分析。采用划痕法对镀层结合力进行评价,并通过划痕形貌对膜层失效行为进行分析。结果未热处理的Cu-AlN基板表面存在鼓泡现象,结合强度为24.7 N,热导率为156.8 W/(m K)。热处理消除了Cu-AlN基板的鼓泡现象,300℃热处理的Cu-AlN基板综合性能优异,表面Cu颗粒分布均匀,结构较为致密,结合强度为32.6 N,热导率达163.8 W/(m K);当500℃热处理时,Cu-AlN基板表面存在氧化现象,形成CuO,结合强度急剧降低为18.5 N,热导率为161.2 W/(m K)。Cu-AlN基板的基膜失效方式为点剥离,随着载荷的增加,点剥离增多,膜层开裂,AlN逐渐裸露,Cu膜层磨损形貌宏观上表现为由塑性变形引起的犁沟磨损,芯部发生拉伸变形,边界呈现卷曲变形。结论对Cu-AlN进行合理热处理,可改善镀层表面组织与致密度,提高结合强度和导热性能。     

纳米粒子堆垛模型及其热喷涂传热数值分析

将纳米粒子团聚大颗粒进行抽象处理,提出以理想堆垛结构为假设的纳米团聚颗粒模型。以ANSYS有限元软件为平台,模拟Al2O3-13%TiO2(质量分数)团聚纳米颗粒在热喷涂环境下的传热过程,分析传热时间、团聚颗粒直径和孔隙率等对传热的影响,并分析团聚颗粒在热喷涂传热后的组织结构差异。结果表明:在一定传热条件下,纳米团聚颗粒可以保持部分纳米粒子或长大为亚微米晶形态,且团聚颗粒直径越大,这类组织就越容易形成,而团聚颗粒孔隙率在0.48以下时,对组织形态的影响较弱。     

高温钢板连续喷水冷却换热系数的研究

采用有限差分法建立了高温钢板连续喷水冷却过程中一维非稳态传热条件下冷却水换热系数的计算模型,将试验测量到的数据应用该模型计算出了试验过程中冷却水与高温钢板间的换热系数[h。]分析结果表明：在流量一定的情况下,压力对换热系数的影响较明显,而在压力一定的情况下,流量对换热系数的影响较小,冷却水的换热系数随喷水密度的增加而增大,随钢板表面的温降呈先增加后减小的趋势。总结出了钢板表面温度为400～1 000 ℃,喷水密度为90～180 L/(m2·min)的条件下,喷水冷却换热系数[h]的经验计算公式。     

一种铝合金水冷界面换热系数反求方法的研究

针对水冷金属界面换热系数影响因素多,测量与求解难的问题,以温度场数学模型为基础,以实测温度曲线为基准,通过数值模拟迭代计算和自动寻优,实现了铝合金水冷界面换热系数随温度变化定量关系的反求.反求得到的铝合金换热系数结果表明:在浸入式水冷过程中,铝合金界面换热系数随表面温度由低到高呈现出先升后降的单峰形状特征,降低冷却水的温度会使换热系数的峰值点升高,但不会改变峰值点出现的温度范围,换热系数的最大值出现在200～230℃.金属与冷却水之间热交换的强度主要取决于界面温度,将界面温度控制在200～230℃会使强化传热效果达到最佳.     

关于连铸传热数学模型中等效导热系数的讨论

讨论了连铸传热数学模型中等效导热系数对模拟结果的影响,结论表明,采用等效导热系数法可以较为准确的预测铸坯表面温度及凝固终点,但等效导热系数越大,凝固前期的铸坯坯壳厚度越薄;等效导热系数的取值对铸坯两相区将产生较大影响,等效导热系数越大,某一厚度处钢液越早进入两相区,相应地,两相区厚度越大、两相区内温度梯度越小,局部凝固时间越大;采用计算获得的二次枝晶间距与实测值强制拟合的方法可以获得对流等效因子[（m）]的合理取值;对于铸机,在液相穴中强制对流区取[m＝7、]强制对流与自然对流的过渡区取[m＝5、]自然对流区取[m＝3、]静滞区取[m＝1]计算,可以获得较为准确的模拟结果。     

Effect of heat treatment on the thermal conductivity of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

The effect of heat treatment on the thermal conductivity of plasma-sprayed Y₂O₃ stabilized ZrO₂ (YSZ) and Al₂O₃ coatings was investigated. A heat treatment of 1300 °C in flowing argon for 50 h was found to significantly increase the thermal conductivity of the coatings when compared to measurements in the assprayed condition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination of the microstructures of the coatings in the as-sprayed and heat-treated conditions revealed that sintering of microcracks at the splat interfaces was the main cause for the increase in thermal conductivity. In the YSZ coatings, complete closure of microcracks was frequently observed. In contrast, microcrack closure in the Al₂O₃ coatings was characterized by the isolated necking of particles across a microcrack rather than complete closure. A model for thermal conductivity in a solid containing oriented penny-shaped cracks was used to explain the observed increase in thermal conductivity after heat treatment.     

A thermal system model for a radiant-tube continuous reheating furnace

A thermal system mathematical model developed for a gas-fired radiant-tube continuous reheating furnace is discussed. The mathematical model of the furnace integrates submodels for combustion and heat transfer within the radiant tube with models for the furnace enclosure. The transport processes occurring in the radiant tube are treated using a one-dimensional scheme, and the radiation exchange between the load, the radiant-tube surfaces, and the furnace refractories are analyzed using the radiosity method. The continuous furnace operation is simulated under steady-state conditions. Model simulations of load surface temperature variation compare well with measurements in an industrial galvannealing furnace. The scope and flexibility of the model are assessed by performing extensive parametric studies using furnace geometry, material properties, and operating conditions as input parameters in the model and predicting the thermal performance of the furnace. The various parameters studied include the effects of load and refractory emissivities, load velocities, properties of the stock material, and variations in the radiant-tube designs.     

CVD金刚石膜散热性能的实验及仿真分析

本文基于化学气相沉积(CVD)金刚石膜的超高热导率,设计并搭建了一套实验系统,分析其对于小空间高热流密度电子元件的散热效果。通过测量加热器及材料表面的温度值可知,相同工况下,金刚石膜温度梯度小,温度分布均匀性好,表面最大温差仅为铜的一半且加热面温度相比于铜更低。实验结果说明CVD金刚石膜的散热性能明显优于传统散热材料铜。实验验证了经过Ti-Ni-Au金属化处理的CVD金刚石薄膜具有可焊性。在实验基础上,利用Flotherm软件对系统进行仿真建模,进一步探讨了材料厚度、热导率及接触热阻对加热面温度和最大热流密度的影响。