大籽蒿精油化学成分及其抗菌抗氧化活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取采自西藏地区藏药大籽蒿的精油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析鉴定其化学成分,采用峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对含量;并对大籽蒿精油体外抑菌能力和抗氧化能力进行测定。大籽蒿精油中共鉴定48 种化合物,占精油总量的95.36%,主要成分为红没药醇、兰香油奥、α-水芹烯、棕榈酸和薰衣草醇等;体外抑菌结果表明,大籽蒿精油对枯草芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和新型隐球菌具有较强的抑菌效果,而对大肠杆菌具有较弱抑菌效果;体外抗氧化活性结果表明大籽蒿精油对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、2,2’-联氮双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基和羟自由基具有一定的的清除能力,且清除效果强于VC。     

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of 11 Celery Cultivars

ABSTRACT:  Eleven cultivars of celery, belonging to 2 species, were collected and analyzed for their phenolic compound composition and antioxidant activities. Major phenolic acids identified in the extracts of these celeries were caffeic acid,  p -coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, while the identified flavonoids were apigenin, luteolin, and kaempferol. The contents of total phenolics were measured using a Folin–Ciocalteu assay and the total antioxidant capacity was estimated by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS·⁺) methods. Apigenin was the major flavonoid in these samples and the most abundant phenolic acid was  p- coumaric acid. Many of the investigated cultivars had high levels of phenolics and exhibited high antioxidant capacity. Among these 11 cultivars, Shengjie celery had the highest antioxidant activity whereas Tropica had the lowest. An extremely significant positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and the contents of total flavonoids, total phenolic acids, or total phenolics was observed in this study.     

Phenolic Composition,Essential Oil,and Antioxidant Activity in the Aerial Part of Artemisia Herba-Alba from Several Provenances: A Comparative Study

This study characterized the phenolic, aroma compositions, and antioxidant capacities of four Artemisia herba alba accessions collected from north and center regions in Tunisia in order to select valuable origin with optimal bioactive compounds production. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents varied between accessions with maxima contents observed in center regions. Kaempherol, apigenin, naringenin, p-coumaric, trans-cinnamic, and caffeic acids were the most abundant compounds with percentage varying depending on the considered accession. Significant changes on essential oil yields (0.4–1.2%) were found between accessions and three different oil chemotypes were distinguished: camphor, fenchol/α-thujone, and α-thujone/camphor. Cluster analysis of volatile and phenolic compositions grouped the accessions on different groups. Antioxidant activities of extracts were found to be higher than essential oils for the four provenances. The results suggested that the center regions have high potential for selecting varieties rich on essential oil, antioxidant phenolic acids, and flavonoids.     

2种艾叶酚类化合物与挥发油成分比较

为研究艾叶化学成分与其产地之间关系,分别以产自河南南阳和新疆的艾叶为实验材料,对比研究其酚类化合物和挥发油的组成。以体积分数60%乙醇溶液为溶剂超声提取酚类化合物,高效液相色谱法结合标样检测其组成;同时蒸馏萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用检测挥发油的化学成分。结果表明,河南南阳和新疆艾叶挥发油得率分别为2.644%、0.805%;河南南阳、新疆艾叶分别检测出标准品中的19种和14种酚类化合物,总含量达13.43 mg/g和9.75 mg/g;挥发油中分别鉴定出29种和12种化合物,占挥发油总量的80.24%和71.22%。河南南阳艾叶比新疆艾叶含有更加丰富的酚类化合物和挥发油。     

Determination of Chemical Composition,Total Phenolic,Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Echinophora tenuifolia Essential Oil

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, total phenolic content, and essential oil composition of Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana were investigated. The antioxidant activity of investigated essential oil was assessed by ABTS and DPPH assays. DPPH radical scavenging activity expressed by IC₅₀ was 2.84 g/L, whereas the TEAC value determined by ABTS assay was 0.032 g TEAC/kg plant. Total phenol content of essential oil determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method was calculated as 1.32 g GAE/kg plant. The essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) was investigated by GC-MS technique and 78 compounds were identified. The main components of essential oils were found to be δ-3-carene (17.93%), p-cymene (8.99%), methyleugenol (16.41%), and α-phellandrene (9.33%). The antimicrobial activity of investigated essential oil was tested using a broth dilution method against 13 bacterial and 2 fungal microorganisms. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil against Bacillus cereus was 62.5 μg/mL while the antifungal activity was greater than 1000 μg/mL for both Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cereviciae. Investigated essential oil has a certain level of antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, which may be attributed to their chemical compounds. The antimicrobial efficiency of essential oil, especially against Bacillus cereus and Staphylocoocus spp., offers its effectiveness to treatment of wound or disease caused by Gram positive bacteria.     

