Determination of the caffeine contents of various food items within the Austrian market and validation of a caffeine assessment tool (CAT)

The caffeine content of 124 products, including coffee, coffee-based beverages, energy drinks, tea, colas, yoghurt and chocolate, were determined using RP-HPLC with UV detection after solid-phase extraction. Highest concentrations of caffeine were found for coffee prepared from pads (755?mg?l^?1) and regular filtered coffee (659?mg?l^?1). The total caffeine content of coffee and chocolate-based beverages was between 15?mg?l^?1 in chocolate milk and 448?mg?l^?1 in canned ice coffee. For energy drinks the caffeine content varied in a range from 266 to 340?mg?l^?1. Caffeine concentrations in tea and ice teas were between 13 and 183?mg?l^?1. Coffee-flavoured yoghurts ranged from 33 to 48?mg?kg^?1. The caffeine concentration in chocolate and chocolate bars was between 17?mg?kg^?1 in whole milk chocolate and 551?mg?kg^?1 in a chocolate with coffee filling. A caffeine assessment tool was developed and validated by a 3-day dietary record (r ^2?=?0.817, p?<?0.01) using these analytical data and caffeine saliva concentrations (r ^2?=?0.427, p?<?0.01).     

饮料中咖啡因含量的测定

采用HPLC法,以水为溶剂,0.02mol/L醋酸铵溶液—甲醇(7525)为流动相,在254nm波长下,测定饮料中咖啡因含量。回收率>97%,与按国家标准GB/T16344—1996测定值比较,两种方法的相对偏差<2%。方法简便,有实用价值。     

2012~2019年云南省蔬菜中毒死蜱膳食摄入风险评估

摘 要: 目的 了解云南省蔬菜中毒死蜱残留水平, 评估蔬菜中毒死蜱膳食暴露风险。方法 2012~2019年采集云南省市售蔬菜进行毒死蜱测定, 结合我国食物消费量数据, 采用点评估方法对毒死蜱进行急、慢性膳食暴露评估, 评估结果与急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)、每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)进行比较, 从而评价蔬菜中毒死蜱的暴露风险。结果 1~4岁人群的急性暴露量大于ARfD(0.1 mg/kg bw), 其余年龄组的急性暴露量均小于ARfD(0.1 mg/kg bw); 各年龄组平均暴露量低于ADI(0.01 mg/kg bw)。结论 蔬菜中毒死蜱的慢性暴露风险低, 但需关注急性暴露风险。     

啤酒糟发酵乳酸纤维饮料的制作

以啤酒糟为原料，提取可溶性膳食纤维，后者与脱脂乳混合，接入浮酸菌发酵。经调配、均质等工艺，制成乳酸发酵纤维饮料。综合利用啤酒加工下脚料，既节约，又环保。     

Organophosphorus pesticide residues in Greek virgin olive oil: levels,dietary intake and risk assessment

The occurrence of organophosphorus pesticide (OPs) and their metabolite residues was investigated in 167 samples of Greek virgin olive oil during a 2-year (2004–2005) sampling campaign. A total of 30.5% of samples contained detectable residues, although only one sample contained dimethoate residues above the maximum residue limit. Among the seven detected OPs, fenthion and fenthion sulfoxide residues were detected in 10.8 and 14.4% of the samples, respectively, at levels of 0.003–0.61 mg kg^?1. Dimethoate was detected in 10.2% of the samples at 0.003–0.057 mg kg^?1. The acute dietary risk assessment was undertaken by determining the national estimated short-term intake (NESTI); for chronic dietary risk assessment, the national theoretical maximum daily intake (NTMDI) and national estimated daily intake (NEDI) were calculated. The estimated intakes (NESTI and NEDI) of each pesticide were <7 and <0.86% of the corresponding acute reference doses (ARfDs) and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), respectively. A cumulative risk assessment was performed using the hazard index (HI) and toxicity equivalence factor (TEF), taking into account that OPs share the same toxicological mechanism. The determined HI and TEF values were found to represent only a small portion of the respective ADIs or ARfDs. These results indicate that there is neither acute nor chronic risk for the Greek population through olive oil consumption.     

