气体钻井中泥页岩地层遇水时的井壁稳定性研究

常规钻井液钻井中,水在正压差、毛管力和化学势等作用下进入泥页岩发生井壁失稳,而气体钻井除了自身的力学失稳外,主要在毛管力作用下吸收下部地层水造成泥页岩地层井壁失稳。因此,随着气体钻井技术的发展,在钻遇下部地层出水后,泥页岩地层的井壁失稳机理值得研究。从分析气体钻井条件下泥页岩吸水扩散系数、吸水膨胀系数和吸水后的力学参数变化入手,结合建立的力学化学耦合模型,紧紧抓住气体钻井和水基钻井液钻井的不同点,使得该模型能较好地运用到气体钻井泥页岩井壁稳定性的分析中,并通过DY1井气体钻井实践验证了文中的模型。     

泥页岩水化对气体钻井井壁稳定性影响规律研究

气体钻井钻遇地层水后,井壁岩石力学特征变得复杂,给钻井施工带来较大的安全威胁。从泥页岩水化机理着手,通过实验和理论计算方法,对气体钻井过程中泥页岩水化对井周岩石力学参数的影响规律进行分析研究,给出地层出水条件下泥页岩井段井壁稳定性分析评价方法,结合工程地质特征,对川西特殊复杂地层出水情况下气体钻井井壁稳定性进行定量评价。分析结果表明,由于川西地区中浅～中深井段泥页岩层段较多,且地层水丰富,气体钻井过程中井壁容易发生失稳破坏。因此在气体钻井过程中,应充分认识待钻井段地层出水情况和泥页岩地层的纵向分布规律。     

气体钻井后井筒预处理井壁稳定技术

气体钻井技术在提高川东北地区陆相地层钻速、有效防止地层漏失等方面作用显著，但实践过程中存在气体钻井后气液转化过程中的井壁失稳等问题。分析了川东北地区气体钻井后井壁垮塌的原因，探讨了疏水性处理剂对地层岩石表面润湿特性的改变机理，进行了润湿反转剂配方优选和室内试验研究。在川东北地区的多口井进行现场应用后，井壁稳定性明显好转，气液转换时间缩短，初步形成了适合川东北陆相地层地质特点的气液转换井壁稳定技术。试验表明，井筒预处理技术可以提高气液转换施工过程中的井壁稳定性，有效避免泥页岩地层快速吸水失稳垮塌后井下复杂情况发生。     

泡沫钻井液井壁稳定性评价研究

泡沫流体的结构特点虽能缓解泥页岩地层自吸水的能力,但不能阻止泥页岩地层水化的趋势,随着钻井时间的增加,泥页岩水化加剧,进而引发井壁失稳问题。因此,采用合适的评价方法寻求性能优越的抑制剂配方,成为人们普遍关注的重点。通过对泡沫流体引发井壁失稳过程进行分析可知,在对泡沫钻井液进行性能评价时应从两方面入手,即泥页岩自吸水能力以及泥页岩抑制能力。泥页岩自吸水是引发泥页岩水化的先决条件,通过泥页岩自吸水测试,可以筛选出具有一定封堵或减缓泥页岩吸水速度的泡沫钻井液配方。对于泥页岩抑制能力测试可以将膨润土抑制性测试、滚动回收实验以及硬度测试相结合,这样便于优选出抑制能力强且具有持久抑制作用的泡沫钻井液配方。     

气体钻井井壁稳定处理剂评价方法探讨

气体钻井遇到地层出水时,通常就要转化为雾化钻井、充气泡沫钻井或钻井液钻井。工作液中液相浸入,引起地层岩石的物理化学变化,可造成井壁垮塌,甚至会导致井下复杂情况及事故。为此,深入分析和总结了气体钻井遇地层出水后的特殊井下情况,提出了在特殊井下情况下泥页岩井壁稳定对处理剂的性能要求,并对气体钻井井壁稳定处理剂的实验评价方法进行了探讨。结果表明:综合运用滚动回收实验、封堵效果评价,压力穿透测试、抗毛细管力自吸测试以及岩石力学参数测试等方法,能够较全面地评价井壁稳定处理剂的抑制性、封堵性、抗毛细管力自吸等性能以及该处理剂对岩石力学性质的影响。     

