Application of the fundamental solutions by Ganowicz in a static analysis of Reissner’s plates by the boundary element method

In this paper the direct non-singular formulation of the boundary element method using the fundamental solutions given by Ganowicz (1966) [6] and its application to a static analysis of plates with intermediate thickness is presented. A more exact calculation of almost singular integrals is possible, thanks to the applied modification of the Gauss integration procedure with the inversed distribution of integration points. The non-singular method is based on an offset of collocation points from a plate boundary. The accuracy of results depends on this offset, so the analysis of a relation between the distance of the collocation point from the plate and the conditioning of the matrix of integral equations is carried out. The optimal distance equal to 0.01 of the boundary element length was determined. The presented approach allows to carry out the static analysis of plates with arbitrary shapes including plates with holes. Solution of thin plates is also possible.     

An approach to the vibration problem of homogeneous,non-homogeneous and composite membranes based on the boundary element method

In this paper a boundary element approach is presented to establish the eigenfrequencies and the mode shapes of the free vibrations of flexible membranes with arbitrary shape. The membranes may be of homogeneous, non-homogeneous or composite material, while their boundaries may be fixed or elastically supported. The implementation of the method is mainly based on the development of both a boundary element technique to compute numerically the Green function for the Laplace equation and a numerical procedure to solve domain integral equations using two-dimensional Gauss integration on regions of arbitrary shape. The efficiency of the method presented is demonstrated by applying it to study the free vibrations of membranes consisting of homogeneous, non-homogeneous and composite material, fixed or elastically supported on the boundary, and having various shapes, such as circular, rectangular, triangular, or elliptical, or being L-shaped or of arbitrary shape.     

The BEM for plates of variable thickness on nonlinear biparametric elastic foundation. An analog equation solution

The BEM is developed for the analysis of plates with variable thickness resting on a nonlinear biparametric elastic foundation. The presented solution is achieved using the Analog Equation Method (AEM). According to the AEM the fourth-order partial differential equation with variable coefficients describing the response of the plate is converted to an equivalent linear problem for a plate with constant stiffness not resting on foundation and subjected only to an `appropriate' fictitious load under the same boundary conditions. The fictitious load is established using a technique based on the BEM and the solution of the actual problem is obtained from the known integral representation of the solution of the substitute problem, which is derived using the static fundamental solution of the biharmonic equation. The method is boundary-only in the sense that the discretization and the integration are performed only on the boundary. To illustrate the method and its efficiency, plates of various shapes are analyzed with linear and quadratic plate thickness variation laws resting on a nonlinear biparametric elastic foundation.     

Vibration Analysis of Arbitrarily Shaped Sandwich Plates via Ritz Method

This article presents the Ritz method for the vibration analysis of sandwich plates having an orthotropic core and laminated facings. The planform of the plate may take on any arbitrary shape. On the basis of the Mindlin plate theory and the Ritz method, the governing eigenvalue equation for determining the natural frequencies was derived. The Ritz method was automated and made computationally effective for general-shaped plates with any boundary conditions by (1) adopting the product of polynomial functions and boundary equations that were raised to appropriate powers and (2) applying Green's theorem to transform the integration over the general-shaped domain into a closed line integration. The Ritz formulation and software were verified by the close agreement with vibration frequencies obtained by previous researchers for a wide range of subset plate problems involving isotropic, laminated, and sandwich plates of various shapes. Moreover, sample natural frequencies of sandwich plates with laminated facings are presented for some quadrilateral plate shapes. These frequencies should be useful as reference results to researchers who are developing new methods or software for vibration analysis of sandwich plates.     

A BEM approach to static and dynamic analysis of plates with internal supports

A boundary element approach is developed for the static and dynamic analysis of Kirchhoff's plates of arbitrary shape which, in addition to the boundary supports, are also supported inside the domain on isolated points (columns), lines (walls) or regions (patches). All kinds of boundary conditions are treated. The supports inside the domain of the plate may yield elastically. The method uses the Green's function for the static problem without the internal supports to establish an integral representation for the solution which involves the unknown internal reactions and inertia forces within the integrand of the domain integrals. The Green's function is established numerically using BEM. Subsequently, using an effective Gauss integration for the domain integrals and a BEM technique for line integrals a system of simultaneous, in general, nonlinear algebraic equations is obtained which is solved numerically. Several examples for both the static and dynamic problem are presented to illustrate the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed method.     