啤酒糟膳食纤维饮料的研制

以啤酒糟为原料提取可溶性膳食纤维与脱脂轧混合，接入乳酸菌发酵。经调配、均质等工艺过程，制成一种功能性乳酸发酵纤维饮料，为啤酒精的开发利用提供了一条新的有效途径。     

我国3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料中添加糖摄入状况分析

目的了解我国3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料中添加糖的摄入状况。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,2014年在我国14个省(市)抽取28个城市区和县内的27 485名3岁及以上常住人群作为调查对象,利用非连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法收集调查对象碳酸饮料的消费状况,结合2015年开展的饮料添加糖含量专项调查中132份碳酸饮料糖含量数据,采用简单分布评估方法计算人群碳酸饮料中添加糖摄入量分布和饮料提供的能量,并与人群膳食摄入总能量相比计算碳酸饮料中添加糖的供能比。结果我国14个省(市)3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料添加糖每日平均摄入量为0.5 g,供能比为0.11%,其中碳酸饮料消费人群添加糖每日平均摄入量为13.4 g,中位数为12.3 g,供能比为2.69%。不同消费人群添加糖每日摄入量的中位数比较,男性(15.3 g)高于女性(10.1 g),城市(13.8 g)高于农村(10.7 g),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。碳酸饮料中添加糖的供能比比较,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);城市(3.02%)高于农村(2.01%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);13～17岁年龄组人群的碳酸饮料供能比最高为3.41%。结论 13～17岁青少年为碳酸饮料中添加糖的高消费群体,应重点开展科普宣教,引导合理消费。     

Copper in foods,beverages and waters from South East Spain: influencing factors and daily dietary intake by the Andalusian population

The copper content of 225 food, 49 beverage and twelve potable water samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Analyses of NIST and BCR reference materials demonstrated the accuracy of this technique. The highest copper levels were found in dried fruit and legumes, followed by organ meats, molluscs and crustaceans, cephalopods, cereals and sausages, respectively. In cereals, legumes and fruit, copper levels increased significantly with increasing levels of protein and decreasing carbohydrate content (p?<?0.001). In meat and meat by-products, copper concentrations found in organ meats were significantly higher (p?<?0.01). In fresh fish products, copper levels in shellfish were significantly higher than those measured in fish (p?<?0.001). In vegetables, the copper concentrations found in mushrooms were significantly higher (p?<?0.005). Mean copper concentrations analysed in cheese were statistically higher than those determined in other dairy products (p?<?0.01). In beverages, copper levels determined in rum and juices were significantly higher (p?<?0.001). Beverages for which a vegetable component was directly used in their manufacturing process (juices, wines and beers) had statistically higher copper levels when compared with fresh drinks. The daily dietary intake (DDI) of copper in the Andalusian diet was 1979 μg day^?1 per person. Cereals, meat, meat by-products and vegetables are the food categories that are the main source of copper in the daily diet. Taking into account the dietary reference intakes and upper levels (900 and 10, 000 μg Cu day^?1 for healthy adults, respectively), the mean copper DDI found indicate that for most of healthy adult individuals from the area, no adverse effects occur in relation to copper nutrition (deficiency or toxicity). Potable waters supplied 53 μg day^?1, which constitutes on average 0.025% of the maximum tolerable daily intake of this element set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee.     

Assessment of caffeine intake in the Korean population

An improved method for the analysis of caffeine in foods by HPLC was validated by measuring several analytical parameters. The caffeine contents of 1202 products available from Korean markets were analysed. A consumption study was conducted by using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2010–12, to estimate the caffeine intakes of the Korean population. The mean intakes of caffeine from all sources in the general population and consumers were 67.8 and 102.6 mg day^?1 for all age groups, respectively. The 95th percentile intakes of the general population and consumers were 250.7 and 313.7 mg day^?1, respectively. In those aged 30–49 years, the caffeine intakes of the general population and consumers were highest at 25.5% (101.8 mg kg^?1 day^?1) and 36.6% (0.9 mg kg^?1 day^?1), respectively, compared with the maximum recommended daily intake (400 mg day^?1) for adults. In the general population, the main contributors to the total caffeine intake were carbonated beverage for the younger age groups and coffee for the adults. These data provide a current perspective on caffeine intake in the Korean population.     

