基于ＬＳＴＭ模型的北威克试验站小流域实时径流预报

为探讨深度学习方法在小流域实时精细化径流预报中的适用性，建立了基于长短时记忆网络（ＬＳＴＭ）的英格兰北威克试验站小流域实时径流预报模型。借助深度学习框架Ｔｅｎｓｏｒｆｌｏｗ，采用ＬＳＴＭ识别输入特征及输入输出间的复杂非线性关系，将逐时段流域径流、前期降雨及气温三要素作为输入，分析了多种输入组合和多个时间步长的实时径流预报效果。结果表明:基于ＬＳＴＭ的模型在各子流域的径流预报效果较好，训练期和验证期的纳什系数均高于0．90，该模型可用于研究区的实时径流预报，可为流域防洪调度提供技术支撑。     

延河洪水预报及修正

采用SMG模型研究了延河洪水预报方案，结果表明：①建立的延安站洪水预报方案精度等级为甲级，可发布正式预报；②考虑到实际预报中预见期的要求，调整了1小时预报算法，使峰现时间预报精度有所提高，但仍未达到要求，通过对常规BP网络进行改进，修正后的延安站1小时实时洪水预报达到丙级标准，可发布参考性预报；③不能片面依靠校正模型来提高预报精度，应进一步分析延安站的降雨与径流特性，从水文模型的结构和参数等方面来考虑提高预报精度，以满足实际作业预报的要求。     

基于Matlab神经网络的流域年径流量预测

阐述了运用人工神经网络模型对流域年径流量径流序列做出预报,表明人工神经网络模型在水文预报中具有一定的优势。通过BP神经网络算法得到了适合该神经网络模型的训练算法。以渔峡口站年径流量实测序列为研究对象,在数值试验的基础上建立了年径流序列预报的人工神经网络预报模型结构,提高了该模型的预报准确性。     

神经网络在径流水量还原计算中的应用

将人工神经网络技术应用于径流水量还原计算．建立起径流水量还原计算的BP网络模型。利用山西省第二次水费源评价1980～1999年的单站费料,对所建立的BP网络模型进行训练和检验．所得结果精度完全满足要求,为水量还原计算提供一种新的思路。     

改进BP网络模型在径流预测中的应用

为了克服传统BP网络模型在训练过程中部分参数难以快速准确拟定的缺点,利用免疫粒子群算法对BP网络模型中隐含层节点数、最大训练次数、学习效率、动量因子等参数进行决策优选,建立了基于免疫粒子群算法的改进的BP网络模型。通过应用于某水电站水库的入库径流预测,结果表明,与传统BP网络模型相比,利用改进的BP网络模型所得的径流预测结果更准确。     

带偏差单元的递归神经网络及其运用

近年来人工神经网络（ANN）在水文预测和水文分析中的应用越来越多，其中BP网络的应用尤为广泛，不少学者提出了很多基于改进算法的BP网络。通过研究，从改进网络结构出发，首次建立了带偏差单元的递归神经网络，并将它用于径流预测。应用实例表明，该结构的网络模型，通过改进网络结构，能很好地克服原BP模型收敛速度慢，网络学习，记忆不稳定等缺点。拟合，预报精度较原BP模型均有较大提高。     

Matlab仿真平台下大坝位移BP神经网络模型研究

基于人工神经网络的非线性映射能力,应用Matlab7.1网络仿真平台,结合辽宁省白石水库多年大坝位移实测数据,建立了3种不同改进BP算法的多层前馈神经网络模型。并通过LM算法、BR算法、GDX算法的BP网络模型的拟合、预报结果,对3种模型的应用效果进行了比较分析,得出了LM算法的BP网络更适合用于建立坝顶位移监控模型的结论,以实现对大坝位移实时、有效的监控。     

基于人工神经网络的黄河源区枯季径流预报

分析了黄河源区枯季径流的影响因素,并选取基于枯季径流形成机理的、与径流相关性高的因子作为人工神经网络模型的输入,运用误差逆传播算法的多层前向网络,利用VC^ 语言调用随机函数克服了网络全局寻优的缺陷,建立了黄河源区枯季径流预报的BP模型。对黄河源区枯季径流长期预报的结果表明,ANN(7,1,15,1)模型预报结果精度高,容错能力强,是枯季径流预报的有效手段。     

基于遗传神经网络的河流冰凌预报

在分析影响凌汛成因因素的基础上,选取合适的预报因子,建立了基于遗传算法(GA)和Levenberg-Marquardt BP网络(LMBP)相结合的冰凌预报神经网络模型.GA-LMBP算法先通过遗传学习算法进行全局训练,再用LMBP算法进行精确训练,克服了传统BP算法收敛速度慢、易陷入局部极小等缺陷.把该模型应用到松花江依兰、佳木斯段开河预报中,取得了良好的效果.     

基于遗传算法的模糊优选BP网络模型及其应用

在模糊优选BP神经网络模型的基础上，引入遗传算法，提出融入遗传算法的模糊优选神经网络预测模型，是对模糊优选BP神经网络模型的进一步发展。其基本思路是：在BP算法训练网络出现收敛速度缓慢时启用遗传算法优化网络的运行参数，把优化的结果作为BP算法的初始值再用BP算法训练网络，这样交替运行BP算法和遗传算法，直到达到问题要求的精度。在新疆雅马渡站年径流量的预报中，预测模型在预报精度和算法的收敛速度方面都达到了较好的效果。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。