A simplified method for the extraction of the metals Fe,Zn, Cu,Ni, Cd,Pb, Cr,Co and Mn from soils and sewage sludges

The method described for digestion of soil samples with aqua regia is simple, flexible and safe to operate with large sample throughout. At least nine metals can be determined in the resulting solutions with errors of <5%. The results compare favourably with those from reflux aqua regia and averaged 88% of the certified total values for reference soils and 88% of those for reference sewage sludges.     

Toxic and essential metals in liver, kidney and muscle of pigs at slaughter in Galicia, north-west Spain

The aims of the study were to evaluate toxic and essential metal concentrations in meat and offal from pigs in north-west Spain to compare these with reported metal concentrations in pigs in other countries and in cattle in this region, and to relate the observed concentrations to maximum acceptable concentrations. Samples from 63 pigs aged 6 months were randomly collected at slaughter. After acid digestion, levels of metals were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. As regards the toxic metals, mean concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle were 0.073, 0.308 and 0.009 mg kg^-1 fresh weight for cadmium, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.003 mg kg^-1 for lead, 0.013, 0.011 and 0.003 mg kg^-1 for arsenic, and 0.001, 0.002 and 0.001 mg kg^-1 for mercury. These concentrations can be considered low, and in general similar to those reported in similar studies in recent years. In addition, maximum admissible concentrations established by the European Union were not exceeded in any sample. As regards the essential metals, concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle were 14.9, 5.63 and 6.85 mg kg^-1 for copper, 81.3, 28.9 and 42.5 mg kg^-1 for zinc, 195, 51.6 and 26.5 mg kg^-1 for iron; 1.17, 2.51 and 0.656 mg kg^-1 for selenium, 3.32, 1.56 and 1.01 mg kg^-1 for manganese, 0.023, 0.027 and 0.003 mg kg^-1 for cobalt, 0.120, 0.077 and 0.131 mg kg^-1 for chromium, 0.009, 0.027 and 0.026 mg kg^-1 for nickel, and 1.62, 0.683 and 0.140 mg kg^-1 for molybdenum. These concentrations are all within the accepted adequate-safe ranges for this animal species, and in general are in line with those previously reported in the literature.     

Toxic and essential metal concentrations in four tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Baranja, Croatia

Kidney (n  = 297), liver (n  = 52), jawbone (n  = 80) and muscle (n  = 48) samples collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus) from north-eastern Croatia in the 2002-05 hunting season were analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) using atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical evaluation of results showed age-related accumulations of renal cortex Cd and Zn, bone Pb, and muscle Zn. Renal cortex Cd and Zn were significantly associated. In addition, concentrations of Cd and Pb in muscle tissue were significantly correlated with Fe content. Found levels of toxic metals were not likely to affect the health status of animals. A total of 49% of the muscle, 60% of the kidney and 6% of the liver samples were unsuitable for human consumption according to Croatian regulations for Cd in food. However, the calculated intake of Cd through deer meat consumption is small and represents no health risk when consumption is moderate.     

Toxic and essential metal concentrations in four tissues of red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) from Baranja,Croatia

Kidney (n =?297), liver (n =?52), jawbone (n =?80) and muscle (n =?48) samples collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus) from north-eastern Croatia in the 2002–05 hunting season were analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) using atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical evaluation of results showed age-related accumulations of renal cortex Cd and Zn, bone Pb, and muscle Zn. Renal cortex Cd and Zn were significantly associated. In addition, concentrations of Cd and Pb in muscle tissue were significantly correlated with Fe content. Found levels of toxic metals were not likely to affect the health status of animals. A total of 49% of the muscle, 60% of the kidney and 6% of the liver samples were unsuitable for human consumption according to Croatian regulations for Cd in food. However, the calculated intake of Cd through deer meat consumption is small and represents no health risk when consumption is moderate.     

Survey of trace elements (Al,As, Cd,Cr, Co,Hg, Mn,Ni, Pb,Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p < 0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p < 0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.     

