Chemical composition of wild boar meat and relationship between age and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver tissue

This study determined the accumulation of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg and As) in tissues of wild boar. The tested animals were divided into three age groups, which allowed analysis of the statistical/mathematical relationship between their age and contamination of their tissues. For determination of heavy metal content, samples were taken from the longissimus muscle of the back and from the tail lobe of the liver. It has been stated that, in wild boar, accumulation of lead and cadmium in muscle and liver increases with age. However, statistical differences were found most frequently between the youngest and oldest animal groups only. Moreover, in no single case, was the maximum permissible level exceeded in muscle for lead, cadmium or mercury, and arsenic was not detected above 0.001 mg/kg. In the >3 year group, the maximum permissible level of cadmium (0.5 mg/kg) was exceeded in two liver samples.     

Lead,cadmium and organochlorine pesticide residues in hunted red deer and wild boar from northern Italy

The objectives of the present study were to assess heavy metal cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) from nine hunting areas and to evaluate related risk factors for the host animal. Over a period of 2 years, a total of 1055 and 210 masseters, 424 and 201 livers, 642 and 152 kidneys were collected from wild boar and red deer, respectively, and concentrations of Cd, Pb and organochlorine pesticides were determined. Comparing the two species, Cd concentration in the kidney (3.72 mg/kg), liver (0.67 mg/kg) and muscle (0.02 mg/kg) of wild boar was found to be significantly higher than in the organs of red deer (1.02 mg/kg in the kidneys, 0.07 mg/kg in the liver and 0.006 mg/kg in muscle). Mean Pb concentrations were found to be similar in both animals, with 0.39, 0.52 and 2.60 mg/kg detected in the wild boar kidney, liver and muscle, respectively, and 0.24, 0.21 and 2.04 mg/kg in the respective organs of the red deer. No difference in concentrations were found based on age class, location of tissue sample or contaminant in the case of wild boar. By contrast, a significantly lower Cd concentration was found in the kidney of the young red deer. The search for organochlorine pesticides in both red deer and wild boar produced negative results with values below the limits of detection. Due to the high levels of renal Cd and muscle Pb detected in wild boar and red deer, further research needs to be carried out in an effort to identify the source of contamination and preserve the health of animals and humans.     

Cadmium and lead in animal tissue (muscle,liver and kidney), cow milk and dairy products in Korea

A survey of Cd and Pb in animal tissue, milk and dairy products was conducted. Muscle, liver and kidney of domestically produced cows, pigs, chickens and ducks were collected from eight regions in Korea. Raw cow milk was collected from 9 regions, and imported dairy products (butter, cheese, cream and powdered milk) were collected from 15 countries. Cd and Pb were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. Concentrations of Cd and Pb did not exceed the Korean legal maximum levels in any of the samples. Correlation coefficients were estimated between concentration of Cd or Pb and animal age and between muscle, liver and kidney. In cows, there were good correlations between age and Cd in kidney (r = 0.748) and between Cd in liver and in kidney (r = 0.878). Continuous monitoring will be an important role to safeguard consumers in the event of a food contamination incident.     

Toxic and essential metal concentrations in four tissues of red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) from Baranja,Croatia

Kidney (n =?297), liver (n =?52), jawbone (n =?80) and muscle (n =?48) samples collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus) from north-eastern Croatia in the 2002–05 hunting season were analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) using atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical evaluation of results showed age-related accumulations of renal cortex Cd and Zn, bone Pb, and muscle Zn. Renal cortex Cd and Zn were significantly associated. In addition, concentrations of Cd and Pb in muscle tissue were significantly correlated with Fe content. Found levels of toxic metals were not likely to affect the health status of animals. A total of 49% of the muscle, 60% of the kidney and 6% of the liver samples were unsuitable for human consumption according to Croatian regulations for Cd in food. However, the calculated intake of Cd through deer meat consumption is small and represents no health risk when consumption is moderate.     