“三低”水基钻井液防塌技术在四川超深井中的应用

气体钻井在川渝地区大幅度地提高了机械钻速，受到钻井界的青睐，但气体钻井结束替入常规水基钻井液后普遍出现了严重的井壁失稳难题，导致了长时间大段划眼复杂情况的频繁发生。为此，从分析气体钻井替入钻井液后井壁失稳的水敏性原因入手，提出了解决井壁失稳的技术思路，即将润湿反转防塌技术-低渗透防塌技术-低活度防塌技术三者有机集成在一套钻井液体系中，形成具有“低润湿反转角、低渗透、低活度”特点的“三低”水基钻井液防塌技术，并在室内对获得的“三低”水基钻井液成果配方进行了定量的防塌效果评价。研究结果与现场试验表明，“三低”水基钻井液能够很好地解决气体钻井结束替入水基钻井液后出现的井壁失稳难题；它能在30 min内使泥页岩地层发生明显润湿反转和惰性化反应；在180 min内能彻底密封裂缝，并在泥页岩表面形成致密疏水涂层；无论是在短期防塌，还是在长效防塌方面都具有显著的效果。适合在类似川中地区的气体钻井中推广应用。     

大庆油田气体钻井配套技术及应用

针对深部地层机械钻速慢、中浅层"三低"储层开发动用难等问题,大庆油田开展了气体钻井配套技术研究及实践。通过配套湿度和注气参数等监测装备、判别水层、计算地层出水量、优化钻具组合及钻井参数、采用"内喷外侵"气液转换工艺,解决了地层出水引起的复杂情况、易发生井斜、井壁失稳等问题,形成了一套适用于大庆油田深层泥页岩地层的气体钻井配套技术,实现了在泥页岩地层出水情况下安全钻进。大庆油田27口深井应用该配套技术后,钻井速度提高4倍以上,钻井周期缩短15 d以上;8口中浅井应用该配套技术,在不采取压裂增产措施的情况下,单井产量提高2 t/d以上。这表明气体钻井技术是深层提速及中浅储层保护可行的技术,为大庆油田加快勘探开发进程提供了新的技术手段。      

水化作用对南海东部泥页岩地层井壁坍塌的影响分析

在我国南海东部油气田钻遇韩江组和珠江组的钻井过程中,常遇到泥页岩井壁坍塌问题,制约了钻井速度,造成了一定的经济损失。为此,分析了该地区泥页岩地层井壁失稳机理,通过试验确定了泥页岩吸水扩散系数,研究了泥页岩吸水对其抗压强度、弹性模量等力学参数的影响规律,根据Mohr-Coulomb准则计算了泥页岩水化后井壁坍塌压力随井眼钻开时间的变化规律。这对解决该海域泥页岩地层井壁坍塌问题有较大的指导意义。     

气体钻井地层出水工况实验模拟研究

气体钻井技术在提高机械钻速、保护储层等方面具有其独特的优势。然而,当地层出水以后,由于泥页岩地层黏土水化,极易引发黏附卡钻、井壁失稳等井下复杂情况。为此,针对气体钻井地层出水问题,开展了气体钻井地层出水工况实验模拟研究。通过室内建立的可视化实验装置,模拟分析了低产水工况下的气体携液问题,并对气体钻井地层出水时井底气液混合流动情况以及井筒环空成膜情况进行了研究。实验结果表明,气液混 合后,井底液体主要形成波状液膜,而环空液体主要以液膜和液滴的形式存在,同时环空携液能力决定了液膜厚度和液滴尺寸。通过对地层出水工况下气体携液能力进行分析表明,理论携水量与实验结果相符,当携水量较大时,环空液膜较厚、液滴尺寸较小,且波动更剧烈,使环空压降增加。     