ICP-MS测定饼干中的铅、砷、铬、镉、铜、锌、铁和锰

探讨了应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定饼干中铅、砷、铬、镉、铜、锌、铁和锰8种重金属元素的方法。运用微波消解系统对样品进行消解,以铋、锗、钪和铟作为内标物,用ICP-MS对消解液进行检测,并采用国标方法对其结果进行验证。利用加标回收率试验和国家标准物质小麦(GBW 10052)检测试验考察了方法的准确性和可靠性。结果表明,该方法所测元素在标准溶液浓度范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限在0.002~0.500 mg/kg之间,相对标准偏差均小于6.55%,本法与国标方法测量结果的相对偏差在3.73%~8.40%之间,加标回收率在88.0%~106%之间,标准物质的测定值与标准参考值符合要求。     

The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg) in fish from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight

Zusammenfassung Mit dem Ziele, unsere Kenntnisse über den gegenwärtigen Grad der Schwermetallspeicherung in Fischen zu erweitern, wurde der Gehalt an den metallischen Spurenelementen Mangan, Eisen, Kobalt, Nickel, Kupfer, Zink, Cadmium, Blei und Quecksilber in bestimmten Fischarten (Kabeljau und Scholle) aus küstennahen und küstenfernen Fanggebieten der Deutschen Bucht bestimmt. Als Meßverfahren wurde die Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie eingesetzt: Bei der Bestimmung der Elemente Mn, Fe, Cu und Zn wurde die herkömmliche Flammentechnik (Laminarbrenner, Luft-Acetylen-Flamme) verwendet. Die flammenlose Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie unter Verwendung der Graphitrohrküvette diente der Bestimmung von Cd, Pb, Co und Ni. Der Gehalt an Gesamt-Quecksilber wurde mit der sogenannten Kaltdampf-Methode ermittelt. Zur Vermeidung von Fehlinterpretationen der Meßwerte von Kobalt und Nickel, die sich insbesondere bei diesen Elementen als Folge von Matrixeffekten ergeben, wurde eine spezielle Aufarbeitungstechnik entwickelt, die auf einer selektiven Abtrennung und Anreicherung durch Chelataustauscher-Chromatographie über Chelex 100 beruht.Die ermittelten analytischen Daten werden in einem Diagramm mit doppelt logarithmischem Maßstab dargestellt. Auf der Abscisse ist der Gehalt (Mittelwert von Mehrfachbestimmungen) aufgetragen, auf der Ordinate die zugehörige Reproduzierbarkeit (als Variationskoeffizient) des jeweiligen Meßverfahrens. Allen untersuchten Elementen lassen sich gut umrissene Gehaltsbereiche zuordnen.Das Spektrum der Gehalte an den Übergangsmetallen Mangan, Eisen, Kobalt, Nickel, Kupfer und Zink zeigt bei einem Vergleich von Fischen gleicher Art, aber verschiedener Herkunft nur geringe Unterschiede. Ebenso entsprechen einander die Gehalte, welche an Hand der Untersuchungen verschiedener Fischarten (Kabeljau, Scholle) gleicher Herkunft gewonnen wurden. Die ermittelten Werte für Cadmium, Blei und Quecksilber lassen erkennen, daß Schollen, die sich in der unmittelbaren Küstenzone aufhalten, erhöhte Gehalte aufweisen.

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The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg) in fish from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight

Summary With the intention of increasing our knowledge about the actual degree of heavy metal accumulation in fish, the contents of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury in certain fish species (cod and plaice) from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight have been determined. The measurements have been performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: Flame AAS was used as investigating procedure for the determination of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. A non-flame atomization system with a heated graphite tube was used for the determination of Cd, Pb, Co, and Ni. The concentration of total Hg was estimated according to the so-called cold vapour atomic absorption method. In order to avoid errors in interpretation of measured values of Co and Ni, which occured as a result of matrix effects, a special technique has been developed. This based upon an selective separation and enrichment by chelate exchanger chromatography (Chelex 100).The analytical data obtained are plotted in a diagram with log.-log. scale. The content is shown on thex-axis, and the corresponding relative reproducibility (variation coefficient) of the method used is shown on the y-axis. For all elements investigated certain levels have been found out.From an examination of the results it appeared that there were comparatively small differences in the prevailing concentrations of transition metals Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn between samples of the same species from different areas. Likewise, the levels estimated for plaice did not differ from those estimated for cod. There is some evidence of elevated levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg in plaice from areas along the coastline.