Boundary element analysis of guided waves in a bar with an arbitrary cross-section

A boundary element method (BEM) is presented for analyzing the dispersion relation of guided waves in a bar with an arbitrary cross-section. A boundary integral equation for a harmonic motion in time and space is derived with respect to the boundary of the cross-section of the bar. By means of a collocation method, a homogeneous matrix equation which depends on the frequency and the wave number of the guided wave is obtained. The dispersion relation of guided waves is then obtained by finding nontrivial solutions of the matrix equation. The Newton's method is used to find the solution of the dispersion relation mode by mode for both propagating waves and nonpropagating waves. Numerical results are shown for a square bar, rectangular bars, and an L-shaped bar. Dispersive properties of guided waves in the bars are discussed in comparison with the results for Lamb modes in a 2D plate.     

Inelastic transient dynamic analysis of Reissner–Mindlin plates by the D/BEM

A direct domain/boundary element method (D/BEM) for dynamic analysis of elastoplastic Reissner–Mindlin plates in bending is developed. Thus, effects of shear deformation and rotatory inertia are included in the formulation. The method employs the elastostatic fundamental solution of the problem resulting in both boundary and domain integrals due to inertia and inelasticity. Thus, a boundary as well as a domain space discretization by means of quadratic boundary and interior elements is utilized. By using an explicit time‐integration scheme employed on the incremental form of the matrix equation of motion, the history of the plate dynamic response can be obtained. Numerical results for the forced vibration of elastoplastic Reissner–Mindlin plates with smooth boundaries subjected to impulsive loading are presented for illustrating the proposed method and demonstrating its merits. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-dimensional analytical solution for functionally graded magneto–electro-elastic circular plates subjected to uniform load

The problem of a functionally graded, transversely isotropic, magneto–electro-elastic circular plate acted on by a uniform load is considered. The displacements and electric potential are represented by appropriate polynomials in the radial coordinate, of which the coefficients depends on the thickness coordinate, and are called the generalized displacement functions. The governing equations as well as the boundary conditions for these generalized displacement functions are derived from the original equations of equilibrium for axisymmetric problems and the boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate. Explicit expressions are then obtained through a step-by-step integration scheme, with five integral constants determinable from the boundary conditions at the cylindrical surface in the Saint Venant’s sense. The analytical solution is suited to arbitrary variations of material properties along the thickness direction, and can be readily degenerated into those for homogeneous plates. A particular circular plate, with some material constants being the exponential functions of the thickness coordinate, is finally considered for illustration.     

Quasi-static analysis of viscoplastic plates by the boundary element method

A direct boundary element method (BEM) is developed for the determination of the time-dependent inelastic deflection of plates of arbitrary planform and under arbitrary boundary conditions to general lateral loading history. The governing differential equation is the nonhomogeneous biharmonic equation for the rate of small transverse deflection. The boundary integral formulation is derived by using a combination of the BEM and finite element methodology. The plate material is modelled as elastic-viscoplastic. Numerical examples for sample problems are presented to illustrate the method and to demonstrate its merits.     

Exact solutions for the flow of a dipolar fluid on a suddenly accelerated flat plate

Summary The Laplace transformation is used to determine the exact general solution for the unsteady and irrotational flow of an incompressible dipolar fluid set to motion by the acceleration of a flat plate from rest. The general solution is found for arbitrary values of the dipolar constantsd andl. In particular, attention is focused on the case of sudden plate motion for which the velocity field, the displacement thickness, the boundary layer thickness, and the dipolar stress component _yyx have been determined. Special cases of the dipolar constants are also considered. It is shown that for a special boundary value of _yyx , the velocity distribution becomes independent of time. In addition, some significant new results concerning steady flows are presented. Finally, results obtained are compared to the corresponding case for a viscous Newtonian fluid.     

Additional boundary conditions in unsteady-state heat conduction problems

Using some additional sought function and boundary conditions, a precise analytical solution of the heat conduction problem for an infinite plate was obtained using the integral heat balance method with symmetric first-order boundary conditions. The additional sought function represents the variation of temperature with time at the center of a plate and, due to an infinite heat propagation velocity described with a parabolic heat conduction equation, changes immediately after application of a first-order boundary condition. Hence, the range of its time and temperature variation completely incorporates the ranges of unsteadystate process times and temperature changes. The additional boundary conditions are such that their fulfilment is equivalent the fulfilment of a differential equation at boundary points. It has been shown that the fulfilment of an equation at boundary points leads to its fulfilment inside the region. The consideration of an additional sought function in the integral heat balance method provide a possibility to confine the solution of an equation in partial derivatives to the integration of an ordinary differential equation, so this method can be applied to the solution of equations, which do not admit the separation of variables (nonlinear, with variable physical properties of a medium, etc.).     

