Rapeseed oil in a two-component margarine base stock

A two-component margarine base stock with liquid oil as one component allowed for a lowertrans fatty acid content and at the same time provided for a higher essential fatty acid level than a one-component base stock. Transesterification softened a two-component margarine base stock and resulted in a steeper solid fat index curve, but did allow for a lowertrans fatty acid level in a margarine base stock. The high content of erucic acid in rapeseed oil did not change the physical properties of a margarine base stock and provided a good hardstock when this oil was hydrogenated. The use of a hydrogenated rapeseed oil ensured interchangeability of liquid oils in blends and rearranged blends, also seemed superior to soybean hardstocks in this respect.     

Jx—1型镍铁电镀光亮剂的研制及性能测试

报道了Ｊｘ－１型镍铁电镀光亮剂的研制及性测试,得出的结论是：出光速度快,范围广,结合好,分散能力达８０％以上（Ｋ＝５）;深度率１００％;整平能力达９５．１％;电流效率达到９９．２％。     

Networks of partially hydrogenated cis-1,4-polybutadiene and ‘rigid rods’

Networks of ‘flexible’ and ‘rigid’ chains were synthesized. As ‘flexible’ component we have used different partially hydrogenated cis-1,4-polybutadiene. The ‘rigid’ component was synthesized from bis(1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione)s and biscyclohexadienes via repetitive Diels-Alder reaction. A slight excess of bis(1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione)s leads to polymers with 1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione end groups, which can easily react with the partially hydrogenated cis-1,4-polybutadiene. The influence of the extent of hydrogenation and the amount of crosslinker on the mechanical and thermal behaviour is described.     

Analyses of flavor qualities of vegetable oils by gas chromatography

Soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, and corn oil were exposed to fluorescent light for different periods of time to obtain a wide range of flavor qualities. The flavor qualities of these oils were evaluated by sensory and gas Chromatographic methods. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a 10-point hedonic scale to rate overall flavor quality. The sensory panel was made up of 94 members from 8 different laboratories. The correlation coefficients (r) of the flavor scores between sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis for soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, and corn oil were 0.95, 0.97 and 0.97, respectively. These results were very close to the correlation coefficients (r) 0.99, 0.98 and 0.95 obtained from 10 sensory panel members from one specific laboratory.     

聚酰胺改性氢化蓖麻油在无铅锡膏中的应用研究

通过试验，在免洗松香型无铅锡膏中添加聚酰胺改性氢化蓖麻油，考察其对焊锡膏流变性能及应用性能的影响。其中，测试方法包括粘度、粘着力和抗热塌性测试。聚酰胺改性氢化蓖麻油用量为5g时的焊锡膏的粘度适中、粘着力最大及其抗热塌性最好，会有一个较好的印刷性能。     

Quantitative determination of double bond positions in unsaturated fatty acids after oxidative cleavage

The position and amt of unsaturation in fatty acids have been determined, especially in pure fractions of partially hydrogenated fats. In developing a quantitative method for determination of ethylenic bonds in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids several procedures were combined. Key features include oxidative cleavage; recovery of cleaved acids as salts; and their conversion to methyl, ethyl or butyl esters for programmed gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. Monobasic analyses closely agree with the corresponding dibasic analyses, except neither malonic nor propionic acid has been quantitatively estimated. Analyses are shown for cleavage of high purity oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids; forcis andtrans monoenates; and for conjugated and nonconjugated dienoates. Demonstrated are the accuracy, precision and applicability of the procedure to a wide range of pure fractions isolated after both heterogeneous and homogeneous partial catalytic hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Presented at AOCS Meeting in New Orleans, 1964. A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. & Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Upgrading of coal-derived liquids: 4. Characterization of upgraded liquids by field-ionization mass spectrometry

The mass range and the number-average molecular weight of coal-derived liquids upgraded with various catalysts were determined by field-ionization mass spectrometry (FIMS). The differences in the main components in liquids upgraded with HDS (hydrodesulphurization) and zeolite catalysts were clarified. Upgraded coal-derived liquids hydrogenated and deoxygenated with HDS catalysts contain alkyl-tetralins or indans as the main component. On the other hand, coal-derived liquids upgraded with zeolite catalysts and without catalyst contain alkyl-naphthalenes and/or alkyl-tetralins (or indans) and/or alkyl-phenols as the main component.     