     

Toxic Metals (Hg,Pb, and Cd) in Commercially Important Demersal Fish from Mediterranean Sea: Contamination Levels and Dietary Exposure Assessment

Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were quantified in muscle tissue of 5 species of demersal fish (european conger eel, rosefish, brown ray, blackbellied angler, and red mullet) commonly consumed in Italy. In all species studied, Hg was the most abundant element, followed by Pb and Cd, which exhibited comparable levels. Cd and Pb concentrations did not differ either within individuals of the same species or among various species examined, whereas Hg accumulation was species‐specific. Significant positive correlations between Hg concentrations and fish length for the 5 characterized species were observed. From a public health standpoint, Pb concentrations were under the legal limit for human consumption indicated by European Regulation, whereas Hg and Cd content occurred at levels exceeding the respective critical values in most of the samples examined. The estimated weekly intakes (EWIs) as well as the target hazard quotients (THQs) for Cd and Pb indicated that fish were safe for human consumption, whereas major concern was related to Hg. Fish size‐related changes in Hg concentrations determined high THQ and EWI values relatively to larger size fish consumption of these species, except for red mullet, suggesting potential health human risk. A continuous surveillance system of Hg content in fishery products, especially in certain species that for physiological reasons concentrate Hg more easily than others is crucial for consumer health protection. Practical Application : The present article deals with metal (Hg, Cd, and Pb) concentrations in commercially important demersal fish from Mediterranean Sea. The dietary intakes of these elements have been estimated and the dietary exposure assessment was calculated. This kind of study will help the consumers to make an informative choice when buying fish.     

The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg) in fish from onshore and offshore waters of the German bight.

With the intention of increasing our knowledge about the actual degree of heavy metal accumulation in fish, the contents of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury in certain fish species (cod and plaice) from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight have been determined. The measurements have been performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: Flame AAS was used as investigating procedure for the determination of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. A non-flame atomization system with a heated graphite tube was used for the determination of Cd, Pb, Co, and Ni. The concentration of total Hg was estimated according to the so-called "cold vapour atomic absorption method". In order to avoid errors in interpretation of measured values of Co and Ni, which occured as a result of matrix effects, a special technique has been developed. This based upon an selective separation and enrichment by chelate exchanger chromatography ("Chelex 100"). The analytical data obtained are plotted in a diagram with log.-log. scale. The content is shown on the x-axis, and the corresponding relative reproducibility (variation coefficient) of the method used is shown on the y-axis. For all elements investigated certain levels have been found out. From an examination of the results it appeared that there were comparatively small differences in the prevailing concentrations of transition metals Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn between samples of the same species from different areas. Likewise, the levels estimated for plaice did not differ from those estimated for cod. There is some evidence of elevated levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg in plaice from areas along the coastline.     

Quantity of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and ashes in DOC Tacoronte-Acentejo (Canary Islands, Spain) musts and wines

This study determines ash, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Pb, and Zn content in musts and wines of the DOC Tacoronte-Acentejo (Tenerife, Canary Islands) from two consecutive harvests. Samples were treated with HNO₃ and H₂O₂. Na and K were determined by flame photometry and the remaining metals by air/acetilene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Significant differences were observed in Na, Ca and Mg contents between both harvests, possibly due to climate conditions.     

