几种典型流域水文模型类比分析

流域水文模型是研究水文自然规律和解决水文实际问题的重要理论基础。按照流域水文模型的基本分类,简单总结分析了国内外几种典型流域水文模型的基本建模思路、适用范围及其优缺点等。在此基础上,以模型效果评价指标为准则,通过对同一流域上不同模型、以及同一模型在不同流域上的应用效果进行类比和分析,提出了在特定流域应该选取比较适用的水文模型以及几种典型水文模型的最佳适用流域。     

FCHM结构与融雪模型：森林流域水文模型研究之一

为了研究森林水文效应，根据流域产汇流规律和森林与水分之间的交互作用，以系统分析理论为基础，研制了一个仅需“简单”输入的概念性的森林流域水文模型。高山深谷融雪模型是流域水文模型中的一个子模型，它是根据高山深谷地带积雪水当量和热力条件的垂直地带分布特性设计而成。本流域模型在１０余个森林流域的水文模拟实验表明，模型是有效的，能够解决森林水文效应研究中的有关课题；并且，在洪水预报、水利水电工程、山地灾害研究与预测等领域，也有广泛的应用前景。     

分布式水文模拟模型在流域水资源管理中的应用

旨在通过对国外比较流行的分布式流域水文模拟模型的介绍，对比分析各类模型的总体结构、特点及适应领域，结合在流域水资源管理中的应用，为流域水资源管理部门及相关研究工作人员在进行流域水文模拟模型选用时提供参考。     

流域水文模型分析研究

介绍了流域水文模型的分类，以及国内外现有水文模型的研究进展，分析了现有水文模型存在的问题，并提出了若干建议。对未来水文模型作了展望，指出了基于RS和GIS的耦舍水文模型是今后研究的方向。     

分布式流域水文模型的一般结构

本文论述了分布式流域水文模型的一般结构和研制思路，并提出了相应的数学物理方程，对于分布式流域水文模型的应用研制具有一定指导意义。     

大尺度分布式水文模型发展概况和展望

本文综述介绍大尺度分布式流域水文模型的发展现状，主要成果以及存在的问题。分析和探讨建模所需的资料，主要研究内容，技术关键及难题，展望大尺度分布式流域水文模型的发展前景。     

黄河流域水文模型研究现状与进展

黄河流域的水问题一直是人们十分关注的焦点，而流域水文模型又是解决这些问题的关键所在。本文总结了黄河流域产汇流及水文模型的研究现状与进展，指出了存在的不足，展望黄河流域水文模型的研究方向，一方面继续探讨半干旱半湿润地区径流形成的物理机制，另一方面研制建立分布式流域水文模型，构造数字黄河的基础。     

流域水文模型研究综述

流域水文模拟是用数学的方法描述和模拟水文循环的过程.按照水文循环运动的物理规律和空间变化规律介绍了流域水文模型的分类及其特点,回顾了流域水文过程模型的研究进展,总结、介绍了国内外分布式流域水文模型的开发研究成果,结合当前流域水文模型研究中存在的尺度、非线性、模型动态耦合等主要问题,提出了发展方向。     

流域水文模型识别方法研究与应用

基于模型产汇流机理,分析对比水文模型适用性,建立考虑气候特征、下垫面条件和人类活动影响的流域水文模型识别的指标体系,并以辽宁东部各中小流域为研究对象进行实例研究。分析了研究区域的气候特征,将新安江模型、大伙房模型和TOPMODEL模型作为备选模型,利用主成分分析法确定流域面积/主河道长度、河道比降、森林覆盖率、地形指数和气候类型作为流域水文模型识别的输入指标,进而采用层次分析法识别适用于各研究流域洪水模拟的水文模型。洪水模拟结果表明:所建立的流域水文模型识别指标体系有代表性,所识别的水文模型可很好地反映流域的产汇流特性。     

流域水文模型的回顾与展望

概述了产汇流理论及流域水文模型的发展历程.简要介绍了流域水文模型的分类和分布式流域水文模型的思路及优点.对现有模型在模型结构、资料需求及水文时空尺度等方面的不足进行了分析总结,对流域水文模型的未来发展作出展望:分布式水文物理模型将成为水文模型发展的新趋势,在模型建立的物理基础、资料获取技术等方面的研究会有新的进展.     