Voltammetric determination of heavy metals in meat and the internal organs of slaughter cattle

The most important uptake of heavy metal by man occurs through ingestion. Therefore heavy metal analysis of food becomes of great importance. The whole analytical procedure including sampling, transport, drying, homogenisation, digestion and measurement for the determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Co in meat is described with due consideration given to the requirements for trace and ultratrace analysis. The particular advantages of the voltammetric approach for heavy metal determinations in meat and meat products are generally featured by this study. A standard deviation of 3-5% RSD in the microgram/g-range and 5-10%-RSD in the ng/g-range was obtained. In order to check the accuracy of the results, mixtures of sample and standard reference material were analysed. While the Cd-content in meat is in the range of 1 ng/g (wet weight) it increases in organs, such as liver (100-500 ng/g wet weight) and kidney (600-2000 ng/g wet weight). Pb shows a similar behaviour. The levels of these elements were found to be below the maximum allowable limits set by the "Bundesgesundheitsamt", with the exception of Cd in the kidneys. There is a statistical significant correlation between the Cd and Pb contents in liver and kidney. In liver the Cu content was especially high, because there are Cu-containing enzymes in this organ. Vitamin B12 is a Co containing complex in the liver. Therefore the Co values in liver are clearly higher than those in muscle meat.     

Trace elements in Slovenian poultry tissues

In this paper, the contamination of poultry tissues by trace elements in Slovenia is examined from a public health standpoint. During systematic veterinary and sanitary monitoring of foodstuffs of animal origin from 1997 to 1999, 21 poultry meat samples, 70 poultry liver tissue samples, and 184 poultry kidney tissue samples were examined for Pb, Cd, and Hg contents. The levels of poultry tissue contamination in six regions of Slovenia were determined. All samples met Slovenian standards except one poultry kidney tissue sample, which exceeded the Hg level allowed. The difference between chicken and turkey contamination levels was statistically significant (P < 0.05) only for Cd content in kidney tissues. Poultry kidney tissue Cd contents differed for different geographical regions (P < 0.05).     

Residues of lead,cadmium, mercury and tin in canned meat products from Egypt: an emphasis on permissible limits and sources of contamination

In an attempt to determine the residual levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and tin (Sn) in canned meat products marketed in Egypt, a total number of 160 random samples (40 each) of canned chicken luncheon (CCL), canned beef luncheon (CBL), canned frankfurter (CF) and canned corned beef (CCB) were randomly collected from different supermarkets in Egypt to be analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From the obtained results, it was found that the mean values of residual levels of Pb in examined CCL, CBL, CF and CCB samples were 0.330, 0.224, 0.206 and 0.334 mg/kg, respectively, while those of Cd were 0.057, 0.053, 0.039 and 0.042 mg/kg, those of Hg were 0.387, 0.450, 0.402 and 0.332 mg/kg, and finally those of Sn were 2.061, 2.308, 0.755 and 1.997 mg/kg. The obtained results were compared with the permissible limits of heavy metals recommended by international and national authorities. In addition, the public health significance as well as the sources of contamination of canned meat products by heavy metals were addressed.     

Elemental composition of game meat from Austria

Concentrations of 26 elements (B, Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb, U) in wild game meat from Austria were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. All investigated animals were culled during the hunting season 2012/2013, including 10 chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 9 hare (Lepus europaeus), 10 pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), 10 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 12 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 10 wild boar (Sus scrofa). In 19 out of 61 meat samples lead concentrations were higher than 0.1 mg/kg, the maximum limit in meat as set by the European Commission (Regulation EC No 1881/2006), which is most likely caused by ammunition residues. Especially, pellet shot animals and chamois show a high risk for lead contamination. Despite ammunition residues all investigated muscle samples show no further health risk with respect to metal contamination.     

Cadmium and lead in female cattle livers and kidneys from Vojvodina,northern Serbia

ABSTRACT

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined in livers (n = 52) and kidneys (n = 52) of female cattle (345–2717 days old) from dairy farms in the region Vojvodina. Cd and Pb were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, after microwave digestion. Cd and Pb concentrations did not exceed the Serbian and European maximum set limits in any sample. The Cd concentrations in the livers and kidneys ranged from 0.033 to 0.151 mg kg^?1 wet weight and from 0.055 to 0.510 mg kg^?1 wet weight, respectively. The corresponding Pb concentrations were 0.015-0.159 mg kg^?1 wet weight and 0.021-0.196 mg kg^?1 wet weight, respectively. Mean Cd and Pb concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the liver (0.072 and 0.053 mg kg^?1 wet weight) than in the kidney (0.190 and 0.075 mg kg^?1 wet weight). There were good correlations between Cd in liver and Cd in kidney, Pb in liver and Pb in kidney, Cd level and age and Pb level and age in both tissues.     