Investigation of thermoelastic damping in rectangular microplate resonator using modified couple stress theory

Thermoelastic damping is a significant energy lost mechanism at room temperature in micro-scale resonators. Prediction of thermoelastic damping (TED) is crucial in the design of high quality MEMS resonators. In this study the governing equations of motion and the thermal couple equation of a microplate with an arbitrary rectangular shape are derived using the modified version of the couple stress theory. Analytical expressions are presented for calculating the quality factor (QF) of TED in a rectangular microplate considering the plane stress and plane strain conditions. As a case study, a rectangular microplate resonator is considered with material property of gold that has a considerably high value of length-scale parameter in comparison with silicon and the effect of the length-scale parameter on the QF of TED is discussed in detail. The relation between QF and temperature increment for microplates with clamped boundary conditions based on plane stress and plane strain models are studied and results obtained by considering classical and modified couple stress theory (MCST) are compared. The effect of thickness of the plate on the rigidity ratio is studied and the critical thickness which is an important design parameter is obtained using the MCST for three boundary conditions. Variations of TED versus the plate thickness for various boundary conditions according to the classical and the modified couple stress theories are investigated.     

基于改进高斯精细积分法的车桥耦合振动分析框架

假定任一时刻的位移可以根据其相邻时间步上的运动状态由Hermite插值函数确定,采用3节点高斯积分方法展开精细积分法中状态方程的Duhamel项,构造了一种改进的高斯精细积分算法用于求解结构非线性问题,在此基础上,提出了适用于车桥耦合振动研究的高效求解分析框架。车桥耦合系统由车辆、桥梁有限元子系统组成,其中车辆子系统引入部件刚体假定,而桥梁子系统借助于振型叠加法缩减自由度数目,两个子系统间的相互作用通过非线性的虚拟力表达。以一节4轴客车匀速通过32m简支梁为研究对象,分别采用所提出的分析框架、传统Newmark-β法进行动力分析。结果表明:相对于Newmark-β法,高斯精细积分方法既能避免求解线性方程组,又可显著提高计算收敛的积分步长,分析框架显示出良好的实用效果。     

BIEM solution of piezoelectric cracked finite solids under time-harmonic loading

The time-harmonic behavior of cracked finite piezoelectric 2D solids of arbitrary shape is studied by the nonhypersingular traction boundary integral equation method (BIEM). Plane strain and generalized traction free boundary conditions along the crack are assumed. The system may be loaded at the external boundary by arbitrary mechanical or electrical loads. As numerical example a center cracked rectangular piezoelectric plate under time-harmonic tension and electrical displacement is investigated in detail. The accuracy of the proposed numerical algorithm is checked by comparison with available results obtained by other methods for special cases. Parametric studies revealing the sensitivity of the stress intensity factors (SIFs) on the frequency of the applied mechanical and electrical load, on its coupled and uncoupled character and on the piezoelectric properties of the material are presented.     

一种单自由度体系解析解及其在车桥动力分析中的应用

假定相邻时刻之间荷载线性变化,推导出低阻尼单自由度振动体系的解析解,在此基础上给出了相应的车桥动力相互作用系统建模及求解流程。系统模型分解为车辆、桥梁两个子系统,基于部件刚体假定和达朗贝尔原理推导车辆子系统运动方程,采用有限元法建立桥梁子系统模型;借助于振型叠加法将两个子系统运动方程解耦,车辆子系统非正交阻尼部分的影响以及两个子系统间的动力相互作用均按非线性虚拟力处理;以一节4轴客车匀速通过32 m简支梁为例,分别采用提出的解析解法、Newmark-β法以及高斯精细积分法进行动力分析。结果表明,相对于Newmark-β法和高斯精细积分法,解析解法不仅具有高精度特点,能显著提高计算收敛的积分步长,同时又能避免计算复杂的指数矩阵,具有良好的工程适用性。     

Very high-order accurate finite volume scheme for the convection-diffusion equation with general boundary conditions on arbitrary curved boundaries