小浪底水库拦沙初期调控流量分析论证

根据黄河下游河道冲淤特性，从减淤角度出发，分析了小浪底水库初期运用的上限及下限调控流量。对得出的调控流量从下游河产可势及工程险情，下游河这减淤效果、水库的淤积发展及综合效益４个方面作了进一步的论证，经综合比选，水库拦沙初期，调控下限流量采用８００ｍ＾３／ｓ调控上限流量采用２６００ｍ＾３／ｓ。以后随首下河道冲刷的发展、河势的调整及整治工程的建设，在条件适宜时，调控上限一可采用３７００ｍ＾３／ｓ，以适     

An evaluation of flood forecasting,warning and response systems in the European Union

This paper presents results from the EUROflood research project sponsored by the European Commission under the EPOCH programme. The paper evaluates levels of development of flood forecasting, warning and response systems (FFWRS) in the European Union with reference to riverine and tidal floods in The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Portugal. An experimental evaluation methodology, comprising fourteen criteria and five development stages, is used to evaluated FFWRS. Flood forecasting is the starting point, but the research addresses entire FFWRS. Despite advances in flood forecasting, FFWRS often under-perform because warning dissemination and response are unsatisfactory.FFWRS have developed in response to different water resource management problems, varying flood characteristics and different historic, cultural and institutional factors. FFWRS for flood defence and flood emergency response are the main focus, but they are also important for navigation, bridge clearance, fishing, recreation and industry. France, parts of Germany, The Netherlands and England and Wales have relatively mature FFWRS. FFWRS are much less well developed in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Portugal, and important areas for enhancement are identified in all countries. Cross-country and within-country comparisons reveal the potential for knowledge transfer, although ultimately the unique circumstances of each country places limits upon this process.     

Auto CAD应用技术研究

Auto CAD是国际上流行在微机上运行的通用绘图工具软件包。利用这些工具可以开发出各种各样的微机辅助设计(CAD)软件。和大型CAD系统相比,它具有投资少、见效快、容易放在生产第一线等突出优点,因而在航空、造船、机械、电子、土木建筑、水利水电工程等等领域得到推广。本文总结了笔者多年来在开发应用Auto CAD方面的一些经验,主要讨论软件接口技术、图块技术、形文件技术、专用菜单设计技术等。     

The effect of rivers,streams, and canals on property values

Rivers, streams, and canals support a variety of critical agricultural, industrial, transportation, ecological, and household uses. They also provide important aesthetic, recreational, and sociocultural benefits. This review paper synthesizes the evidence to date regarding the value of these linear water features as aesthetic and recreational resources to adjacent and nearby residents. Specifically, it summarizes 25 studies that have used the hedonic pricing method to calculate the effects of views of and proximity to rivers, streams, and canals on surrounding residential property values. The majority of studies indicated that significant positive property price effects are associated with river, stream, and canal view and proximity, though these effects appear less definitive in rural than urban settings. Implications of the body of evidence for planning, management, and development are discussed, and potential effects of climate change and diversion policies are highlighted. Improvements in measurement facilitated by advanced geographic information systems and rigorous spatially explicit regression techniques are noted.     

水库清淤技术：吸头清淤装置系统的研究

吸头清淤装置系统是主要适用于中小型水库泥沙处理的水库清淤系统，安装置的结构主要包括顺次连接的吸头，水库内软管及水库外输沙管，库外输沙管末端设一阀站以控制流量，根据试验研究成果，着重探讨了该系统的基本组成部分即吸头的结构设计，也就是最优吸头参数选择问题，并就该装置系统的输沙管道长度，管径以及系统工作水头等因素对系统淤效率的影响进行了分析，通过分析，表明吸头清淤装置系统具有以下特点，如结构简单，操作灵     