硬脆性泥页岩水化裂缝发展的CT成像与机理

硬脆性泥页岩地层井壁失稳问题是一个十分复杂的难题。外来流体侵入后,岩石内部将会产生一系列的微观物理化学变化而影响地层的稳定性。采用CT成像技术,微观揭示硬脆性泥页岩水化过程中裂缝的发展规律及其对岩石的破坏,并结合扫描电镜等测试手段,分析其机理和对井壁失稳的影响,进而制定出井壁稳定技术对策,为硬脆性泥页岩井壁稳定性研究提供一种新的思路。结果表明,硬脆性泥页岩具有较显著的毛细管效应,岩石矿物颗粒间微孔缝自吸水后产生较强的水化作用,促使次生微裂纹的产生、扩展与连通,微裂纹不断发展成裂缝直至贯通,岩石发生宏观破坏。自吸水化产生次生裂缝破坏是硬脆性泥页岩地层井壁失稳的主要原因之一。强化封堵、控制滤失量和降低滤液表面张力是防止硬脆性泥页岩地层自吸水化破坏的有效措施。     

Experimental Investigation of Shale Membrane Behavior Under Tri-Axial Condition

Wellbore instability in shale formations is one of the primary problems in oil and gas well drilling. The problem has been traditionally tackled by using oil-based drilling mud. However, this technique is costly and restricted by the environmental regulatory bodies. Recent studies have shown that borehole instability in shales can be managed by controlling the chemical potential of drilling mud. One of the critical issues in this approach is that shales are not ideal membranes. It is essential to understand the nonideal behavior of shale before the wellbore instability problem can be managed by the chemical potential approach.

The nonideality of a shale membrane is, in general, a function of the type of the shale being drilled, composition of the formation water in the shale, burial depth of the shale, and chemical composition of the drilling mud used. In this paper, the theory on nonideal membrane was reviewed and identified for the purpose. The mathematical model was validated by experimental results obtained using a real field shale specimen from the Northwest Shelf of Australia. An example is also given to show how the model can be used to manage wellbore instability in shale by controlling the chemical composition of mud. The results of this study can be used as a useful guideline for formulating proper mud to drill troublesome shaly formations.     

Experimental Investigation of Shale Membrane Behavior Under Tri-Axial Condition

Abstract

Wellbore instability in shale formations is one of the primary problems in oil and gas well drilling. The problem has been traditionally tackled by using oil-based drilling mud. However, this technique is costly and restricted by the environmental regulatory bodies. Recent studies have shown that borehole instability in shales can be managed by controlling the chemical potential of drilling mud. One of the critical issues in this approach is that shales are not ideal membranes. It is essential to understand the nonideal behavior of shale before the wellbore instability problem can be managed by the chemical potential approach.

The nonideality of a shale membrane is, in general, a function of the type of the shale being drilled, composition of the formation water in the shale, burial depth of the shale, and chemical composition of the drilling mud used. In this paper, the theory on nonideal membrane was reviewed and identified for the purpose. The mathematical model was validated by experimental results obtained using a real field shale specimen from the Northwest Shelf of Australia. An example is also given to show how the model can be used to manage wellbore instability in shale by controlling the chemical composition of mud. The results of this study can be used as a useful guideline for formulating proper mud to drill troublesome shaly formations.     

力学温度和化学耦合作用下泥页岩地层井壁失稳研究

为减少泥页岩地层,特别是高温-高压泥页岩地层的井眼失稳问题,将泥页岩地层视为孔隙介质,在综合考虑岩石特性、井眼周围三维地应力、化学及热效应等因素对泥页岩地层井眼稳定的影响的情况下建立了井眼周围有 效应力计算模式,通过有限差分法进行求解。结合地层失效准则,得到了温度、渗流以及岩石特性对坍塌压力和破裂压力的影响规律。研究的结果表明对低渗透率的泥页岩来说,热效应以及化学反应在确定钻井液密度窗口时起到重要作用。计算结果对实际钻井有理论上的指导意义。     

The consequences of using concentrated salt solutions for mitigating wellbore instability in shales

