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Comments on the article by D. Westen and J. Weinberger (see record 2004-19091-002), which criticized academic clinical psychologists for being cynical about clinical judgment and clinical practice. In our view, it seems unlikely that more than a few academic clinical psychologists believe that they have little to learn from clinical practice or experience. In this comment, we examine the arguments about clinical judgment made by Westen and Weinberger (2004). Westen and Weinberger (2004) conflate the effect of training with the effect of experience. Westen and Weinberger (2004) do not mention that the value of training in psychology has been well-supported by research. While Westen and Weinberger (2004) make positive comments about the types of feedback that clinicians receive, for a number of reasons, including the Barnum effect, psychologists can be misled by feedback. Westen and Weinberger (2004) also argue that "psychotherapists tend to have much more direct and immediate feedback than most other medical practitioners, who may prescribe a medication or perform a procedure and not see the patient again for a year" (p. 603). But when psychologists make a diagnosis or describe a personality trait, they frequently do not receive "direct and immediate feedback" on whether they are right or wrong. In contrast, physicians often receive highly valid feedback. Finally, in discussing the value of ratings made by clinicians, Westen and Weinberger (2004) observe that "empirically, we have found surprisingly little evidence of theory-driven observational bias in using clinician-report methods" (p. 601). The issue is important because Westen and Weinberger argue in favor of using clinician ratings to construct diagnostic criteria. If clinicians' ratings are biased, then the criteria will be biased. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Comments on the article by D. Westen and J. Weinberger (see record 2004-19091-002), which explored the benefits and limitations of clinical observation and judgment. Westen and Weinberger identify two categories of informants--clinicians and participants--but these categories could be expanded to include other observers who might have particular expertise or experience related to the phenomenon of interest. The type of expert best suited to provide observations depends on the type of expertise required. There are some domains, however, in which those with the greatest expertise are neither specially trained observers nor self-reporters but, rather, lay observers who have a native or learned ability to detect complicated social or psychological phenomena and make subtle discriminations. This type of expertise is often thought of as intuitive because it uses implicit knowledge that is not always accessible to conscious awareness or capable of being fully articulated. One way to harness this intuitive expertise effectively is to pool the judgments of multiple lay observers. Our research has led us to believe that lay observers' intuitive judgments about emotions may in fact capture important information that is lost when coders depend on more commonly used manualized approaches such as the Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF; Gottman, McCoy, Coan, & Collier, 1996) and the Facial Action Coding System (Ekman & Friesen, 1978). In our zealousness to reduce variability among coders and to make our methods more exportable to other investigators, researchers risk losing the intuitive expertise that people naturally develop in making judgments about the world. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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A discussion of the controversy aroused by P. E. Meehl's Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction, in which the writer analyzes the predictive process and suggests the remedies as he sees them. "We should try to find the optimal combination of actuarially controlled methods and sensitive critical judgment for any particular predictive enterprise… . We can do this only if clinically and statistically oriented workers… seek to learn from each other." 16 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Spitz (see 30: 5830) is commended for providing clinical hunches and hypotheses, including his use of statistical materials, but it is claimed nevertheless that Spitz's conclusions are not warranted by the data reported. Perhaps the uncritical acceptance of Spitz's research is the fault of those who have acclaimed his work, rather than that of Spitz himself. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Statistical and clinical prediction methods are compared in a "field" situation, predicting patient stay in a psychiatric hospital. 5 statistical methods from a previous report averaged 71.92% accuracy on the cross-validation sample. 12 clinicians predicting independently in the same hospital over the following 18-mo period achieved an average accuracy of 71.94% on 499 patient predictions. Summaries of the clinicians' reasons for their judgments show some differences between the most and least accurate judges. Neither professional background nor years of professional experience of clinicians was related to predictive accuracy. Actuarial and clinical prediction were not demonstrably different in accuracy. Practical and economic aspects of this prediction problem favor clinical prediction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Paul E. Meehl's work on the clinical versus statistical prediction controversy is reviewed. His contributions included the following: putting the controversy center stage in applied psychology; clarifying concepts underpinning the debate (especially his crucial distinction between ways of gathering data and ways of combining them) as well as establishing that the controversy was real and not concocted, analyzing clinical inference from both theoretical and probabilistic points of view, and reviewing studies that compared the accuracy of these 2 methods of data combination. Meehl's (1954/1996) conclusion that statistical prediction consistently outperforms clinical judgment has stood up extremely well for half a century. His conceptual analyses have not been significantly improved since he published them in the 1950s and 1960s. His work in this area contains several citation classics, which are part of the working knowledge of all competent applied psychologists today. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Review of Clinical versus statistical prediction: A theoretical analysis and review of the evidence.