Asymmetric hydrogenation using monodentate phosphoramidite ligands

Monodentate phosphoramidites are excellent ligands for Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations of substituted olefins. Enantioselectivities between 95 and 99% were obtained in the asymmetric hydrogenation of protected alpha- and beta-dehydroamino acids and esters, itaconic acid and esters, aromatic enamides, aromatic enol esters, aromatic and aliphatic enol carbamates, and alpha-substituted cinnamic acids. An iridium catalyst Ir(L*)(COD)Cl was developed that contains only a single bulky phosphoramidite based on 3,3'-disubstituted BINOL or bisphenol as a chiral ligand. With this catalyst, acetylated dehydroamino acid esters could be hydrogenated with very good enantioselectivity. Most reactions have turnover frequencies of 250-1600 h (-1), depending upon the hydrogen pressure. The enantioselectivity is unaffected by the pressure over a wide range. Because of their modularity and easy synthesis, parallel ligand synthesis is possible. Results obtained with these library ligands deviate only slightly from those obtained with purified ligands. Using this instant ligand library protocol, DSM has developed catalysts for industrial processes. These MonoPhos ligands are currently used in production for pharmaceutical intermediates by DSM. It is possible to use catalysts based on a mixture of two different monodentate ligands, such as two different monodentate phosphoramidites or one phosphoramidite and one achiral phosphine ligand. Dependent upon the substrate, the "mixed" catalyst may lead to higher enantioselectivity and rate than the "homocatalysts".     

Spatial organization of the sp-hybridized carbon atoms and electronic density of states of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films prepared by plasma decomposition of hydrocarbons exhibit a wide variety of electronic and mechanical properties depending on their deposition conditions, which makes them very interesting for applications in several domains. This versatility is essentially due to the presence of both sp²- and sp³-hybridized carbon atoms in variable proportions, and to the tendency of the sp² C atoms to gather into π-bonded clusters with different bonding configurations. The relationships between the film microstructure and their electronic density of states, as deduced from a detailed analysis of their optical properties over a large spectral range, are described and discussed, taking as reference materials the purely sp² (graphite) and purely sp³ (diamond) carbon crystalline phases, as well as the prototype hydrogenated amorphous tetra-coordinated semiconductor, hydrogenated amorphous silicon. It is shown that the type of clustering of the sp² C atoms is certainly more determinant for the electronic density of states, and especially for the optical gap value, than the proportion of these atoms in the material.     

Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins

Asymmetric hydrogenation is one of the most important catalytic methods for the preparation of optically active compounds. For a long time the range of olefins that could be hydrogenated with high enantiomeric excess was limited to substrates bearing a coordinating group next to the C+C bond. We have found a new class of catalysts, iridium complexes with chiral P, N ligands, that overcome these limitations. For a wide range of unfunctionalized olefins, excellent enantioselectivities could be achieved. Because these catalysts do not require the presence of any particular functional group in the substrate, they considerably broaden the scope of asymmetric hydrogenation. In addition, promising results were also obtained with certain functionalized alkenes, furans, and benzofurans.     

Hydrogenation of epoxidized natural rubber in the presence of palladium acetate catalyst

Expoxidized natural rubber has been selectively hydrogenated in the presence of a homogeneous palladium acetate catalyst. The hydrogenated product has been characterized by infra-red and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. No change is noted in the epoxy content of the polymer after the reaction. The catalyst is highly selective in reducing carbon-carbon double bonds in the presence of epoxy groups. Natural rubber has also been hydrogenated for a comparative study. The rate constant of hydrogenation is decreased with increase in epoxy content of the polymer.     

CdSe量子点的制备及其痕量汞离子的测定

以巯基乙醇为稳定剂在水溶液中制备了CdSe量子点,分别考察了还原剂硼氧化钾、硒粉、氯化镉、巯基乙醇的用量和pH值等因素的影响,并以该量子点为探针,建立了荧光猝灭法测定痕量Hg2+的分析方法.结果表明,在最佳实验条件下,反应时间为25min、量子点浓度为5.0×i0-5mol·L-1、pH值为7.0左右.Hg2+在1.0...     

增粘树脂在丙烯酸酯乳液胶粘剂中的共聚改性研究

主要研究了增粘树脂种类以及用量对丙烯酸酯类乳液胶粘剂的共聚改性,同时探讨了引发剂、溶剂对乳液胶粘剂的性能的影响。研究发现:氢化松香的增粘效果较好,其适宜的用量为不超过单体总量的10％。     

Low-linolenic acid soybean oil—Alternatives to frying oils

Oil was hexane-extracted from soybeans that had been modified by hybridization breeding for low-linolenic acid (18∶3) content. Extracted crude oils were processed to finished edible oils by laboratory simulations of commercial oil processing procedures. Oils from three germplasm lines N83-375 (5.5% 18∶3), N89-2009 (2.9% 18∶3) and N85-2176 (1.9% 18∶3) were compared to commercial unhydrogenated soybean salad oil with 6.2% 18∶3 and two hydrogenated soybean frying oils, HSBOI (4.1% 18∶3) and HSBOII (<0.2% 18∶3). Low-18∶3 oils produced by hybridization showed significantly lower room odor intensity scores than the commercial soybean salad oil and the commercial frying oils. The N85-2176 oil with an 18∶3 content below 2.0% showed no fishy odor after 10 h at 190°C and lower burnt and acrid odors after 20 h of use when compared to the commercial oils. Flavor quality of potatoes fried with the N85-2176 oil at 190°C after 10 and 20 h was good, and significantly better at both time periods than that of potatoes fried in the unhydrogenated oil or in the hydrogenated oils. Flavor quality scores of potatoes fried in the N89-2009 oil (2.9% 18∶3) after 10 and 20 h was good and equal to that of potatoes fried in the HSBOI oil (4.1% 18∶3). Fishy flavors, perceived with potatoes fried in the low-18∶3 oils, were significantly lower than those reported for potatoes fried in the unhydrogenated control oil, and the potatoes lacked the hydrogenated flavors of potatoes fried in hydrogenated oils. These results indicate that oils with lowered linolenic acid content produced by hybridization breeding of soybeans are potential alternatives to hydrogenated frying oils.     

Selection of Ceramic Tools in the Production Preparation Stage Taking Account of Operating Properties

Refractories and Industrial Ceramics - As a result of life tests for different ceramic tools during turning alloy M-NP over a wide range cutting regimes their good operating properties are revealed...     

Biological evaluation of hydrogenated rapeseed oil

A 91-day feeding study evaluated soybean oil, rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil, fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated superglycerinated soybean oil and fully hydrogenated superglycerinated rapeseed oil at 7.5% of the diet in rats; a 16-wk feeding study evaluated soybean oil and the three rapeseed oils or fats at 15% of the diet. Each fat was fed to 40 rats as a mixture with soybean oil making up 20% of a semi-synthetic diet. No significant differences in body weight gains or diet-related pathology were seen in the 91-day study although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had slightly heavier hearts, kidneys and testes than the others. The rats fed the four fully hydrogenated fats ate more feed and had lower feed efficiencies than those fed oils but no differences were seen among the four hydrogenated fats. In the 16-wk feeding study, no pronounced pathology related to the diet was seen although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had a slightly higher incidence of histiocytic infiltration of cardiac muscle than the rats in the other groups. The female rats fed the three rapeseed oil fats gained significantly less weight and the females fed liquid rapeseed oil had enlarged hearts compared to the other groups. The absorbabilities of the six fats were measured in the 91-day study when fed as a mixture with soybean oil and as the sole source of dietary fat in a separate 15-day balance study. The four fully hydrogenated fats were poorly absorbed and the absorption of behenic acid from the two hydrogenated rapeseed oils was found to be 12% and 17% in the balance study and 8-40% in the feeding study. The adverse biological effects of unhydrogenated rapeseed oil containing erucic acid as reported in the literature do not occur with fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil. In addition, the low absorbability of the fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil is an added factor in its biological inertness.     