Heavy metals (Pb,Cu, Zn and Cd) in the system soil – grapevine – grape

An Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 79(15)1999, 2122. The investigation was carried out in the period 1991–1995 in a region with a major industrial pollutant, the Non‐Ferrous‐Metal Works, and a region with no industrial pollutants (as a control). The heavy metal content in soil, roots, annual shoots and perennial parts of grapevine, leaves, grapes and wine, was determined. Soil samples and roots of the rootstock Kober 5BB were taken at 10 cm intervals from depths of 0–100 cm. Roots were divided by thickness in fractions at 1 mm intervals. The shoots, bark, vascular tissue, wood, core and diaphragm were investigated. The leaf analyses included leaf blade and leaf petioles, and those of grapes, berry‐free raceme (washed in a lot of water and unwashed). Berries were analysed (the berry skin, the pulp and the seeds). The results obtained for the Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd contents in the grapevine roots show that they depend significantly both on their amounts in the soil and the age of the roots. The main parts of the heavy metal amounts taken by the roots of the grapevine from the soil are fixed and accumulated in the young feed rootlets (with diameters of 1 mm), and small amounts of them move through the conducting system to the older, larger diameter root system. The experimental data obtained for the presence of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in the separate tissues and organs of grapevines grown in an industrially polluted region showed that their amounts were mainly due to the heavy‐metal‐containing aerosols falling from the atmosphere. Part of them, however, got into the soil, and from there, even if in minimal amounts, penetrated via the root system into the grapevine plants and accumulated into their different overground parts. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Seasonal Survey of Contaminants (Cd and Hg) and Micronutrients (Cu and Zn) in Edible Tissues of Cephalopods from Tunisia: Assessment of Risk and Nutritional Benefits

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the muscle tissues (arms and mantle) of 3 commercial cephalopods (Loligo vulgaris, Octopus vulgaris, and Sepia officinalis) caught in 3 different Tunisian coastal regions. The highest concentrations found correspond to the essential elements Cu and Zn. Octopuses and cuttlefish showed the highest levels of those elements whereas squid presented with significantly higher values of Hg in both muscular tissues. This may be related to different feeding behavior and detoxification processes among benthic and pelagic cephalopods. Variation of element concentrations between seasons was different between species and seemed to be mostly dependent on the sampling site. From a public health standpoint, average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn measured in edible tissues of cephalopods from this study did not reveal, in general, any risk for consumers. The estimated target hazard quotients for Cd and Hg for consumers of the selected species were below 1 and within the safety range for human health. Moreover, their consumption could provide in an important contribution to the daily dietary intake of Cu for the Tunisian population, especially regarding the consumption of octopus and cuttlefish muscles.     

Determination of heavy metals (Cd,Pb) and trace elements (Cu,Zn) in sediments and fish of the Southeastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) by atomic absorption spectrometry

The Bay of Güllük in Southeastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) is very important by the potential of marine product in the Aegean Sea. There are various polluting elements in Güllük Bay. The current situation of the bay and impact of pollutants have became necessity. Dicentrarchus labrax are frequently used for human consumption. In this study, heavy metals (Pb, Cd) and trace elements (Cu, Zn) were analyzed in fish (D. labrax) and sediments in the Bay of Güllük by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average metal concentrations in the fish varied in the following ranges: Pb; <0.02–0.4, Cd; <0.01–0.04, Cu; <0.1, Zn; <0.5–7.2 mg kg⁻¹. In addition, seven sediment samples were analyzed and avarage concentrations of them were found as Zn; 80.8 ± 0.45, Cu; 25.2 ± 0.14, Pb; 20.0 ± 2, Cd; 0.560.08 mg kg⁻¹. The accuracy and precision of our results were checked by using International Certified Reference samples (fish: DORM-2, sediment: HISS-1).     

陕西省主产区主栽品种猕猴桃果实中Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb、Cd含量检测

目的:采集陕西省猕猴桃生产基地的10个主产区中的4个品种猕猴桃果实,对其金属元素含量进行检测分析。方法:采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb、Cd5种金属元素的含量,并与国家标准进行比对和评价。结果:10个产区4个品种的猕猴桃果实中Cu、Mn、Zn的检出率均为100%,Pb检出率为13.64%,Cd未检出,在所有检出样品中仅Zn超标,其余均低于国家水果污染物限量标准。不同产地,不同品种中5种元素含量均有一定差异,其中2号产区部分样品以及部分秦美猕猴桃Zn超标较为严重,Zn的污染需引起有关部门的重视。     