Reviews the book "Clinical versus statistical prediction: A theoretical analysis and review of the evidence" by Paul E. Meehl (see record 1996-97896-000). This book talks about a continuing debate among psychologists regarding the relative accuracy and efficiency of statistical (actuarial) predictions and those made by clinicians on the basis of subjective "understanding" of individual cases. This book represents the author's first published statement of his position. In the reviewers opinion, the author has succeeded admirably. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Reviews the book, Missing data: A gentle introduction by Patrick E. McKnight, Katherine M. McKnight, Souraya Sidani, and Aurelio Jose Figueredo (see record 2007-06639-000). The authors' goal is to provide a nonstatistical and nonmathematical introduction to the complex topic of missing data. To a large extent, the authors are successful at meeting this goal. As the title suggests, the book provides a gentle introduction to what is known about identifying and handling missing data. For applied researchers, this will be a valuable addition to their collection of statistical reference books. However, adding material about the application of specific missing data procedures using the major statistical packages (e.g., SAS, SPSS), would substantially improve the practical value of this book. Nonetheless, this text is highly recommended as a state-of-the-art introductory book on the topic of missing data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Crosby Faye J.; Clayton Susan; Downing Roberta A.; Iyer Aarti 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2004,59(2):125
Responds to Kendler (2004), Johnson (2004), and Zuriff (2004) who directed a number of criticisms against the authors' original article (see record 2003-03405-003) examining the psychological data and policy debates surrounding affirmative action. Kendler and Zuriff both chided the authors for interjecting values into the realm of science. The authors, however, state that both seriously misread the argument, imagining that they talked about "morality" when they did not. The authors claim to hold the same view as Kendler and Zuriff about the dichotomy between data and values and revisit portions of their argument further questioned. To Johnson, they state that the issues are not as clear cut as he has suggested. The authors do, however, reevaluate their original article in light of his criticisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Clinical vs. statistical prediction is only ? the problem—and the last ? at that. The prior problem, largely neglected, is clinical vs. mechanical measurement—for data can be collected, as well as combined, in either way. Such neglect promotes an incomplete and mismatched dialogue where "clinical" and "statistical" may have different meanings to different persons. Examining clinical and mechanical methods of both measurement and prediction provides a broadened framework that defines the several possible "clinical" and "statistical" methods, and their combinations. Applying this framework to 45 studies shows an apparent superiority for mechanical modes of both data collection and combination, and also suggests that the clinician is more likely to contribute through observation than integration. Grossly uncontrolled differences, however, in clinical training, Ss, criteria, etc., prevent definitive conclusions. To achieve more adequate comparison requires certain specified methodological improvements. (3 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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We surveyed 491 American Psychological Association division 12 (clinical psychology) members regarding their professional use of clinical and mechanical data combination (CC and MC) in making clinical predictions; 183 (37%) responded. This is the first report of CC and MC utilization frequency known to us. Nearly all respondents used CC in practice (98%), while fewer used MC (31%). Respondents gave reasons why they did not use MC, the most common being that it is conceptually misguided. In addition to computing odds ratios for variable comparisons, we constructed a multivariate regression model to predict use of MC, using a bootstrapping method that returns an estimate of the model’s cross-validated validity. This procedure returned the null model: no predictor was powerful enough to replicate upon cross-validation. The extent to which MC was discussed in graduate school significantly mediated nearly all other relationships between variables of interest. Implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Most classical statistical methods are founded on two assumptions, that the underlying distribution is normally distributed, and that the sample observations are independently and identically distributed. It did not take statisticians long to realize that these idealizations may not be true in all applied settings. In addition, the good performance of these classical procedures requires strict adherence to these assumptions. Consequently, alternatives to the classical procedures have been proposed by statisticians. The purpose of this symposium is to begin a dialogue between quantitative methodologists and substantive psychological researchers (who are voracious consumers of the classical procedures) about alternatives to the classical methods. The first three papers (Hunter & May, Zumbo & Zimmerman, and May & Hunter) will discuss a class