楚雄州常见食用菌重金属污染及安全评价

目的调查楚雄州常见食用菌重金属含量水平,评估食用菌中重金属污染程度及健康相关风险。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法对汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)的含量进行测定。单因子污染指数法进行污染评价。结果 86份食用菌样品中重金属检出率为100.00%,重金属总体超标率为44.19%,Hg超标率高于Cd、As、Pb(P0.01);同一种重金属在不同品种以及不同地区采集的食用菌样品中含量存在显著差异。食用菌样品质量评价为三级;干食用菌和新鲜野生牛肝菌的食品安全指数(international food standard,IFS)大于1。结论食用菌中的Hg、Cd、Pb、As等4种重金属污染现状不容乐观,野生牛肝菌重金属污染程度和食品安全风险等级均较高,对人体有一定的健康危害,应高度关注并进行风险管理。     

Quantification of cadmium and lead in offal by SF-ICP-MS: Method development and uncertainty estimate

Offal of bovine, ovine and porcine are able to accumulate potentially toxic heavy metals, such as Cd and Pb, posing a risk for human health. For this reason, the Commission Regulation no. 466/2001 provided the maximum admitted levels for these metals in this kind of matrix (Cd, 500 ng g⁻¹ in all kinds of offal; Pb, 500 ng g⁻¹ in liver and 1000 ng g⁻¹ in kidney). A method based on sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Cd and Pb quantification in calf liver was developed and further applied to offal of different animals. The uncertainty of measurements was calculated according to the Eurachem/Citac Guide. The method LoDs and LoQs were 3.5 and 11 ng g⁻¹ for Cd, and 2.0 and 6.0 ng g⁻¹ for Pb. The repeatability and the intra-laboratory reproducibility showed relative standard deviations equal to 2.25% and 1.99% for Cd and 1.49% and 6.55% for Pb. Relative expanded uncertainties at the mean value in calf liver were 4.74% for Cd and 13.8% for Pb. In Italian offal the following concentration intervals were found (in ng g⁻¹): (i) Cd: calf, from <3.5 in spleen and lung to 96.4 in kidney; lamb, <3.5 in all offal; pig, 114 in liver and (ii) Pb: calf, from 4.03 in lung to 31.8 in liver; lamb, from 4.71 in heart to 279 in liver; pig, 9.19 in liver.     

Heavy metal contamination of North Sea shrimp (Crangon crangon L.)

 Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) contents of common shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) from the German mud flats in the North Sea were investigated by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The heavy metal contents of the 32 samples were low: 0.043±0.026 mg Cd, 0.019±0.011 mg Pb and 0.033±0.016 mg Hg (mean±SD) per kg wet weight. All of the samples contained lower amounts of the investigated elements than the levels of concern of the Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, i.e. 0.5 mg Pb/kg, 0.1 mg Cd/kg and 0.5 mg Hg/kg wet weight; most of the samples showed significantly lower levels of contamination. Therefore, no risk to the consumer arises from the Cd, Pb and Hg contents of the shrimp caught in this area. The main reasons for the overall low levels of contamination might be the short period of feeding of the shrimp and, with respect to Pb, an active mechanism of secretion. Besides this, the heavy metal load of the shrimp depended on the fishing season (November or May). Received: 23 February 1998 / Revised version: 30 April 1998     

烟台市海域水产品中重金属和砷污染状况调查

目的了解烟台市黄、渤海海域常见海产品中重金属含量状况。方法利用原子荧光法及原子吸收分光光度法测定海产品中Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Sb的含量,采用方差分析、单因子污染指数法、金属污染指数法对测定结果进行分析与评价,并将测定结果与其他地区进行比较。结果海产品样品均检出重金属,各类海产品之间重金属含量差异显著;笔管蛸、桃花蛸、扇贝丁、爬虾、螃蟹5种海产品Cd超标,蛏子As超标,其余未超标;螃蟹、爬虾、桃花蛸、笔管蛸及蛏子对重金属富集能力较强。结论烟台市海域海产品中Hg、Cd、Pb、Sb几种金属及砷的含量有差异,其中Cd、As、Pb污染状况较为严重,提示应高度重视近海海域环境污染问题。     

