Investigations of an improved PV system topology using multilevel boost converter and line commutated inverter with solutions to grid issues

A photovoltaic (PV) system using multilevel boost converter (MBC) and line commutated inverter (LCI), operating in both grid-connected mode and stand-alone mode has been analysed. This proposed system extracts and feeds the maximum power to a single phase utility grid and stand-alone system simultaneously. The duty ratio of the MBC is estimated from the theoretical analysis of the proposed system, for extracting maximum power from PV array. The proposed system tracks the maximum power with the determined duty ratio which remains the same for all irradiations, for a fixed firing angle of LCI. The flexibility of supplying required proportion of extracted power to grid and stand-alone load and the elimination of a separate MPPT controller are the major benefits of the proposed system under normal grid conditions. In addition to it, the grid issues like voltage swell, blackout and brownout are considered and necessary remedial measures have been taken in the proposed system. Based on the issues, either the firing angle of LCI is adjusted or LCI is disconnected and replaced by a battery. Simulation studies have been carried out and the dynamic response of the system is observed. A laboratory prototype is built and experimental investigations have also been carried out. The theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results are found to be closely associating with each other proving the efficacy of the proposed configuration.     

Stable reactive power balancing strategies of grid‐connected photovoltaic inverter network

In this paper, a distributed reactive power control based on balancing strategies is proposed for a grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter network. Grid‐connected PV inverters can transfer active power at the maximum power point and generate a certain amount reactive power as well. Because of the limited apparent power transfer capability of a single PV inverter, multiple PV inverters usually work together. The communication modules of PV inverters formulate a PV inverter network that allows reactive power to be cooperatively supplied by all the PV inverters. Hence, reactive power distributions emerge in the grid‐connected PV inverter network. Uniform reactive power distributions and optimal reactive power distributions are considered here. Reactive power balancing strategies are presented for both desired distributions. Invariant sets are defined to denote the desired reactive power distributions. Then, stability analysis is conducted for the invariant sets by using Lyapunov stability theory. In order to validate the proposed reactive power balancing strategies, a case study is performed on a large‐scale grid‐connected PV system considering different conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control of Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems with Microinverters: New Theoretical Design and Numerical Evaluation

This paper addresses the problem of controlling grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems that are driven with microinverters. The systems to be controlled consist of a solar panel, a boost dc–dc converter, a DC link capacitor, a single‐phase full‐bridge inverter, a filter inductor, and an isolation transformer. We seek controllers that are able to simultaneously achieve four control objectives, namely: (i) asymptotic stability of the closed loop control system; (ii) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV module; (iii) tight regulation of the DC bus voltage; and (iv) unity power factor (PF) in the grid. To achieve these objectives, a new multiloop nonlinear controller is designed using the backstepping design technique. A key feature of the control design is that it relies on an averaged nonlinear system model accounting, on the one hand, for the nonlinear dynamics of the underlying boost converter and inverter and, on the other, for the nonlinear characteristic of the PV panel. To achieve the MPPT objective, a power optimizer is designed that computes online the optimal PV panel voltage used as a reference signal by the PV voltage regulator. It is formally shown that the proposed controller meets all the objectives. This theoretical result is confirmed by numerical simulation tests.     

DSP的有源钳位反激式光伏并网逆变器设计

本文设计了一套以TI公司的TMS320F28335浮点型DSP为控制核心的单相光伏并网微型逆变器,光伏电池输出的直流电经交错并联反激式变换器转换为2倍于电网频率的正弦双半波电流,再用极性反转桥将正弦双半波电流转换为与电网同频同相的交流电并入电网.采用有源钳位电路能使MOSFET管实现零电压开关(ZVS).提出的一种改进型扰动观察法,可提高MPPT效率.样机实验波形表明,该光伏逆变器输出电流谐波含量较少,能够向电网输送高质量的电能.     

Genetic algorithm-trained radial basis function neural networks for modelling photovoltaic panels

Radial basis function neural networks (RBFNs) can be applied to model the I–V characteristics and maximum power points (MPPs) of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The key issue for training an RBFN lies in determining the number of radial basis functions (RBFs) in the hidden layer. This paper presents a genetic algorithms-based RBFN training scheme to search for the optimal number of RBFs using only the input samples of a PV panel. The performance of the trained RBFN is comparable with that of the conventional model and the training algorithm is computationally efficient. The trained RBFNs have been applied to predict MPPs of two different practical PV panels. The results obtained are accurate enough for applying the models to control the PV systems for tracking the optimal power points.     

基于CIGS薄膜光伏电池的三相并网研究与仿真

针对光伏电池工程数学模型误差较大的问题,本文采用基于光伏电池物理等效电路模型对CIGS（铜铟镓硒）薄膜光伏电池阵列进行建模仿真,并采用牛顿插值算法对CIGS薄膜光伏电池阵列进行最大功率点跟踪,并网逆变器部分则采用直接电流控制策略,由此搭建仿真平台实现三相光伏并网仿真。仿真结果和数据表明了CIGS薄膜光伏电池阵列所建立模型的有效性和牛顿插值最大功率点跟踪算法的快速与准确性,以及直接电流控制策略的实用性。对CIGS薄膜光伏发电系统的工程分析和设计具有较高的参考价值。     

Simulation modelling and analysis of modular cascaded multilevel converter based shunt hybrid active power filter for large scale photovoltaic system interconnection

Modular multilevel inverters are promising candidates for next generation of efficient, robust and reliable inverters in large scale photovoltaic system. A modular cascaded multilevel inverter based shunt hybrid active power filter (SHAPF) for three phase grid-connected large scale PV systems is represented in this paper. The main contribution of this paper is to model and control of grid interfaced large scale photovoltaic system with embedded hybrid active power filter functions. In proposed system, the features of hybrid active power filter have been amalgamated in the control circuit of the voltage controlled voltage source inverter interfacing the photovoltaic system to the grid. As a result, the same inverter part of SHAPF is utilized to inject power generated from photovoltaic source to the grid and also to act as hybrid active power filter to compensate harmonics and reactive power demand. With using compensation ability, the grid currents are sinusoidal and in phase with grid voltages. The whole system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results are demonstrated to verify the operation and the control system of the proposed system.     

ANN based simulation and experimental verification of analytical four- and five-parameters models of PV modules

In this article, artificial neural network (ANN) is adopted to predict photovoltaic (PV) panel behaviors under realistic weather conditions. ANN results are compared with analytical four and five parameter models of PV module. The inputs of the models are the daily total irradiation, air temperature and module voltage, while the outputs are the current and power generated by the panel. Analytical models of PV modules, based on the manufacturer datasheet values, are simulated through Matlab/Simulink environment. Multilayer perceptron is used to predict the operating current and power of the PV module. The best network configuration to predict panel current had a 3–7–4–1 topology. So, this two hidden layer topology was selected as the best model for predicting panel current with similar conditions. Results obtained from the PV module simulation and the optimal ANN model has been validated experimentally. Results showed that ANN model provide a better prediction of the current and power of the PV module than the analytical models. The coefficient of determination (R²), mean square error (MSE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values for the optimal ANN model were 0.971, 0.002 and 0.107, respectively. A comparative study among ANN and analytical models was also carried out. Among the analytical models, the five-parameter model, with MAPE = 0.112, MSE = 0.0026 and R² = 0.919, gave better prediction than the four-parameter model (with MAPE = 0.152, MSE = 0.0052 and R² = 0.905). Overall, the 3–7–4–1 ANN model outperformed four-parameter model, and was marginally better than the five-parameter model.     

Design and development of new control technique for standalone PV system

A Sub-Maximum Power Point Tracking (S-MPPT) algorithm improves the performance of Photo Voltaic (PV) systems. This S-MPPT is used in single-phase PV system to test the tracking accuracy and its impact on the consistency of the whole system. Single phase PV Deadbeat Scheduler is proposed in this paper. The Deadbeat scheduler is a linear system. It initializes each initial state of the system to zero in shortest time possible. A single phase PV structure configuration is proposed to decrease the partial shading effect by changing the parameters of S-MPPT control algorithm. Thus, voltage sensor based S-MPPT algorithm through voltage reference control technique with the help of controller is developed for minimizing the tracking time and steady state oscillations. Selection of the objective function to mitigate the drawbacks associated with voltage sensor based algorithm for a decrease in solar irradiance are also demonstrated. The proposed MPPT algorithm with the designed controller is tested for a step change in irradiance from 270 to 480 W/m2 with a perturbation time of 20 ms and ∆V = 0.5 V (perturbation of voltage). From the simulation results, the proposed method with S-MPPT plus deadbeat control algorithm is compared with other existing algorithms.     

储能设备获最大功率的改进型光伏充电系统设计

针对光伏充电系统中能量利用率不高的问题,给出了改进型光伏充电系统的硬件及软件系统的设计方法。该系统基于低功耗单片机MSP430F1611,利用扰动观察法,通过控制数字电位器来间接调节MPPT变换器的输出电压,从而光伏电池功率与MPPT变换器效率在比值最优的情况下,可使得储能设备获得最大功率。经过仿真验证,该方法可以达到预期的效果,储能设备在同等条件下能获得更多的电能。     

光伏电站集成检测系统设计

采用电子电路对光伏电站环境参数进行检测,将采样得到的环境温度、组件温度和光辐照量转换成相应的电信号。利用单片机的实时控制和数据处理功能,完成系统对环境参数的检测,配置了485总线与上位机进行通信。充分考虑光辐照量测量的各种干扰,进行了温度校正和谱校正,确保测量的准确性,实现了基于光伏电池的低成本光伏电站环境参数检测系统。     

光伏并网发电系统软件锁相技术的研究

光伏并网发电系统是利用太阳能的主要技术之一,并网逆变器是实现其与电网连接的核心部分。为使光伏并网逆变器逆变输出电流能够更好地跟踪电网电压基波,完成同步锁相功能,本文以1kW单相光伏并网逆变器为研究平台,阐述光伏并网逆变器的工作原理和系统结构,分析并网逆变器的并网控制技术,提出一种基于坐标变换的双park鉴相器的软件锁相技术,最后通过Matlab仿真验证该方法的可行性。     

浅谈分布式光伏发电

分布式光伏发电作为新型能源,在未来发展具有很广阔的前景。文章结合目前分布式光伏发电实际发展情况,介绍了光伏发电原理、光伏电源对配电网的影响及系统保护配置等,并具体介绍了分布式发电并网调度管理的运行步骤。     

具有谐波补偿功能的光伏并网逆变器控制策略研究

随着高新能源技术的发展,光伏并网发电在通过逆变器并网时往往会产生大量的不同谐波,并因此消耗大量的电能。接入电网的光伏并网逆变器中存在大量的负载,这将使整体电网质量下降。针对此问题,论文提出一种具有谐波补偿功能的光伏并网逆变器控制方法,通过谐波补偿装置采集电网中的谐波含量,并基于MPPT算法对所采集的谐波进行分析、计算,根据所计算出的分析结果补偿谐波。该技术方案在三相电和单相电情况下均可正常使用。通过在实验室Matlab/Simulink环境下建立系统拓扑构架进行试验,电网中的电流谐波含量大大降低,从而消除了电网谐波对负载光伏并网逆变器的影响,因此,仿真结果验证了理论分析,该技术方案具有一定的实用价值和科研价值。     

基于NSGA-II的并网型风光互补发电系统协调控制

针对并网型风光互补发电系统中,系统最大输出功率大于给定功率时,风力发电子系统和光伏发电子系统功率如何协调的问题,提出了一种功率协调控制方法.在该方法中,根据系统并网收益最大和输出电流谐波最小构建目标函数,采用带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法对风力发电子系统和光伏发电子系统的输出功率进行多目标优化,协调控制子系统的发电功率;并以甘肃华电阿克赛风光互补发电项目为例进行了仿真验证.仿真结果表明,与传统的光伏优先接入方式相比,基于NSGA-Ⅱ的并网型风光互补发电系统协调控制方法可以更加合理地利用风能和太阳能,提高新能源电能的电网友好性.     