食荚豌豆和豌豆中螺虫乙酯及其代谢物残留和膳食摄入风险评估

目的 研究食荚豌豆和豌豆中螺虫乙酯主要代谢物的转化情况,施药措施与残留量的相关性,残留量膳食摄入评估.方法 样品中螺虫乙酯及其代谢物加乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺和石墨化碳黑净化,离心,上清液过滤膜后高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法检测,对施用过螺虫乙酯的食荚豌豆和豌豆样品进行检测分析及膳食摄入评估.结果 食荚豌豆和豌豆...     

植物油脂中反式脂肪酸含量及人体摄入量初估

采用气相色谱法对我国常见植物油脂中的反式脂肪酸含量和分布进行了分析,初步估算了我国居民反式脂肪酸的人均日摄入量。精炼植物油脂中反式脂肪酸含量为：大豆油0．89％～3．48％,菜籽油1．97％～4．76％,玉米油1．75％～6．19％,葵花籽油1．48％～2．36％,花生油0．10％～0．47％,棕榈油0．12％～0．28％,其存在形式以反式多不饱和脂肪酸（t—C18：2、t—C18：3）为主;专用油脂中反式脂肪酸含量为：替可可脂（CBR）和植脂末用油40％～50％,代可可脂（CBS）、烘焙和夹心用油中3％～5％,其存在形式以反式单不饱和脂肪酸（t—C18：1）为主。我国居民反式脂肪酸人均日摄入量为1．06g,其中城市1．44g,农村0．92g,分别占日摄入总能量的0．42％、0．61％和0．36％。     

Determination of selenium in selected food samples from Argentina and estimation of their contribution to the Se dietary intake

An optimised FI-HGAAS method was applied to determine the total selenium concentrations in selected high consumption food (fish, beef, chicken, milk, rice, wheat flour, egg) and to estimate their contribution to the Argentinean dietary intake, whose information is scarce nowadays. Through several optimisation steps a suitable method was achieved showing satisfactory figures of merit for all matrices. Average recovery was 96%, RSD < 5%, LODs ranged 2.0–7.0 μg kg⁻¹ and the accuracy was assessed using DOLT-3 NRC certified reference material. Meat and eggs showed the highest values (in μg kg⁻¹, beef: 42–153; chicken: 62–205; fish: 94–314; canned tuna: 272–282; eggs: 134–217), minor values were found for wheat flour (22–42), rice: (<22), pasta (47–64) and milk (<7–9). An estimated intake of 32 and 24 μg day⁻¹ for adult men and women, respectively, suggested a deficient Se intake, leading to further comprehensive surveys of Se occurrence in Argentina.     

豆渣纤维饮料的开发研究

本文运用先进的处理方法，研究了新型功能性保健饮料──豆渣纤维饮料的生产工艺，并对影响产品品质的几个主要因素进行了探讨，提出了生产豆渣饮料的最佳条件。     

Caffeine daily intake from dietary sources in Brazil

A survey on the potential intake of caffeine was carried out in Campinas, SP, Brazil, in the summer of 1993. The survey was based on a representative sample of 600 individuals, 9-80 years old, who were asked about their habitual usage of coffee, tea, chocolate products and carbonated beverages. Caffeine levels in the products were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with a UV-visible detector at 254 nm. Individual daily intakes (mg/kg b.w.) of caffeine were calculated from the consumption data generated by the survey and the caffeine content of the analysed products. Of all those interviewed, 81% consumed soft drinks regularly, 75% coffee, 65% chocolate products and 37% tea. Of the analysed products, coffee showed the highest amount of caffeine. The average and median potential daily intake of caffeine by the studied population were, respectively, 2.74 and 1.85mg/kg b.w. Coffee, tea, chocolate products and carbonated beverages accounted for median individual daily intakes of 1.90, 0.32, 0.19, and 0.19mg/kg b.w., respectively. These data show that coffee is the most important vehicle for caffeine intake within the studied population.     