of methods referred to as nonparametric statistics. Nonparametric procedures arc an early and popular alternative to the classical procedures. Lind & Zumbo will discuss methods which are designed to deal with violations of normality. In closing, Thomas will discuss alternatives to classical statistical procedures when the second assumption is violated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Selected literature related to statistical testing is reviewed to compare the theoretical models underlying parametric and nonparametric inference. Specifically, we show that these models evaluate different hypotheses, are based on different concepts of probability and resultant null distributions, and support different substantive conclusions. We suggest that cognitive scientists should be aware of both models, thus providing them with a better appreciation of the implications and consequences of their choices among potential methods of analysis. This is especially true when it is recognized that most cognitive science research employs design features that do not justify parametric procedures, but that do support nonparametric methods of analysis, particularly those based on the method of permutation/randomization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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The aims in this article are to connect the conceptual structure of clinical psychological science to what the author believes to be the omnipresent principles of evolution, use the evolutionary model to create a deductively derived clinical theory and taxonomy, link the theory and taxonomy to comprehensive and integrated approaches to assessment, and outline a framework for an integrative synergistic model of psychotherapy. These foundations also provide a framework for a systematic approach to the subject realms of personology and psychopathology. Exploring nature's deep principles, the model revives the personologic concept christened by Henry Murray some 65 years ago; it also parallels the interface between human social functioning and evolutionary biology proposed by Edward Wilson in his concept of sociobiology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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R. F. Bornstein (2001) points to real problems but underestimates what is going on now clinically and scientifically, exaggerates the past acceptance, and undervalues the scientific value of clinical observations. He ignores the role of economic factors in determining the status of psychoanalysis. He rejects repression, castration anxiety, penis envy, free association, and dream analysis. Clinical observations from World War II, ordinary clinical practice, and experiments amply demonstrate the phenomena of repression (painful memories, fantasies, impulses, feelings, or connections being kept out of awareness). Free association and dream analyses are powerful therapeutic techniques. Castration anxiety and penis envy (not innate) can sometimes be observed. Psychoanalysis includes powerful ideas and effective therapy as experienced by patients and reflected in research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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B. A. Maher's article about clinical psychology in Britain (see record 1958-03576-001) shows the dangers of generalizations based on inadequate data and on a lack of familiarity with the frame of reference to which the data belong. Here it is intended to point out some of the fallacious inferences drawn by Maher from his limited observations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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To validate a measure of a construct is to validate a theory: The process includes theory specification, theory elaboration, choice of methods, choice of research design, reliance on necessary auxiliary theories, and empirical observation. Evaluating the success of the process is likely to be enhanced through quantification. To date, scientists have quantified the final step of empirical observation, but earlier steps in the validation process appear more difficult to measure. In this issue, D. Westen and R. Rosenthal (2005; see record 2005-16347-003) emphasize that threats to validity are often methodological ones that precede empirical observation. Yet, their earlier attempt to quantify construct validity focused only on the final, empirical observation step of the process. For that reason, it can produce positive results despite real theoretical and methodological threats to validity. Nonetheless, the laudable attempt by these distinguished authors to quantify construct validity reminds us of the complexity of the construct validation process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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"Clinical psychology is both a basic and an applied area. Because of the undeveloped state of both psychology and clinical psychology, research is by far the most important responsibility of the clinical psychologist. The university has primary responsibility for integrating training in both the basic and the applied areas. The private practice of clinical psychology is of minor importance. It should be restricted." Clinical psychology "is important both because of the contribution it has made and is making to basic psychology, and because of the potential social significance of its practical contribution." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献