Role of transition metals,Fe(II), Cr(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) in lipid peroxidation

Cod liver oil was oxidized with Fenton-like systems containing transition metals Fe(II), Cr(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II). Malonaldehyde (MA) formed from 10 μl cod liver oil oxidized by a Fenton-like system containing each metal at levels of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 4 μmol was analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The MA production exhibited dose response and the greatest amount (837.0 ± 19.1 nmol) was obtained by the Fe(II) system at the level of l μmol. Generally, higher MA formation is observed in the lower the third ionization potential of the metal. The decreasing order of MA formed in the metal systems at the level of 1 μmol is Fe(II) > Cr(II)(274.1 ± 20.1 nmol) > Pb(II)(150.7 ± 13.0 nmol) > Cd(II)(95.4 ± 6.7 nmol). The amounts of MA formed in Cr(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) systems were considerably lower than those in the Fe(II) system. The relative formations of MA in the Cr(II) and Pb(II) systems were similar to those in the Fe(II) system. The results suggest that trace amounts of metals contribute oxidative effects to lipid peroxidation followed by various diseases.     

Micronutrients (B,Co, Cu,Fe, Mn,Mo, and Zn) content in made tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and tea infusion with health prospect: A critical review

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a perennial acidophilic crop, and known to be a nonalcoholic stimulating beverage that is most widely consumed after water. The aim of this review paper is to provide a detailed documentation of selected micronutrient contents, viz. boron (B), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) in made tea and tea infusion. Available data from the literature were used to calculate human health aspect associated with the consumption of tea infusion. A wide range of micronutrients reported in both made tea and tea infusion could be the major sources of micronutrients for human. The content of B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn in made tea are ranged from 3.04 to 58.44 μg g^?1, below detectable limit (BDL) to 122.4 μg g^?1, BDL to 602 μg g^?1, 0.275 to 13,040 μg g^?1, 0.004 to 15,866 μg g^?1, 0.04 to 570.80 μg g^?1 and 0.01 to 1120 μg g^?1, respectively. Only 3.2 μg L^?1 to 7.25 mg L^?1, 0.01 μg L^?1 to 7 mg L^?1, 3.80 μg L^?1 to 6.13 mg L^?1, 135.59 μg L^?1 ?11.05 mg L^?1, 0.05 μg L^?1 to 1980.34 mg L^?1, 0.012 to 3.78 μg L^?1, and 1.12 μg L^?1 to 2.32 μg L^?1 of B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn, respectively, are found in tea infusion which are lower than the prescribed limit of micronutrients in drinking water by World Health Organization. Furthermore, micronutrient contents in tea infusion depend on infusion procedure as well as on the instrument used for analysis. The proportion of micronutrients found in different tea types are 1.0–88.9% for B, 10–60% for Co, 2.0–97.8% for Cu, 67.8–89.9% for Fe, 71.0–87.4% for Mn, 13.3–34% for Mo, and 34.9–83% for Zn. From the results, it can also be concluded that consumption of three cups of tea infusion per day does not have any adverse effect on human health with respect to the referred micronutrients rather got beneficial effects to human.     

ICP-MS analysis of a series of metals (Namely: Mg,Cr, Co,Ni, Fe,Cu, Zn,Sn, Cd and Pb) in black and green olive samples from Bursa,Turkey

Ninety-two black and green table olive samples from the Bursa, Turkey were analyzed. The olives were sampled from 56 brands, four processing methods and three packing types. The concentration of Mg, Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn, Cd and Pb were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). While the most concentrated element was Mg (125.11 ± 5.02), Co (0.09 ± 0.01) had the lowest concentration in tested olive samples. The levels of the ten metals studied are within safe limits. The data here obtained will be valuable in complementing available food composition data, and estimating dietary intakes of heavy metals in Turkey. The metals Mg, Fe, Zn, Sn and Pb presented significant differences (p < 0.05) in content between two types, hence processing method, brand and packing material must influence their content.