Obtaining very high-order accurate solutions in curved domains is a challenging task as the accuracy of discretization methods may dramatically reduce without an appropriate treatment of boundary conditions. The classical techniques to preserve the nominal convergence order of accuracy, proposed in the context of finite element and finite volume methods, rely on curved mesh elements, which fit curved boundaries. Such techniques often demand sophisticated meshing algorithms, cumbersome quadrature rules for integration, and complex nonlinear transformations to map the curved mesh elements onto the reference polygonal ones. In this regard, the reconstruction for off-site data method, proposed in the work of Costa et al, provides very high-order accurate polynomial reconstructions on arbitrary smooth curved boundaries, enabling integration of the governing equations on polygonal mesh elements, and therefore, avoiding the use of complex integration quadrature rules or nonlinear transformations. The method was introduced for Dirichlet boundary conditions and the present article proposes an extension for general boundary conditions, which represents an important advance for real context applications. A generic framework to compute polynomial reconstructions is also developed based on the least-squares method, which handles general constraints and further improves the algorithm. The proposed methods are applied to solve the convection-diffusion equation with a finite volume discretization in unstructured meshes. A comprehensive numerical benchmark test suite is provided to verify and assess the accuracy, convergence orders, robustness, and efficiency, which proves that boundary conditions on arbitrary smooth curved boundaries are properly fulfilled and the nominal very high-order convergence orders are effectively achieved.     

Axisymmetric elasticity solutions for a uniformly loaded annular plate of transversely isotropic functionally graded materials

Summary The axisymmetric problem of a functionally graded, transversely isotropic, annular plate subject to a uniform transverse load is considered. A direct displacement method is developed that the non-zero displacement components are expressed in terms of suitable combinations of power and logarithmic functions of r, the radial coordinate, with coefficients being undetermined functions of z, the axial coordinate. The governing equations as well as the corresponding boundary conditions for the undetermined functions are deduced from the equilibrium equations and the boundary conditions of the annular plate, respectively. Through a step-by-step integration scheme along with the consideration of boundary conditions at the upper and lower surfaces, the z-dependent functions are determined in explicit form, and certain integral constants are then determined completely from the remaining boundary conditions. Thus, analytical elasticity solutions for the plate with different cylindrical boundary conditions are presented. As a promising feature, the developed method is applicable when the five material constants of a transversely isotropic material vary along the thickness arbitrarily and independently. A numerical example is finally given to show the effect of the material inhomogeneity on the elastic field in the annular plate.     

基于精细传递矩阵法的变厚度圆柱壳自由振动分析

结合精细积分和传递矩阵方法,对变厚度圆柱壳的自由振动进行计算分析。该方法基于圆柱壳的基本微分方程,推导得到关于位移内力向量的一阶齐次偏微分方程,采用精细积分求得场传递矩阵,将其进行组装得到总传递方程,根据边界条件求解总传递方程中系数矩阵的行列式,计算得到变厚度圆柱壳的固有频率。将计算结果与有限元结果进行对比,验证方法的准确性及有效性。同时探究了边界条件、厚度变化形式、厚度变化系数及长径比对自由振动的影响规律。     

A semianalytic solution for radially supported curved plates in bending

By substituting the basic function in the circumferential direction satisfying the boundary conditions of the radial edges in the plate bending equation of the curved plate and performing a suitable transformation, an ordinary differential equation is resulted. The resulting equation is solved by finite difference technique using a small number of discrete variables. The method takes into account the orthotropy of the plate as well as the variation of its thickness. Examples have been presented for a variety of radially supported curved plates of different boundary conditions under uniform load and point loads. Excellent accuracy has been obtained wherever comparisons have been possible.     

A computational procedure for simulation of crack advance in arbitrary two-dimensional domains

A finite-element-based method is proposed to accommodate the arbitrary motion of a crack under general two-dimensional configurations of loading and body geometry. The primary goal is to render consistently accurate simulations of crack propagation, while maintaining a high degree of computational efficiency and without a significant extra burden on the analyst. The essence of the method, here called the Arbitrary Local Mesh Replacement method, is the replacement of the finite element interpolant in the vicinity of the crack tip with one that is derived from a moving mesh patch. The boundary of the patch is not required to be coincident with background-mesh element edges. Accordingly, a weak statement of compatibility is enforced on the interface between the two meshes, thereby introducing a small set of additional, force-type unknowns. Also, partial elements are manifest near the patch boundary; a special numerical integration rule is devised for their treatment.