Wellbore instability in shale formation is the most troublesome and costly issue facing drilling engineers and operators. Early attempts to solve this problem recommended the application of osmosis where a chemical potential (water activity difference) is created across the wellbore in order to induce water flow out of shale. This required the addition of concentrated salts, especially when using non-aqueous drilling fluids, as a means to lower the chemical potential of the drilling fluid. While this practice may draw water out of shale, the benefit of such practice is compromised by the invasion of ions and their associated water owing to the ionic concentration difference created by the addition of salts to the drilling fluid. The invasion of ions and their associated water into the shale could change the pore fluid composition and mechanical properties of the shale, which could lead to strength reduction through cementing bonds weakening and cohesion degradation and thus matrix expansion and swelling, all of which result ultimately in shale failure.This paper analyzes prior experimental data that claims that shale generates high osmotic pressures by evaluating the experimentally measured membrane efficiency (63 data points) of shale when exposed to both aqueous and non-aqueous drilling fluids. In addition, a series of immersion tests and gravimetric measurements were performed on different shales, when exposed to concentrated aqueous solutions, to study the detrimental impact of ionic diffusion on shale stability. Moreover, biaxial stress tests were performed to investigate the impact of the invasion of water and ions on the compressive strength of shale as it interacts with concentrated aqueous solutions. Other important but ignored mechanisms that greatly impact wellbore instability in shales are also briefly addressed.Results show that while shales behaved as semi-permeable membranes, their membrane efficiencies were low (the average membrane efficiency reported was 0.034). In addition, it was shown that significant ionic invasion coupled with the flow of their associated water occurred when shales interacted with concentrated aqueous solutions. It was further observed that, shale samples failed after 48 h when they were immersed in concentrated aqueous solutions having water activities that were less than that of the shale samples. Also, results show that the compressive strength of shale was altered as a result of water and ion interaction with the shale matrix and pore fluid.     

钻井液活度对川滇页岩气地层水化膨胀与分散的影响

降低水基钻井液活度是解决钻井过程中泥页岩井段井壁失稳的重要技术手段,川滇地区页岩气地层泥质含量高、水敏性强,层理与微裂缝发育,井壁易失稳。以氯化钙等无机盐、甲酸钾等有机盐及丙三醇等有机化合物作为活度调节剂,通过线性膨胀实验、热滚回收实验研究了钻井液活度对宜宾龙马溪组、宜宾五峰组等页岩水化膨胀与分散的影响。结果发现,钻井液活度对页岩水化膨胀和水化分散影响小,泥页岩渗透水化不是上述地区页岩地层井壁失稳的主要原因。解决其井壁失稳问题,应从表面水化、毛管压力及微裂缝等其他机理入手。      

龙马溪页岩井壁失稳机理及高性能水基钻井液技术

目前长水平井段井壁失稳问题仍是制约国内外页岩气资源钻探开发的重大工程技术难题。为解决龙马溪组页岩长水平井段的井壁失稳问题,采用X射线衍射分析、氦气孔隙体积测试、高压压汞测试、高分辨率场发射扫描电镜、CT扫描、岩石连续刻划强度等实验,分析了龙马溪组页岩微观组构特征及理化特性,探讨了微观组构特征、理化特性对龙马溪组页岩井壁稳定的影响。研究表明:龙马溪页岩富含脆性矿物,黏土矿物以伊蒙混层为主,微纳米孔隙发育,微裂隙呈缝状、近平行分布,敏感性矿物的存在及其层理、微裂缝发育是导致页岩井壁失稳的主要内在因素。为此,针对性地提出了多元协同稳定井壁水基钻井液防塌技术对策,即"强化封堵-适度抑制-合理密度-高效润滑"。应用该技术对策构建了高性能水基钻井液优化配方,评价表明,该体系有较好的封堵性和抑制裂缝扩展的能力。该体系在黄金坝区块2口井三开进行了现场试验。现场试验结果表明,该体系较好地解决了页岩长水平井段的井壁失稳和水平段摩阻较大的问题,为中国采用水基钻井液技术高效钻探开发页岩气资源提供了新的思路及经验。      

An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Diffusion Osmosis and Chemical Osmosis on the Stability of Shales

Abstract

Wellbore instability in shales is the most challenging and costly issue in drilling operations. Wellbore instability in shales can be attributed to many factors, some of which have been well studied and documented. However, the physicochemical and mechanical properties alterations in shales that eventually lead to wellbore failure have been largely ignored. Water and ion movements in and out of shales play a major role in the alteration of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of shales, thus leading to wellbore instability problems and possible hole collapse. Water and ions can move in and out of shales by many mechanisms, including, but not limited to, diffusion osmosis, chemical osmosis, convective flow, and capillary suction.

