Race and Genetics: Controversies in Biomedical, Behavioral, and Forensic Sciences.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 60(4) of American Psychologist (see record 2007-16797-001). In this article, Table 1 contains several errors due to an editorial mistake. In the Population and Incarceration columns, the data for Blacks and Whites were transposed. In addition, decimal points were omitted from the data in the Rate (%) of Incarceration per Population columns. The correct version of Table 1 appears in the erratum.] Among biomedical scientists, there is a great deal of controversy over the nature of race, the relevance of racial categories for research, and the proper methods of using racial variables. This article argues that researchers and scholars should avoid a binary-type argument, in which the question is whether to use race always or never. Researchers should instead focus on developing standards for when and how to use racial variables. The article then discusses 1 context, criminology, in which the use of racial variables in behavioral genetics research could be particularly problematic. If genetic studies of criminalized behavior use forensic DNA databanks or forensic genetic profiles, they will be confounded by the many racial biases of the law enforcement and penal system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Meaning of Race in Psychology and How to Change It: A Methodological Perspective.

The primary purpose of this article was to offer a methodological critique in support of arguments that racial categories should be replaced as explanatory constructs in psychological research and theory. To accomplish this goal, the authors (a) summarized arguments for why racial categories should be replaced; (b) used principles of the scientific method to show that racial categories lack conceptual meaning; (c) identified common errors in researchers' measurement, statistical analyses, and interpretation of racial categories as independent variables; and (d) used hierarchical regression analysis to illustrate a strategy for replacing racial categories in research designs with conceptual variables. Implications for changing the study of race in psychology are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Genes, Race, and Psychology in the Genome Era: An Introduction.

The mapping of the human genome has reawakened interest in the topic of race and genetics, especially the use of genetic technology to examine racial differences in complex outcomes such as health and intelligence. Advances in genomic research challenge psychology to address the myriad conceptual, methodological, and analytical issues associated with research on genetics and race. In addition, the field needs to understand the numerous social, ethical, legal, clinical, and policy implications of research in this arena. Addressing these issues should not only benefit psychology but could also serve to guide such thought in other fields, including molecular biology. The purpose of this special issue is to begin a discussion of this issue of race and genetics within the field of psychology. Several scholars who work in the fields of genetics, race, or related areas were invited to write (or had previously submitted) articles sharing their perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The essential role of behavioral genetics in developmental psychology: Reply to Partridge (2005) and Greenberg (2005).

The authors address the methodological, theoretical, and ideological criticisms of their article on adolescent perceptions of parenting behavior (see record 2005-14938-011) made by G. Greenberg (see record 2005-14938-013) and T. Partridge (see record 2005-14938-012). Behavioral genetic methods have provided unique insights on the origins of individual differences in behavior and, when applied to parenting and other putative psychosocial influences, challenge conventional developmental theory. McGue et al.'s goal was not, as Greenberg and Partridge appeared to believe, to establish the heritability of parenting--that was already known; rather, McGue et al. showed how the relationship between inherited factors and an individual's environment changes during a critical developmental transition. There is a great need for developmental researchers to explore the combined influence of genetic and environmental factors using a range of approaches, including that of McGue et al. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Substance and artifact in the higher-order factors of the Big Five": Correction to McCrae et al. (2008).

Reports an error in "Substance and artifact in the higher-order factors of the Big Five" by Robert R. McCrae, Shinji Yamagata, Kerry L. Jang, Rainer Riemann, Juko Ando, Yutaka Ono, Alois Angleitner and Frank M. Spinath (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2008[Aug], Vol 95[2], 442-455). In this article, an incorrect DOI was published. The correct DOI for this article is 10.1037/0022-3514.95.2.442. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-09787-013.) J. M. Digman (1997) proposed that the Big Five personality traits showed a higher-order structure with 2 factors he labeled α and β. These factors have been alternatively interpreted as heritable components of personality or as artifacts of evaluative bias. Using structural equation modeling, the authors reanalyzed data from a cross-national twin study and from American cross-observer studies and analyzed new multimethod data from a German twin study. In all analyses, artifact models outperformed substance models by root-mean-square error of approximation criteria, but models combining both artifact and substance were slightly better. These findings suggest that the search for the biological basis of personality traits may be more profitably focused on the 5 factors themselves and their specific facets, especially in monomethod studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Medial frontal activity in brand-loyal consumers: A behavioral and near-infrared ray study": Correction to Lin, Tuan, and Chiu (2010).