区域小麦籽粒重金属分布及暴露评估

以某冶金和电厂工业园为研究区域,采集90份小麦籽粒样品,用ICP-MS测定铅、镉元素含量,应用普通克里金法预测小麦籽粒铅、镉含量空间分布;用目标危害系数(THQ)法评估其食用安全性,以及当地居民铅、镉暴露风险。以明确区域小麦籽粒重金属铅、镉污染水平及分布,评估当地居民铅、镉暴露风险。结果表明,该区域小麦籽粒铅、镉超过国家限量标准(GB 2762—2012)的比例为68.6%和34.3%;随着距铅锌冶炼厂距离的增加,铅、镉含量逐渐下降,距铅锌冶炼厂东南侧约l km范围内的小麦籽粒铅、镉含量最高;成人和儿童经小麦全粉摄入铅暴露风险均大于1(THQ_(成人)=1.05,THQ_(儿童)=1.35),成人和儿童经小麦全粉摄入镉暴露风险均小于1(THQ_(成人)=0.72,THQ_(儿童)=0.92)。该区域小麦籽粒已受到一定程度铅、镉污染。铅、镉含量空间分布图表明铅锌冶炼厂是小麦铅、镉污染的重要来源。成人和儿童经小麦摄入铅暴露风险均达到不可接受的水平,且儿童铅暴露风险大于成人;成人和儿童镉暴露风险均在可接受的水平。     

Cadmium in the food chain near non-ferrous metal production sites

Dietary cadmium (Cd) exposure was estimated for adults living in Cd-contaminated areas close to non-ferrous metal plants and compared with dietary Cd exposure in the general Belgian adult population. To evaluate the contamination levels of locally produced food items, 35 fruit samples, 97 vegetable samples, 98 samples of potatoes and 53 samples of meat, liver and kidney of cattle, which had resided for more than 18 months in the contaminated area, were analyzed for Cd. Mean Cd concentrations in fruit and vegetables were 1.1- to 9-fold higher than in samples from other regions at ambient Cd levels. Mean Cd concentrations in bovine meat, liver and kidney were 2-fold higher compared to samples from animals in other regions of Belgium. The estimated dietary intake was 31.3 and 63.3 µg day^?1 for average and large consumers, respectively, in the contaminated area, compared to 17 and 38.3 µg day^?1, respectively, for the general adult population. Excessive consumption of locally produced food items in areas close to non-ferrous metal plants could result in Cd intake levels exceeding the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI).     

Cadmium in the food chain near non-ferrous metal production sites

Dietary cadmium (Cd) exposure was estimated for adults living in Cd-contaminated areas close to non-ferrous metal plants and compared with dietary Cd exposure in the general Belgian adult population. To evaluate the contamination levels of locally produced food items, 35 fruit samples, 97 vegetable samples, 98 samples of potatoes and 53 samples of meat, liver and kidney of cattle, which had resided for more than 18 months in the contaminated area, were analyzed for Cd. Mean Cd concentrations in fruit and vegetables were 1.1- to 9-fold higher than in samples from other regions at ambient Cd levels. Mean Cd concentrations in bovine meat, liver and kidney were 2-fold higher compared to samples from animals in other regions of Belgium. The estimated dietary intake was 31.3 and 63.3 µg day^-1 for average and large consumers, respectively, in the contaminated area, compared to 17 and 38.3 µg day^-1, respectively, for the general adult population. Excessive consumption of locally produced food items in areas close to non-ferrous metal plants could result in Cd intake levels exceeding the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI).     

Toxic and essential metal concentrations in four tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Baranja, Croatia

Kidney (n  = 297), liver (n  = 52), jawbone (n  = 80) and muscle (n  = 48) samples collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus) from north-eastern Croatia in the 2002-05 hunting season were analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) using atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical evaluation of results showed age-related accumulations of renal cortex Cd and Zn, bone Pb, and muscle Zn. Renal cortex Cd and Zn were significantly associated. In addition, concentrations of Cd and Pb in muscle tissue were significantly correlated with Fe content. Found levels of toxic metals were not likely to affect the health status of animals. A total of 49% of the muscle, 60% of the kidney and 6% of the liver samples were unsuitable for human consumption according to Croatian regulations for Cd in food. However, the calculated intake of Cd through deer meat consumption is small and represents no health risk when consumption is moderate.     