Electrochemical generation of hydrogenated graphene flakes

A cathodic electrochemical method for the exfoliation of graphite to produce hydrogenated graphenic flakes is introduced. The resulting solutions consist of micrometer-sized and predominantly 1–4 layers thick hydrogenated graphenic flakes. In contrast to oxygenation, chemisorption of hydrogen avoids the formation of structural vacancy defects in the exfoliated flakes. Thermal desorption of hydrogen therefore results in graphenic flakes with a low defect density and consequently good electrical conductivity. Cathodic electrochemical exfoliation offers a remarkably simple and effective technique for the production of high quality graphene flakes and their hydrogenated relatives.     

Über den Verlauf der Hydrierung von Triolein an Raney-Nickel

The Course of Hydrogenation of Triolein on Raney Nickel Triolein was dissolved in hexane and hydrogenated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure with Raney Nickel as catalyst. In a number of experiments the percentage of various hydrogenation products was compared with the theoretical values which might be obtained by the possible courses of reaction. It was found out that under currently employed experimental conditions triolein, diolein and monoolein are hydrogenated at the same rate. The direct hydrogenation of triolein to monoolein and tristearin, and of diolein to tristearin partly took place, especially when a highly active catalyst was employed. No difference was observed between the rates of hydrogenation of the fatty acid rests in the α- and β-positions.     

Mechanical properties,flame retardancy,hot‐air ageing,and hot‐oil ageing resistance of ethylene‐vinyl acetate rubber/hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber/magnesium hydroxide composites

The mechanical properties, flame retardancy, hot‐air ageing, and hot‐oil ageing resistance of ethylene‐vinyl acetate rubber (EVM)/hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites were studied. With increasing HNBR fraction, elongation at break and tear strength of the EVM/HNBR/MH composites increased, whereas the limited oxygen index and Shore A hardness decreased slightly. Hot‐air ageing resistance and hot‐oil ageing resistance of the composites became better with increasing HNBR fraction. Thermal gravimetric analysis results demonstrated that the presence of MH and low HNBR fraction could improve the thermal stability of the composites. Differential scanning calorimeter revealed that the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the composites shifted toward low temperatures with increasing HNBR fraction, which was also confirmed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Atomic force microscope images showed MH has a small particle size and good dispersion in the composites with high HNBR fraction. The flame retardancy, extremely good hot‐oil ageing, and hot‐air ageing resistance combined with good mechanical properties performance in a wide temperature range (?30°C to 150°C) make the EVM/HNBR/MH composites ideal for cables application. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Miscible blends of poly(vinyl phenyl ketone hydrogenated) and poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine)

Miscibility behavior over a wide composition range was detected for polymer blends of poly(vinyl phenyl ketone hydrogenated) (PVPhKH) with poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) (PS-co-4VPy). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo mechanical analysis (TMA) reveal that each composition has only one glass transition temperature. The variation of the glass transition temperature with composition for PVPhKH/PS-co-4VPy miscible blends follows the Gordon-Taylor equation. FTIR analysis of this binary system indicates the existence of hydrogen bonding between pyridine ring of PS-co-4VPy and hydroxyl groups insert into PVPhKH. This specific interaction has a decisive influence in the phase behavior of PVPhKH/PS-co-4VPy blends.