Reports an error in "Medial frontal activity in brand-loyal consumers: A behavior and near-infrared ray study" by Ching-Hung Lin, Hsu-Ping Tuan and Yao-Chu Chiu (Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 2010[Nov], Vol 3[2], 59-73). Figures 8 and 9 were printed with errors. Corrected versions of these figures are presented in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-22993-001.) Researchers have recently begun to explore the physiological factors influencing consumer preferences for product brands. The medial frontal cortex (MFC) is critically involved in both emotion processing and prepurchase product assessment. However, analyses of MFC activation with near-infrared ray (NIR) imaging are rarely compared between brand-loyal customers and switchers (brand nonloyals) to investigate the long-term effects of luxury products. Subjects, classified as loyals or switchers, performed a 2-session task: (a) evaluate their product preferences while undergoing NIR imaging, and (b) rate products on several dimensions (e.g., willingness to purchase). Variables examined were brand and attractiveness. Results for preference rating and reaction time indicate that loyals are more sensitive than switchers in differentiating between luxury and generic and between attractive and unattractive products. Additionally, MFC activation reflects product attractiveness. The interaction between brand and attractiveness dominated the preferences of most subjects. The link between MFC activation and the preference for products seems not only related to luxury brands but also rooted in product attractiveness. Consequently, this preliminary investigation presents a novel approach for branding research based on measuring brain responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Snatching defeat from the jaws of victory: Self-esteem differences in the experience and anticipation of success": Correction to Wood et al (2005).

Reports an error in "Snatching Defeat From the Jaws of Victory: Self-Esteem Differences in the Experience and Anticipation of Success" by Joanne V. Wood, Sara A. Heimpel, Ian R. Newby-Clark and Michael Ross (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2005[Nov], Vol 89[5], 764-780). There are typographical errors in Table 2 (certain values should not have been in bold face). The corrected table is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2005-15658-009.) Successes--defined broadly as meeting important standards or receiving positive evaluations--are widely assumed to be enjoyed equally by people with high self-esteem (HSEs) and low self-esteem (LSEs). Three studies examined the contradictory hypothesis that HSEs react more favorably to success than do LSEs and that success brings about certain unfavorable consequences for LSEs. Undergraduate participants reacted to a laboratory-manipulated success (Studies 1 and 2) or imagined highly positive events in the future (Study 3). Self-esteem differences emerged in anxiety, thoughts about the self, and (in Study 3) thoughts about non-self-related aspects of the event. LSEs were more anxious than HSEs after succeeding, success improved HSEs' self-relevant thoughts but not LSEs', and LSEs focused more on success's negative aspects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"More on recognition and recall in amnesics": Correction to Hirst, Johnson, Phelps, and Volpe (1988).

Reports an error in "More on recognition and recall in amnesics" by William Hirst, Marcia K. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Phelps and Bruce T. Volpe (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988[Oct], Vol 14[4], 758-762). In this article, the authors failed to specify how the group of amnesics that they test in their article differed from the nonalcoholic amnesics tested in Hirst, Johnson, Kim, Phelps, Risse, and Volpe (1986). The pertinent statistics are given in the erratum. Additionally, in the last sentence on page 760, the degrees of freedom for the t test should be 8 instead of 10. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1989-16104-001.) Hirst et al. (1986) reported that amnesic forced-choice recognition was relatively preserved when compared with amnesic recall. They equated normal recognition and amnesic recognition by extending exposure time for the amnesics and then comparing amnesic recall and normal recall. Amnesic recall was worse than normal recall, despite equated recognition. We conducted two experiments to extend that result. Experiment 1 established that the findings of Hirst et al. are not paradigm specific and hold when amnesic recognition and normal recognition are equated by increasing the retention interval for normals. In Experiment 2 we further established the generality of the result by examining yes-no recognition. Findings further specify the selective nature of the direct memory deficits in amnesics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Attribution and expressed emotion in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia": Correction to Brewin, MacCarthy, Duda, and Vaughn (1991).