海州湾养殖文蛤体内不同组织的重金属富集特性及其食用安全评价

测定海州湾养殖池塘成体文蛤体内肝胰腺、鳃、外套膜、足和闭壳肌5 个干质量组织中Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu 和Zn 这6 种重金属的含量。结果表明文蛤5 组织中闭壳肌和肝胰腺是重金属选择性富集的主要器官。Cr、Pb、Ni 在5 种组织中以闭壳肌的含量最高,分别高达58.981、4.298、10.873μg/g,与其余组织均有显著差异(P ＜ 0.05);而Cu 和Zn 则以闭壳肌的含量最低,分别为0.844、58.076μg/g,而肝胰腺中含量最高,分别达17.776、173.147μg/g,差异显著(P ＜ 0.05);相反,Cd 和Ni 则在肝胰腺中含量最低(0.140、4.807μg/g),与其余组织显著差异(P ＜ 0.05)。6 种重金属中,Zn 在5 种组织中的含量最高(173.147~58.076μg/g),Cd 的含量最低(0.140～0.336μg/g),Pb 次之(1.549～4.298μg/g)。文蛤5 组织中闭壳肌是主要的受污染组织,Cr、Ni 和Pb 的污染指数间于1.52～6.40,而足的污染最小,6 种重金属仅Ni 超标,其余污染指数为0.01～0.96;6 种重金属中Ni 的污染最严重,5组织均超标,污染指数P 间于2.77～6.40,而毒性较强的Cd 以及Cu 在5 组织中均未超标。     

2013—2014年广东省基地蔬菜重金属污染状况调查

目的了解广东省基地蔬菜中各类蔬菜重金属的污染状况及分布特点。方法 2013—2014年从广东省21个地市(4个地理区域:粤北、粤东、粤西、珠三角)的蔬菜种植基地采集8类615份蔬菜进行铅、镉、汞、砷的检测。结果广东省蔬菜中重金属污染以铅和镉为主,其中铅污染的主要蔬菜品种是叶菜类蔬菜,尤其是生菜;而镉污染的主要蔬菜品种是茄果类蔬菜,尤其是茄子。铅在广东省4个地区均有一定程度的污染,而镉含量较高的地区是粤北(韶关)和粤西(云浮)地区。结论广东省基地蔬菜中重金属污染程度总体较轻,需重点关注粤北和粤西地区的铅和镉的污染,加强对重点区域重点品种的监测。     

The effects of sex and region on the carcass yield and m longissimus lumborum proximate composition of impala

Physical morphological measurements and m longissimus lumborum proximate chemical composition of impala (Aepyceros melampus) and the effects of age, sex and region on these parameters were investigated. Impala were randomly sampled from Mara (n = 40, 24 males, 16 females), situated in the Arid Sweet Bushveld region, and Musina (n = 28, 15 males, 13 females), situated in the Mopane Bushveld region in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The live weights of the Mara (50.23 ± 9.32 kg) animals were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the Musina animals (44.25 ± 10.81 kg). The male animals from both regions were significantly heavier than the females (p < 0.05), particularly for the older animals (～5 kg for 30‐month‐old animals and ～10 kg for 42‐month‐old animals); however, the dressing percentages between the sexes did not differ. The Mara female group (～62%) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean dressing percentages than the Musina females (～58%). The mean proportions of external and internal offal were relatively higher in the Musina animals. No significant differences in the dressing percentages between the five age groups were found. Carcass measurements increased linearly with age. Age showed no effect on the m longissimus lumborum chemical carcass composition. Female animals (～19.4 g kg^?1) had higher (p < 0.05) lipid contents for both regions than the males (～14.0 g kg^?1) but the sex of the animal had no effect on the remaining chemical carcass composition parameters. The crude protein content of the Musina animals (248.8 ± 10.44 g kg^?1) was higher (p < 0.05) than for the Mara animals (238.0 ± 8.404 g kg^?1). The mean ash content of the impala m longissimus lumborum was ～12 g kg^?1. The results indicated that age effects are caused by the increases in size brought about by the growth of the animal and by the development of sexual dimorphism. Age, however, had no effect on the m longissimus lumborum proximate chemical composition. Regional differences were also shown for both the physical parameters as well as for the proximate chemical composition of the muscle. Similarly, females also differed from males for the parameters measured. These factors will have to be taken into consideration by the meat trade when purchasing, processing and marketing impala game meat. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry