羊奶膻味脂肪酸代谢调控研究

山羊奶是一种营养完全的食品,含有能促进人类生长发育以及维持健康的必需营养成分,它所含各种营养成分的比例,大体适合人类的生理需要。发展山羊奶业不仅是对中国奶业数量上的补充,而且在品质上,与牛奶相比更具潜力。但是由于羊奶具有膻味,因此羊奶及其制品的市场占有率很低。研究证明羊奶中短、中链脂肪酸是造成膻味的主要原因。文章对近年来羊奶膻味与脂肪酸代谢及基因调控等的研究状况进行了综述。     

不同脂肪酶酶解奶油制备奶味香基的研究

选用Hansen calf lipase、Amano lipase A6、Lipozyme RM IM 3种脂肪酶对无水奶油进行适度酶解制备奶味香基。采用气相色谱分析了酶解奶油中游离脂肪酸组成,结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术对酶解奶油中的挥发性风味成分进行研究,并通过感官评价对酶解奶油进行风味剖面分析并对烘焙产品偏好性评定。结果表明:3种脂肪酶选择性酶解产生中短链脂肪酸的能力均较强,其中动物来源的Hansen calf lipase对中短链脂肪酸的选择性酶解能力最高,酶解奶油中短链脂肪酸相对含量为42.9%,且该酶解奶油和烘焙产品具有令人愉悦的奶味和干酪味;3种酶解奶油中的挥发性风味成分主要为脂肪酸、醛类、酮类、内酯类物质。     

乳及其制品中风味物质的研究进展

乳尤其是发酵乳中的风味物质种类繁多,包括非挥发性酸、挥发酸、羰基化合物以及蛋白、脂肪和乳糖等的分解物。由于加工过程中微生物和理化的原因,容易使乳制品产生不良风味。通过加入抗氧化剂等添加剂、加强杀菌措施、控制原料奶的品质和环境条件来控制风味的变化,提高其品质。     

高油酸浓香花生油和普通浓香花生油风味比较

为了探究浓香花生油的感官属性与呈香前体物质之间的关系，以高油酸花生仁和普通花生仁为原料，经炒籽—压榨—水化脱胶制备浓香花生油，测定了高油酸花生仁（山东、安徽和河北产）和普通花生仁（山东产）的理化指标、炒籽前后氨基酸及糖含量的变化和浓香花生油脂肪酸组成，分析了浓香花生油的感官属性以及浓香花生油呈香前体物质（氨基酸和蔗糖）变化量与感官属性强度的相关性，同时对浓香花生油的风味化合物含量进行了测定。结果表明：安徽和河北高油酸花生仁比普通花生仁脂肪含量高；炒籽后高油酸花生仁的氨基酸损失更多，安徽和河北高油酸花生仁的蔗糖损失更多；高油酸花生油的单不饱和脂肪酸含量更高，达到77.28%~81.35%，其氧化诱导期是普通花生油的5.7~11.7倍；高油酸花生油的熟坚果味、花生酱味、焦香味和煳味强度均高于普通花生油，甜香味和生花生味强度则弱于普通花生油；浓香花生油呈香前体物质变化量与感官属性强度存在显著相关性；高油酸花生油中杂环类、酚类、酮类化合物含量均高于普通花生油。综上，炒籽前后高油酸花生仁和普通花生仁中呈香前体物质变化的不同，使高油酸花生油和普通花生油中风味化合物含量和感官评价结果不同。     

Effect of antioxidant (alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) fortification on light-induced flavor of milk

The effectiveness of added antioxidants against oxidation off-flavor development in light-exposed milk was evaluated using sensory and chemical analysis. Sensory testing for similarity showed no perceivable difference between control milk and milk with added (1) 0.05% alpha-tocopherol (TOC) and (2) 0.025% alpha-tocopherol and 0.025% ascorbic acid (TOC/ASC), but did demonstrate a perceivable difference when adding (3) 0.05% ascorbic acid (ASC) alone. Subsequently, sensory testing for difference showed a significant difference in oxidation off-flavor between light-exposed control milk and light-exposed milk with added TOC/ASC, whereas milk fortified with TOC was not different from control. Gas chromatography-olfactometry showed that more aroma-active flavor compounds were observed in light-exposed milk treated with TOC and TOC/ASC than light-exposed milk with no added antioxidants. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) test verified chemically the extent of oxidation in control and antioxidant-treated milk samples. Milk that was exposed to light for 10 h showed a significantly higher TBARS value (0.92 +/- 0.09 mg/kg) than milk that was protected from light (0.59 +/- 0.184 mg/kg), or milk that was treated with TOC/ASC (0.26 +/- 0.092 mg/kg). Direct addition of low levels of antioxidants (TOC/ASC) to milk protected its flavor over 10 h of light exposed storage.     

配制型酸乳饮料的稳定性和风味研究

配制型酸乳饮料不仅营养丰富,风味酸甜可口,而且生产工艺相对简单,在市场上很有竞争力。研究配制型酸乳饮料的生产工艺,结果表明:当全脂奶粉含量为5%时,同时添加耐酸CMC0.2%和阿拉伯可尔0.1%两种稳定剂,稳定性很好,口感细腻无异味。进一步添加1.0%的变性淀粉TAX-TRA,可以增加酸乳饮料风味、厚实感明显加强、余味更足。当酸乳饮料pH为4.0时,添加10%蔗糖或6%蔗糖和0.02%安赛蜜都可以使饮料酸甜可口。     

奶香香精陈化过程中一些化学现象初探

用气相色谱-质谱联用方法对一款自制奶香精新配制时与陈化三月后的成分进行了分析比较,发现并初步解析了其中的几种香原料如酮类、酸类、醛类、内酯类等在陈化过程中发生的一系列化学变化。     

不同炒籽工艺对低芥酸浓香菜籽油风味的影响北大核心CSCD

为了研究不同炒籽工艺对低芥酸浓香菜籽油风味的影响,以低芥酸油菜籽为原料,研究入炒水分、炒籽温度、炒籽时间对低芥酸浓香菜籽油风味物质含量及感官品质的影响。结果表明:从低芥酸浓香菜籽油中共鉴定出65种挥发性风味物质;随炒籽温度上升、炒籽时间延长,低芥酸浓香菜籽油中呈现烤香味的杂环类物质总含量逐渐增加;随炒籽温度上升和入炒水分的增加,呈现刺激味的硫苷降解产物(含硫类化合物、腈类化合物)总含量逐渐增加;在感官上,低芥酸浓香菜籽油主要体现为烤香味、焦糊味,还能感知到腌菜味和刺激味;随炒籽温度升高,低芥酸浓香菜籽油中烤香味感官属性得分先上升后降低,150℃时得分最高,而焦糊味、腌菜味等感官属性得分逐渐升高;随炒籽时间延长,烤香味感官属性得分逐渐降低,焦糊味感官属性得分逐渐升高;随入炒水分增加,烤香味、焦糊味感官属性得分在一定范围内稳定波动。炒籽过程中一定的炒籽温度及增加水分能够明显提升消费者喜好度。     

微波处理对菜籽油风味的影响

旨在为制备不同风味品质的菜籽油提供理论依据,通过感官风味品质评价、电子鼻分析、顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC×GC/MS）等手段,研究了微波处理对菜籽油风味的影响。结果表明：微波能输入总量和输入强度均影响菜籽油感官风味品质;电子鼻分析结果表明,浓香菜籽油与非浓香菜籽油的挥发性风味成分具有相似性;非浓香菜籽油主要风味物质有23种,包含醛类物质7种、硫类物质5种、醇类物质3种、酸类物质2种、酯类物质2种、杂环类物质2种、烯烃类和酚类物质各1种,为非浓香菜籽油提供辛辣味、脂香味、青草味和花香味等风味;浓香菜籽油中主要风味物质有13种,包含硫类物质5种、杂环类物质3种、醛类物质2种以及酚类、醇类和酸类物质各1种,主要赋予浓香菜籽油辛辣味、烤香味、焙烤味和脂香味等风味。综上,微波预处理技术对菜籽油的风味有显著影响,随着微波能的输入,菜籽油风味由主要以硫苷降解物和氧化挥发物为主导的辛辣味、脂香味、青草味、花香味,转变为以硫苷降解物、美拉德反应产物和氧化挥发物为主导的辛辣味、烤香味、焙烤味和脂香味。     

Effect of combinations of fish meal and feather meal on milk fatty acid content and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows

The effect of supplemental fishmeal in combination with feathermeal at two different proportions in the diet on milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was investigated. Recently, benefits to human health have been attributed to the consumption of this fatty acid, which is normally present in marine lipids. Six Holstein cows past peak lactation were used in a Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Fish- and feathermeals were prepared as pellets at 4:1 and 1:4 combinations and offered at 3.75, 11.75, and 27% of the diet. The supplements were top-dressed onto a basal diet based on corn silage that was progressively replaced by supplement. Nitrogen balance measures were made during the experiment because of the wide range in crude protein content of experimental diets. Milk protein content increased with level of supplementation in the diet reflecting the protein quality of the supplements used. There was overall higher milk DHA content when cows consumed the supplement containing more fishmeal than feather meal. Milk DHA content increased in a quadratic fashion, as more of either supplement was included in the diet. Apparent transfer efficiency of DHA from diet to milk declined with increasing amount of DHA in the diet. Results from this experiment suggest that transfer of docosahexaenoic acid from diet to milk may depend on diet composition and quantity present in the diet.     

羊奶短中链脂肪酸与羊奶膻味关系的研究

采用气相色谱法(GC)对18个羊奶样品中短中链游离脂肪酸(FFA)和短中链结合脂肪酸(CFA)组成进行检测,并对游离脂肪酸(FFA)和结合脂肪酸(CFA)与羊奶膻味强度进行相关性分析。结果表明,在羊奶短中链脂肪酸中,游离脂肪酸是引起羊奶膻味的主要因素,其中己酸(C6∶0)、辛酸(C8∶0)和癸酸(C10∶0)与羊奶膻味强度呈极显著相关(p<0.01),是引起羊奶膻味的主要游离脂肪酸(FFA);肉豆蔻酸(C14∶0)和棕榈酸(C16∶0)与羊奶膻味强度呈显著性相关(p<0.05),也对羊奶膻味有一定的贡献。结合态脂肪酸与羊奶膻味强度不显著(p>0.05),与羊奶膻味关系不大。      

Feeding a concentrate rich in rapeseed oil improves fatty acid composition and flavor in Norwegian goat milk

Impaired quality due to a high content of free fatty acids (FFA) and off-flavors has caused challenges in the development of Norwegian goat milk products. The present study aimed to examine the effect of lipid-supplemented concentrates on milk fat content, fatty acid composition, FFA, lipoprotein lipase activity, sensory properties, and size of milk fat globules of goat milk. Thirty goats assigned to 3 experimental groups were fed different concentrates from 60 d in milk (DIM) until late lactation (230 DIM). The diets were (1) control concentrate (no added fat); (2) control concentrate with 8% (added on air-dry basis) hydrogenated palm oil enriched with palmitic acid (POFA); and (3) control concentrate with 8% (added on air-dry basis) rapeseed oil (RSO). The POFA group produced milk with the highest fat content, and fat content was positively correlated with the mean size of milk fat globules. Goats in the RSO group had a higher content of long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids, whereas milk from goats in the POFA group had a higher content of palmitic and palmitoleic acids (C16:0 and C16:1 cis). The control group produced milk with a higher content of short-, medium-, odd-, and branched-chain fatty acids compared with the 2 other groups. The content of FFA in milk was low in early and late lactation and peaked in mid lactation (90 DIM). A high content of FFA was correlated with poor sensory properties (tart/rancid flavor). The RSO group produced milk with lower content of FFA and off-flavors in mid lactation and a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, replacement of palm oil with rapeseed oil as a lipid source in dairy goat feed would be favorable.     

A 100-Year Review: Sensory analysis of milk

Evaluation of the sensory characteristics of food products has been, and will continue to be, the ultimate method for evaluating product quality. Sensory quality is a parameter that can be evaluated only by humans and consists of a series of tests or tools that can be applied objectively or subjectively within the constructs of carefully selected testing procedures and parameters. Depending on the chosen test, evaluators are able to probe areas of interest that are intrinsic product attributes (e.g., flavor profiles and off-flavors) as well as extrinsic measures (e.g., market penetration and consumer perception). This review outlines the literature pertaining to relevant testing procedures and studies of the history of sensory analysis of fluid milk. In addition, evaluation methods outside of traditional sensory techniques and future outlooks on the subject of sensory analysis of fluid milk are explored and presented.     

奶香型香味料的制备及分析技术研究进展

乳与乳制品在食品行业中占据重要地位,且人们对奶香型香味料的风味和档次需求越来越高,因此奶香型香味料成为香精香料领域广泛研究的焦点。文章通过介绍奶香型香味料的来源、制备及分析技术,并对其未来发展趋势予以展望,以期为奶香型香味料的研究提供参考。      

Desalination of fish sauce by electrodialysis: effect on selected aroma compounds and amino acid compositions

Fish sauce is an ingredient that exhibits unique flavor and is widely used by people in Southeast Asia. Fish sauce, however, contains a significant amount of salt (sodium chloride). Recently, electrodialysis (ED) has been successfully applied to reduce salt in fish sauce; however, no information is available on the effect of ED on changes in compounds providing aroma and taste of ED-treated fish sauce. The selected aroma compounds, amino acids, and sensory quality of the ED-treated fish sauce with various salt concentrations were then analyzed. The amounts of trimethylamine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, phenols, and all carboxylic acids except for hexanoic acid significantly decreased, whereas benzaldehyde increased significantly when the salt removal level was higher. The amounts of all amino acids decreased with the increased salt removal level. Significant difference in flavor and saltiness intensity among ED-treated fish sauce with various salt concentrations, as assessed by a discriminative test, were observed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Information obtained in this work can serve as a guideline for optimization of a process to produce low-sodium fish sauce by ED. It also forms a basis for further in-depth sensory analysis of low-sodium fish sauce.     

The effect of vitamin concentrates on the flavor of pasteurized fluid milk

Fluid milk consumption in the United States continues to decline. As a result, the level of dietary vitamin D provided by fluid milk in the United States diet has also declined. Undesirable flavor(s)/off flavor(s) in fluid milk can negatively affect milk consumption and consumer product acceptability. The objectives of this study were to identify aroma-active compounds in vitamin concentrates used to fortify fluid milk, and to determine the influence of vitamin A and D fortification on the flavor of milk. The aroma profiles of 14 commercial vitamin concentrates (vitamins A and D), in both oil-soluble and water-dispersible forms, were evaluated by sensory and instrumental volatile compound analyses. Orthonasal thresholds were determined for 8 key aroma-active compounds in skim and whole milk. Six representative vitamin concentrates were selected to fortify skim and 2% fat pasteurized milks (vitamin A at 1,500–3,000 IU/qt, vitamin D at 200–1,200 IU/qt, vitamin A and D at 1,000/200–6,000/1,200 IU/qt). Pasteurized milks were evaluated by sensory and instrumental volatile compound analyses and by consumers. Fat content, vitamin content, and fat globule particle size were also determined. The entire experiment was done in duplicate. Water-dispersible vitamin concentrates had overall higher aroma intensities and more detected aroma-active compounds than oil-soluble vitamin concentrates. Trained panelists and consumers were able to detect flavor differences between skim milks fortified with water-dispersible vitamin A or vitamin A and D, and unfortified skim milks. Consumers were unable to detect flavor differences in oil-soluble fortified milks, but trained panelists documented a faint carrot flavor in oil-soluble fortified skim milks at higher vitamin A concentrations (3,000–6,000 IU). No differences were detected in skim milks fortified with vitamin D, and no differences were detected in any 2% milk. These results demonstrate that vitamin concentrates may contribute to off flavor(s) in fluid milk, especially in skim milk fortified with water-dispersible vitamin concentrates.     

6种鱼类鱼汤中脂肪酸组成和挥发性风味物质比较

目的 探究不同鱼类鱼汤中挥发性风味物质的差异。方法 采用气相色谱和气相色谱质谱联用,对鳙鱼、鲫鱼、鳊鱼、黄鱼、三文鱼、鳕鱼六种鱼类鱼肉脂肪中的脂肪酸与鱼汤中的挥发性风味物质进行了测定与对比。结果 在6种鱼鱼肉中共检测出20种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸7种,单不饱和脂肪酸5种,多不饱和脂肪酸8种。在鱼汤中共检测出挥发性风味物质72种,其中醛类16种,烃类27种,酯类6种,醇类10种,酮类5种,其他类8种。结论 鳙鱼、鲫鱼、鳊鱼与三文鱼中主要包括棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸,相比于这四种鱼,鳕鱼和黄鱼中的ω-3PUFA类脂肪酸含量较高,而亚油酸含量较少。鱼汤的挥发性风味物质中均以醛类、醇类、烃类为主,淡水鱼的挥发性风味物质中醇类含量显著高于海水鱼,且淡水鱼挥发性风味物质总量也显著高于海水鱼。