Reports an error in "Attribution and expressed emotion in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia" by Chris R. Brewin, Brigid MacCarthy, Karin Duda and Christine E. Vaughn (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1991[Nov], Vol 100[4], 546-554). An incorrect sentence was published. The sentence that ends the fourth paragraph on p. 547 ought to read: A more recent onset of illness would be expected to produce more unstable attributions, and more disturbed behavior (particularly involving violence toward the relative) would be expected to produce attributions that were more internal and personal to the patient but more external and uncontrollable as regards the relative. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1992-12907-001.) Indexes of expressed emotion (EE) in 58 relatives of patients with schizophrenia were related to those relatives' spontaneously expressed causal beliefs about the illness and about related symptoms and behaviors. Relatives made attributions predominantly to factors external, universal, and uncontrollable from their own perspective, and to factors internal, universal, and uncontrollable from the patient's perspective. Low-EE relatives were similar in their attributions to emotionally overinvolved relatives. Compared with these 2 groups, critical and/or hostile relatives made more attributions to factors personal to and controllable by the patient. Subsequent analyses suggested that hostile relatives were further characterized by making more attributions to factors internal to the patient and by making attributions with fewer causal elements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The influence of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on goodness-of-fit assessments in structural equation models": Correction to la Du and Tanaka (1989).

Reports an error in "Influence of sample size, estimation method, and model specification on goodness-of-fit assessments in structural equation models" by Terence J. la Du and J. S. Tanaka (Journal of Applied Psychology, 1989[Aug], Vol 74[4], 625-635). Figure 2 (p. 631) summarizes Katzell's work motivation model and indicates where the trivial misspecification (dashed line) and nontrivial misspecification (starred line) occurred in our model specification condition. The error is in the latter. The starred line should be from Operations and Resources to Extrinsic Rewards and not from Rewards for Performance to Fruity. Our findings are not changed by this error, because we were using Katzell's model and accompanying data base to conduct a sampling study on goodness-of-fit indices and not testing his model. Hence, any of the paths were candidates for the nontrivial misspecification condition. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1989-38703-001.) The problem of assessing fit of structural equation models is reviewed, and two sampling studies are reported that examine the effects of sample size, estimation method, and model misspecification on fit indices. In the first study, the behavior of indices in a known-population confirmatory factor analysis model is considered. In the second study, the same problem in an empirical data set is examined by looking at antecedents and consequences of work motivation. The findings across the two studies suggest that (a) as might be expected, sample size is an important determinant in assessing model fit; (b) estimator-specific, as opposed to estimator-general, fit indices provide more accurate indications of model fit; and (c) the studied fit indices are differentially sensitive to model misspecification. Some recommendations for the use of structural equation model fit indices are given. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Perceptual and memorial constructs in children's judgments of quantity: A law of across-representation invariance": Correction to Wolf and Algom (1987).

Reports an error in "Perceptual and memorial constructs in children's judgments of quantity: A law of across-representation invariance" by Yuval Wolf and Daniel Algom (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1987[Dec], Vol 116[4], 381-397). The sentence found on p. 381, right-hand column, line 15, was printed incorrectly. The corrected statement is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-07144-001.) Children at three different ages made judgments of physically presented (perceptual estimation) or symbolically represented (memorial estimation) rectangles. Height and width were integrated according to different, age-dependent algebraic rules. Memorial data obeyed the same integration rules that operated in the original perceptual judgments even when younger children and older children used completely different combination models. Valuation operations were the same in perception and memory for the youngest group (6-year-olds) but became discriminably different at older ages (for the 8- and 10-year-olds). Three additional experiments on judgments of volume, liquid quantity, and visual length yielded strong cross-validation support for the general invariance claim (with respect to integration rule theory) but less strong support for the specific invariance claim (with respect to valuation function for the 6-year-old subjects). Results are interpreted as demonstrating lawful and long-enduring ecological constraints on internal representation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Developing organization of mental verbs and theory of mind in middle childhood: Evidence from extensions": Correction to Schwanenflugel et al. (1998).

Reports an error in "Developing organization of mental verbs and theory of mind in middle childhood: Evidence from extensions" by Paula J. Schwanenflugel, Robbie L. Henderson and William V. Fabricius (Developmental Psychology, 1998[May], Vol 34[3], 512-524). In this article, Figures 2 and 4 were inadvertently switched. The figure appearing on page 519 is Figure 4, and the data pertain to third graders; the figure appearing on page 521 is Figure 2, and the data pertain to adults. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1998-01885-012.) The purpose of the study was to assess developments in the theory of mind suggested by changes in the organization of cognitive verb extensions during the elementary school years. Adults and 3rd- and 5th-grade children were provided with a set of mental activity scenarios and were asked to select the best verbs from a list of cognitive verbs that might apply to each scenario. Changes in organization were assessed by examining overlapping uses of cognitive verbs in different contexts. There were 3 major changes with development: (a) the understanding of the role of memory in input functions increased, (b) the interrelatedness of memory- and comprehension-related verbs increased, and (c) the importance of cognitive certainty and uncertainty engaged by constructive processing verbs increased. Together, these findings suggest that a constructivist theory of mind develops in later childhood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Prospective relations between bulimic pathology, depression, and substance abuse: Unpacking comorbidity in adolescent girls": Correction to Stice et al. (2004).

Reports an error in "Prospective Relations Between Bulimic Pathology, Depression, and Substance Abuse: Unpacking Comorbidity in Adolescent Girls" by Eric Stice, Emily M. Burton and Heather Shaw (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2004[Feb], Vol 72[1], 62-71). The findings of Leon, Fulkerson, Perry, Keel, and Klump ("Three to four year prospective evaluation of personality and behavioral risk factors for later disordered eating in adolescent girls and boys," Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1999, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 181-196), cited on page 62, were incorrectly reported. Leon et al. (1999) found that the latent variable of negative affect/attitudes determined at study entrance significantly correlated with final year eating disorder risk score when conducted with the full sample and when removing Time 1 high eating disorder risk subjects. This latent variable consisted of the GBI Depression, MPQ Negative Emotionality, EDI Ineffectiveness, EDI Interoceptive Awareness, and EDI Body Dissatisfaction scales. A subsequent univariate analysis of Time 1 Negative Emotionality scale score on Time 3 eating disorder risk, adjusting for initial eating disorder risk score, showed a nonsignificant effect size (Stice, E. [2002]. Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 825-848). (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2004-10364-006.) To elucidate the processes that contribute to the comorbidity between bulimic pathology, depression, and substance abuse, the authors tested the temporal relations between these disturbances with prospective data from adolescent girls (N = 496). Multivariate analyses indicated that depressive symptoms predicted onset of bulimic pathology but not of substance abuse, bulimic symptoms predicted onset of depression but not of substance abuse, and substance abuse symptoms predicted onset of depression but not of bulimic pathology. Results suggest that the comorbidity arises because certain disorders are risk factors for the other disorders. Findings also provide support for select etiologic theories and further establish the clinical significance of these conditions by showing that they increase risk for onset of other psychiatric disturbances. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Preexposure and extinction effects of lithium chloride induced taste-potentiated aversions for spatially contiguous auditory food cues in rats": Correction to Ellins and von Kluge (1987).

Reports an error in "Preexposure and extinction effects of lithium chloride induced taste-potentiated aversions for spatially contiguous auditory food cues in rats" by Stuart R. Ellins and Silvia von Kluge (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1987[Apr], Vol 101[2], 164-169). The aforementioned article contains errors in the last paragraph of the Results section, none of which change the results of the experiment. The corrected paragraph sections are provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-24095-001.) Taste potentiated illness-induced aversions for noisy food were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats ate from receptacles containing salty food and a contiguous tone produced by speakers under the food followed by lithium chloride injections. In preference tests, the rats then avoided noisy food in favor of quiet food followed by extinction and spontaneous recovery of the auditory aversion over repeated nonreinforced trials. Other rats were given either 4 or 10 days of exposure to the noisy food prior to taste-toxicosis treatment. None of these rats subsequently avoided noisy food. The importance of spatial contiguity and methodological variation in associating nongustatory food cues with illness is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Ethnic differences and the closing of the sex gap in alcohol use among college-bound students": Correction to Corbin, Vaughan, and Fromme (2008).

Reports an error in "Ethnic differences and the closing of the sex gap in alcohol use among college-bound students" by William R. Corbin, Ellen L. Vaughan and Kim Fromme (Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2008[Jun], Vol 22[2], 240-248). The article was published with incorrect figures. The correct Figures 1 and 2 are reprinted in this correction. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-06772-009.) In this study, the authors used Web-based surveys to examine differences in alcohol use by sex and ethnicity and factors associated with these group differences among 2,241 college-bound students. A Sex × Ethnicity interaction indicated that the sex gap was much larger for Latino than for Caucasian students. Although peer influence was important for both Caucasian and Latino students, family influences were significant only for Latino youths. The sex differences in drinking among Latino youths were largely explained by the combination of same-sex family member and same-sex peer drinking through values about the acceptability of drinking behavior. Among Caucasians, perceptions of peer behavior exerted a stronger influence on drinking behavior than among Latinos. These results suggest that interventions targeting peer influence are likely to be most effective for Caucasian students. In contrast, for Latinos, particularly Latina women, family characteristics may be an important target for prevention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Age differences in psychosocial predictors of positive and negative affect: A longitudinal investigation of young, midlife, and older adults": Correction to Windsor and Anstey (2010).

Reports an error in "Age differences in psychosocial predictors of positive and negative affect: A longitudinal investigation of young, midlife, and older adults" by Tim D. Windsor and Kaarin J. Anstey (Psychology and Aging, 2010[Sep], Vol 25[3], 641-652). Contains an error in Figure 3, on page 649. The correction discusses where to find the correct data. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-18944-009.) Research has consistently shown that despite aging-related losses, older adults have high levels of emotional well-being relative to those in young and midlife adults. We aimed to contribute to knowledge around the factors that predict emotional well-being over the life course by examining age group differences in associations of positive and negative social exchanges and mastery beliefs with positive and negative affect in a sample of 7,472 young, midlife, and older adults assessed on 2 measurement occasions, 4 years apart. Results from structural equation models indicated lower levels of negative affect with advancing age. Mastery was consistently related to higher well-being, with the strongest associations evident for young adults. Older adults reported the most frequent positive and least frequent negative social exchanges; however, associations of social relations with affect tended to be stronger among young and midlife adults relative to older adults. Results are discussed in the context of life course perspectives on goal orientations and self-regulatory processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Ovarian hormones and cognition in the aged female rat: I. Long-term, but not short-term, ovariectomy enhances spatial performance": Correction to Bimonte-Nelson et al. (2003).

Reports an error in "Ovarian Hormones and Cognition in the Aged Female Rat: I. Long-Term, but Not Short-Term, Ovariectomy Enhances Spatial Performance" by Heather A. Bimonte-Nelson, Rachel S. Singleton, Christopher L. Hunter, Kimber L. Price, Alfred B. Moore and Ann-Charlotte E. Granholm (Behavioral Neuroscience, 2003[Dec], Vol 117[6], 1395-1406). The fifth sentence of the abstract reads, "Aged rats exhibited estradiol and elevated progesterone levels comparable to those of young rats." The sentence should read as follows: "Aged rats exhibited similar estradiol and elevated progesterone levels compared with those of young rats." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2003-10460-025.) Although research suggests that ovariectomy (ovx) is detrimental to spatial cognition in young rats, little work has evaluated the cognitive effects of ovx in aged rats. The authors investigated the effects of ovx in aged rats using the water radial-arm maze. In Study 1, young rats and aged rats receiving ovx 1.5 months before testing outperformed aged rats receiving sham surgery or ovx 21 days before testing. In Study 2, young rats and aged rats receiving ovx 2.0 or 6.0 months before testing outperformed aged sham rats. Aged rats exhibited estradiol and elevated progesterone levels comparable to those of young rats. The findings suggest that 1.5-6.0 months, but not 21 days, of ovx improves spatial memory in aged rats. The hypothesis that long-term ovarian hormone loss is detrimental to spatial memory in aged rats was not supported. The authors hypothesize that removal of elevated progesterone levels is related to the ovx-induced cognitive enhancement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)