Safety assessment of 16 sweeteners for the Korean population using dietary intake monitoring and poundage method

ABSTRACT

A sweetener is a food additive that imparts a sweet taste to food products. Sweeteners have been increasingly used in Korea since the approval of sodium saccharin and d-sorbitol in 1962. Unlike food contaminants, humans are exposed to food additives only through the consumption of processed food products. For exposure assessments of sweeteners, the dietary intakes of food products containing acesulfame-K, aspartame, saccharin-Na, and sucralose were determined, and the resulting calculated estimated daily intake (EDI) values were compared directly with each additive’s ADI. The poundage method was used to calculate the daily intake per capita for 12 additional sweeteners, such as lactitol, for which appropriate analytical methods for food products do not exist. The risk, as evaluated by comparing the EDI with the ADI, was determined to be 2.9% for acesulfame-K, 0.8% for aspartame, 3.6% for saccharin-Na, 4.3% for steviol glycosides, and 2.1% for sucralose. No hazardous effect was predicted for the other 11 sweeteners, including lactitol.     

黄花菜中甲基硫菌灵及其代谢物残留分析与膳食摄入风险评估

评估甲基硫菌灵在黄花菜中的安全使用,建立黄花菜中甲基硫菌灵及其代谢物多菌灵的检测方法,并对黄花菜中的残留量进行膳食摄入评估。黄花菜中甲基硫菌灵及其代谢物多菌灵用乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺(primary secondary amine, PSA)净化,离心后上清液过滤膜高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法检测,甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵的仪器检出限为1×10^-3 ng,定量限为0.01 mg/kg。甲基硫菌灵在黄花菜(鲜)和黄花菜(干)中的添加回收率分别为84%-105%和101%-105%;多菌灵在黄花菜(鲜)和黄花菜(干)中的添加回收率分别为86%-96%和93%-99%。2020年在湖南省和江苏省两地甲基硫菌灵在黄花菜(鲜)和黄花菜(干)的降解半衰期分别为0.85 d、0.97 d和0.40 d、1.65 d;多菌灵在黄花菜(鲜)和黄花菜(干)的降解半衰期分别为1.62 d、1.88 d和1.66 d、1.88 d;不同施药次数、施药剂量及采收间隔期,甲基硫菌灵在黄花菜(鲜)和黄花菜(干)的最终残留量分别为<0.01-0.33 mg/kg和<0.01-1.51 mg/kg;多菌灵在黄花菜(鲜)和黄花菜(干)的最终残留量分别为<0.01-2.72 mg/kg和0.052-2.99 mg/kg。按试验设计方案进行施药,甲基硫菌灵(甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵之和,以多菌灵表示)的普通人群国家估算每日摄入量为1.19 mg,占允许日摄入量的63.1%,认为不会对一般人群健康产生造成不可接受风险。     