A new maximum power tracking in PV system during partially shaded conditions based on shuffled frog leap algorithm

Abstract

Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPTs) are power electronic conditioners used in photovoltaic (PV) system to ensure that PV structures feed maximum power for the given ambient temperature and sun’s irradiation. When the PV panels are shaded by a fraction due to any environment hindrances then, conventional MPPT trackers may fail in tracking the appropriate peak power as there will be multi power peaks. In this work, a shuffled frog leap algorithm (SFLA) is proposed and it successfully identifies the global maximum power point among other local maxima. The SFLA MPPT is compared with a well-entrenched conventional perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm and a global search particle swarm optimisation (PSO) MPPT. The simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm is highly advantageous than P&O, as it tracks nearly 30% more power for a given shading pattern. The credible nature of the proposed SFLA is ensured when it outplays PSO MPPT in convergence. The whole system is realised in MATLAB/Simulink environment.     

基于Pspice模拟行为模型的光伏阵列建模

根据光伏电池物理机制的数学表达式,利用Pspice仿真软件的模拟行为模型构建光伏电池的Pspice仿真模型.在此基础上,通过分析光伏阵列和光伏电池的关系及电路等效变换,建立任意功率级的PV仿真模型.该模型可以仿真任意太阳光照强度、环境温度、光伏模块参数及任意个光伏电池串并联组合下光伏阵列的I-V 、P-V特性.实验和仿真结果表明,仿真模型的输出特性与实际电池的输出特性基本一致,能较好体现光伏阵列的输出特性.模型的建立为光伏发电系统的动态仿真提供了有效的模拟输入电源.     

FPGA based PV grid-connected inverter using partition input union output dual impedance qZSI

In this research, FPGA implementation of high gain topologies are proposed for 3-phase grid connected quasi Z-Source Inverter(qZSI), desirable for application that involve solar photovoltaic systems, like continuous input current configuration of qZSI with two-switched impedance network. Identical with Diode Assisted quasi-Z source inverter (DA-qZSI), the newly introduced Partition input Union output Dual Impedance quasi -Z Source Inverter (PUDL-qZSI) topology achieves great boost factor inversion at low Shoot-Through (ST) duty cycle and a higher Non Shoot-Through (NST) period to yield an increased Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) output current. This research investigates about the working principles and assessment of the newly introduced PUDL-qZSI with continuous input PV current configured two-switched impedance networks and thereafter it is comparable with qZSI, and DA-qZSI. The topologies analysis is performed in the steady state and the validation of their dynamic performances are carried out using the simulated results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink. In addition, the experimental results shows that the proposed FPGA based controller achieve a good performance at small calculation time, which is precise for PUDL-qZSI PV based grid connected system.     

Power quality enhancement in solar power with grid connected system using UPQC

The need to generate pollution free energy has triggered the effect towards the usage of solar energy interconnection with the grid. Consequently, the Photovoltaic (PV) panel interfaced with the grid causes the power quality problems such as a voltage harmonics and voltage distortion etc., Active power filters are the powerful tool for mitigation of harmonics. This work involves the use of single-phase Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) based on a unit vector template control algorithm for its functions with grid integration of photovoltaic, such as voltage sags/ swell, unit power factor correction, voltage and current harmonic cancelation. The unit vector template control algorithm includes a phase-locked loop (PLL) mechanism that is responsible for avoiding multiple zero crossings during highly distorted grid voltage detection. A unit vector template control with a PLL-based control algorithm is applied to the shunt and series inverters of PV grid connected UPQC. In addition to normalizing voltage and current disturbances, the proposed controller has the functions of phase detection and perfect grid synchronization. It is proposed that the system performance is fully verified by MATLAB simulation with the response of load variation, transient response, THD, voltage swell and sag. The Total Harmonic Distortions (THDs) of proposed grid integration of photovoltaic systems through single-phase unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) obtain the range of IEEE standard.     

光伏并网逆变器MLD建模及预测控制算法

光伏并网逆变器传统的开关函数模型在并网过程中的动态响应速度慢,影响了逆变器溃入电网的电能质量。为了解决这一问题,提高光伏并网逆变器的供电质量,分析光伏并网逆变器的混杂特性,通过对逆变器的开关动态引入逻辑变量,建立MLD模型,提出一种基于该模型的预测控制算法。仿真结果表明,基于MLD模型的预测控制算法改善了光伏并网系统的动态性能,达到并网要求条件的时间更短,验证了所提方法的可行。