引黄灌区水沙综合利用及渠首治理

本文总结了引黄水沙综合利用的技术特点，其中包括淤改、稻改、淤临床淤背浑水灌溉和建筑材料的转化：指出各种泥沙利用技术在不同时期的作用是不同的，比如淤改和稻改是６０和７０年代泥沙利用的重要形式，军水灌溉测是８０和９０年代泥沙利用的重要组成部分。渠首地区一般是受害者，结合灌区的实际情况进行渠首综合８治理是十分必要的；本文进一步论述了渠首治理的主要内容，其中包括淤灌、发展经济林、沙化治理等。     

Comparison of AMC-dependent CN-conversion Formulae

The available antecedent moisture condition (AMC)-dependent runoff curve number (CN) (SCS, National Engineering Handbook, Supplement A, Section 4, Chapter 10, Soil Conservation Service, USDA, Washington, DC, 1956) conversion formulae due to Sobhani (M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 1975), Hawkins et al. (J Irrig Drain Eng, ASCE 111:330–340, 1985), Chow et al. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988), and Neitsch et al. (Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station, TX, TWRI Report TR-191, 2002) were compared utilizing the NEH-4 CN-values (SCS, National Engineering Handbook, Supplement A, Section 4, Chapter 10, Soil Conservation Service, USDA, Washington, DC, 1972) as target values. The Sobhani formula was found to perform the best in CN_I-conversion, and the Hawkins formula in CN_III-conversion. When evaluated on a large set of Agriculture Research Service (United States) data, a newly proposed formula performed the best of all, and the Neitsch formula the poorest, and therefore, the former was recommended for field use. The poorest performance of the latter is largely attributed to the occurrence of unreasonable negative CN_I-values at low CN_II-values.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

山区公路沿线地质灾害分布与环境影响关系研究——以汶川-茂县公路为例

汶茂公路地处我国地质灾害高易发区,是汶川地震发生后重要的"生命通道"。为深入探究该类区域崩滑灾害的发育规律,并据此对公路选线和设计提供依据,通过对灾害最新遥感解译、现场调查和资料搜集,运用Arc GIS平台,分析了汶茂公路走廊带的地表坡度、坡向、工程地质岩组、断层、水系、道路影响共6个环境因子与地质灾害之间的关系。结果表明:(1)研究区共计崩塌258个,滑坡127个,其在30°~60°的坡度范围内分布最广,E、W、SW、NW坡向范围内坡体稳定性较差,灾害频发。(2)地层及岩性在宏观上对灾害发生起着控制作用。(3)距断层越远,其受到的影响越小。(4)走廊带内崩滑灾害受区域水系的控制。(5)距道路400 m的范围内灾害点密度最大,在道路修建时,应重点考虑边坡、路基的的影响因素。     

The past,present, and future Aral Sea

The Aral Sea, a once vast brackish terminal lake in the heart of Central Asia, has been rapidly drying since the 1960s. It had separated into four separate waterbodies by September 2009. The maximum water level decline was more than 26 m, whereas the lake surface area decreased 88% and the water volume 92%. The lake salinity increased by more than 20‐fold. Prior to the modern recession, the Aral Sea experienced a number of water level declines and subsequent recoveries over the last 10 millennia. The main causative factor until the 1960s was the periodic westward diversion of the Amu Dar’ya, the main influent river, towards the Caspian Sea by both natural and human forces. The post‐1960 recession, however, was overwhelmingly the result of unsustainable irrigation development. The lake’s modern recession has caused a broad range of severe negative ecological, economic and human welfare problems. To restore the Aral Sea to its 1960s’ size and ecological condition would be very difficult, if not impossible, in the foreseeable future. The plight of the Aral Sea, however, is far from hopeless. Partial restoration of portions of the lake is still feasible. A project to raise the Small (northern) Sea was completed in Fall 2005, raising its water level by 2 m, and lowering its salinity to a level not much higher than the early 1960 levels. Its ecological recovery has been dramatic, and a new project to improve further the Small Aral was recently announced. Improving the Large (southern) lake would be much more difficult and expensive. A project to save the deep Western Basin partially is technically feasible, however, and should be given careful evaluation. It is important to repair and preserve what is left of the deltas of the two tributary rivers, Syr Dar’ya and Amu Dar’ya, as these two rivers are of great ecological and economic value, and act as biological refugia for endemic species of the Aral Sea.