Assessment of dietary phytoestrogen intake via plant-derived foods in China

The potential influence of dietary phytoestrogen exposure on human health during different life phases including early childhood is a matter of scientific debate. In order to improve the risk–benefit assessment of exposure to dietary phytoestrogen, reliable and age-stratified exposure data are desirable. For contributing to the database on phytoestrogen exposure, in the present study plant-derived foods from the Chinese market were analysed by LC-MS/MS for their contents of phytoestrogens, including daidzein, genistein, secoisolariciresinol, glycitein and coumestrol. The analytical data showed the presence of phytoestrogens in a concentration range of less than 0.1 to about 50 μg g^?1. Dietary intake was assessed on the basis of average food intake data obtained from interviewing 1000 randomly selected people with the help of food frequency questionnaires. Based on the overall population sampled, the average total phytoestrogen intake was estimated at 232 μg kg^?1 day^?1. Genistein contributed to about 66%, secoisolariciresinol and glycitein to about 10% each, and daidzein to about 7% of the overall intake. Coumestrol was present only in trace amounts. Age-related exposure assessment indicated that pre-pubertal children (aged 0–14 years) were exposed at the highest level with an average total phytoestrogen intake of 621 μg kg^?1 day^?1. The substantially higher average exposure of children as compared with adults should trigger further research into the potential health effects of early life exposure to phytoestrogen.     

云南省部分食品克百威膳食摄入风险评估

目的 了解云南省克百威残留水平, 并对膳食暴露风险进行评估。方法 2012~2017年采集云南省市售蔬菜、水果、食用菌、袋泡茶等食品进行克百威测定, 结合我国食物消费量数据, 采用点评估方法对克百威进行急、慢性膳食暴露评估, 评估结果与急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)、每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)进行比较, 从而评价克百威的暴露风险。结果 食用菌类、其他类水果(除仁果梨果外)、叶菜、甘蓝芸薹类蔬菜的急性暴露量均大于ARfD; 各年龄组平均暴露量、高端暴露量低于ADI。结论 克百威的慢性暴露风险低, 但需关注急性暴露风险。     

盘龙区9岁及以上社区居民膳食营养素摄 入状况分析

目的 分析2010年昆明市盘龙区9岁及以上居民膳食与营养素摄入状况。方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,在盘龙区抽取180户334名9岁及以上居民开展连续3天24小时膳食回顾调查。 结果 2010年盘龙区9岁及以上居民谷类及制品每日平均摄入量为485.4g,豆及其制品摄入量为19.1g,动物性食物摄入量为185.8g(猪肉91.4g、其他畜肉31.0g、内脏4.9g、禽肉类18.4g、蛋类20.5g、鱼虾贝壳类19.6g),乳及其制品50.6g,蔬菜及制品321.6 g,水果及其制品61.8g,油脂类食物39.0 g,调味品24.7g(盐8.8g,酱类7.7g、酱油0.4g),坚果及种子类2.9g,糕点糖果类26.4g。居民每标准人日能量摄入为1960.9Kcal,蛋白质摄入70.4g/d,脂肪摄入为82.5 g/d,碳水化合物摄入235.5 g/d,胆固醇为281.3,膳食纤维为12.5 g/d,灰分摄入为20.7 g/d,维生素A视黄醇当量561.9ug /d,胡萝卜素2074.2 ug/d,视黄醇213.6 ug/d,维生素E总量29.7 mg/d,硫胺素1.0 mg/d,核黄素0.9 mg/d,维生素C104.3 mg/d,尼克酸19.5 mg/d,α维生素E9.3 mg/d,钙403.1mg/d,磷1018.9mg/d,钾1789.1mg/d,钠4957.1mg/d,镁278.3mg/d,铁23.5mg/d,锌12.3mg/d,硒44.1mg/d,铜1.7mg/d,锰5.4mg/d。盘龙区居民蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物提供能量比例分别为14.6%、36.1%和49.9%;谷类、豆类、薯类、动物性食物、纯热能食物、其他食物等各类食物提供的能量分别占总能量的42.2%、3.9%、1.8%、23.0%、16.0%和13.1%。膳食蛋白质来源于谷类、豆类、动物性食物、其他食物分别为32.3%、8.5%、42.7%和16.6%。脂肪来源于动物性食物和植物性食物的脂肪分别为43.5%和56.5%。 结论 2010年盘龙区居民膳食情况较2002年全国平均水平的摄入状况有较大变化。盘龙区居民的膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不平衡,蛋类、鱼虾贝壳类、干豆及其制品、乳及其制品等摄入不足,均低于我国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量,而油脂类食物和食盐的摄入量均高于我国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量。