This work presents experimental data analyzing the impact of chemical osmosis and diffusion osmosis on water and ion movements when shale interacts with drilling fluids. The adopted experimental work minimized the effect of convective flow and capillary suction. Results show that water movement is not only controlled by chemical osmosis (water activity) as previously thought but is also influenced by diffusion osmosis. This insight provides information and guidelines to optimize drilling fluids to effectively control and mitigate wellbore instability when drilling through troublesome shale.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩气井壁稳定钻井液

针对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩气水平井钻井过程中存在的裸眼井壁失稳问题,对该组地层进行理化性能分析,明确了导致页岩井壁失稳的主要因素,即钻井液滤液沿地层微裂缝进入地层引起伊蒙混层膨胀,岩石强度降低,为此提出了采用油包水乳化钻井液的技术对策。在此基础上,通过室内实验优选了一套页岩水平井油包水乳化钻井液。室内性能评价实验表明：该体系可加重至1.60 g/cm3,破乳电压高于800 V,抗温120℃,封堵突破压力为7.28 MPa,浸泡后对页岩强度影响较小,能够有效抑制页岩膨胀和封堵裂缝性地层,对于解决该区页岩气钻井过程中的井壁失稳问题具有指导意义。     

The Effect of Water Content on Stress Changes Around a Wellbore Drilled in a Chemically Active Elastoplastic Formation

Drilling a wellbore in water active shale formations has been a significant challenge for the drilling industry. Mainly two mechanisms are responsible for wellbore stability problems: the change in stress concentration around the wellbore (due to chemical, hydraulic, thermal, and mechanical interactions) and also reduction in cohesive strength of shales (due to chemical reactions with drilling fluid). In previous studies coupled chemoporoelastic models have been developed to investigate the change in pore pressure and stress distribution around a wellbore drilled in chemically active formations. Shale formations undergo plastic deformation at high-pressure–high-temperature conditions and its mechanical properties change when exposed to drilling fluid with different physicochemical properties. The authors' aim is to study the change in stresses around a wellbore drilled in elastoplastic shale formation including the change in the cohesive strength of the rock by water adsorption/desorption. A finite element model of coupled chemoporoplasticity is developed to solve plastic deformation around the wellbore. From the results of this study it was found that when the plastic zone is formed around the wellbore a strong relaxation of effective tangential stresses occur. With the passing of time the radius of the plastic zone expands toward the formation until the wellbore collapses.     

伊拉克东巴油田Tanuma组泥页岩高效防塌钻井液技术

伊拉克东巴油田South-2区块采用水平井开发Khasib组储层,但该区块首口以Khasib组为目的层的水平井在钻井过程中,因Tanuma组泥页岩多次发生坍塌卡钻,导致井眼报废。研究Tanuma组矿物组成、孔缝发育情况和水化膨胀特性发现,该组泥页岩具有黏土矿物含量高、水敏性较强、宏观层理发育明显、微观孔缝发育度高和水化膨胀速率快等特点,导致钻井过程中因黏土矿物快速水化膨胀而发生井眼失稳问题。基于此,通过室内试验,优选了封堵剂N-Seal及抑制剂U-HIB,对氯化钾聚磺钻井液的配方进行了优化,形成了高效防塌钻井液。室内试验发现,高效防塌钻井液具有良好的流变性、较强的封堵和抑制能力,能够满足Tanuma组泥页岩井段高效封堵的要求。该防塌钻井液在South-2区块3口水平井进行了现场试验,均成功钻穿Tanuma组泥页岩层段,顺利钻至设计井深,未出现坍塌掉块等井眼失稳问题。室内研究与现场试验结果表明,高效防塌钻井液能够有效解决Tanuma组泥页岩坍塌的技术难题,为实现Khasib组储层的有效开发提供技术支撑。