松花粉提取物抗氧化活性及其酚类化合物的研究

为研究松花粉抗氧化活性,采用HPLC-ECD方法测定了松花粉的水提取物和乙醇(乙醇体积分数为80%)提取物中的酚类化合物的含量。同时评价了其对羟基自由基介导的2-脱氧核糖裂解的保护作用。结果表明:2种提取物中均含有原儿茶酸、咖啡酸、p-香豆酸、阿魏酸和高良姜素,乙醇提取物中含有芦丁、槲皮素和山奈酚。松花粉乙醇提取物中的总酚含量显著高于水提物(P<0.05),但水提取物的还原能力和络合能力显著高于乙醇提取物(P<0.05)。2种提取物对非定位羟基自由基介导的2-脱氧核糖裂解的保护作用均显著高于定位羟基自由基(P<0.05),表明松花粉提取物对羟基自由基介导的2-脱氧核糖裂解的保护作用主要通过清除羟基自由基来实现的,这可能与松花粉提取物中含有大量的酚类化合物有关。     

Chemical Composition,Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Eucalyptus oleosa Leaves

This study was designed to examine the chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the leaves of E. oleosa was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main constituents of the oil were found to be 1,8-cineole (45.1%), α-pinene (14.52%), and α-terpineol (4.35%). The essential oil showed strong antibacterial activity against the test microorganisms studied, while polar subfraction of methanol extract had moderate antibacterial activity and the nonpolar subfraction of methanol extract did not show any antibacterial activity. In contrast, the extract showed much better activity than the essential oil in antioxidant activity assays employed, e.g., in DPPH systems, the highest radical-scavenging activity was shown by the polar subfraction (15.1 ± 0.7 μg/ml). In the second case, the inhibition capacity (%) of the nonpolar subfraction (98.2% ± 1.5) was found to be the stronger one. In addition, the amounts of total phenol components in the polar subfraction (186.3 ± 2.1 μg/mg) and the nonpolar subfraction (79.6 ± 1.4) were determined.     

麦麸发酵前后不同存在形态酚类物质中酚酸含量的变化及其抗氧化活性分析

以小麦麦麸为培养基,采用三株泡盛曲霉进行固态发酵,分别提取并采用高效液相色谱法测定麦麸发酵前后不同存在形态(游离型、酯苷结合型、糖苷结合型、碱解束缚型和酸解束缚型)的酚类物质中酚酸的含量,并通过DPPH自由基清除试验、还原力试验以及抗脂质过氧化试验,研究这些酚类物质的抗氧化活性。结果表明:未经过发酵的麦麸,束缚型酚酸在总酚酸含量中约占总量的80%,其酚酸类成分主要包括对香豆酸、阿魏酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、绿原酸、没食子酸、香草酸和肉桂酸等。发酵后的麦麸,游离型酚类物质的含量显著提高。抗氧化试验的结果显示,麦麸中碱解束缚型的酚类物质和发酵后麦麸的游离型酚类物质的抗氧化性较强。试验结果说明泡盛曲霉能促使被束缚的阿魏酸游离出来,使游离型酚类物质的含量及抗氧化性显著提高;而且抗氧化活性与酚酸的种类及含量有关,咖啡酸、丁香酸和阿魏酸含量高的酚类物质,其抗氧化性也较强。     

温州蜜柑、椪柑采后酚类物质及抗氧化活性比较研究

通过研究温州蜜蜂柑、椪柑两个常见柑橘品种贮藏期间类黄酮、酚酸类物质及抗氧化活性的变化规律,评价其采后的营养品质。结果表明：贮藏60d后温州蜜柑较好地保持了抗坏血酸含量,而椪柑损失较大。类黄酮类物质较稳定,温州蜜柑中黄烷酮含量贮藏后有所增加,椪柑中则呈缓慢下降趋势,2种柑橘中酚酸类物质贮藏后都有所增加。总酚含量在贮藏前期呈下降趋势,贮藏后期温州蜜柑中总酚含量增加而在椪柑中进一步下降。抗氧化能力与抗坏血酸的变化趋势类似。与椪柑相比,贮藏期间温州蜜柑能更好地保持果实的营养品质及酚类物质,从而保持较高的抗氧化活性。     

Free Phenolic Acids in Shanxi Aged Vinegar: Changes During Aging and Synergistic Antioxidant Activities

Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV) is the most famous one among the four typical famous vinegars in China, which is produced by spontaneous solid-state fermentation using sorghum, bran, and millet chaff and Daqu. In this study, free phenolic acids (FPAs) species and changes during SAV aging, and the synergistic antioxidant activities between FPAs was investigated. The results revealed that eight FPAs, including protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, dihydro sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, dihydro ferulic acid, and ferulic acid, stably existed during SAV 0–5 year aging periods, whereas during the aging time evaporation of water and FPAs combining with melanoidins made prediction of precise FPAs contents difficult. With regard to FPAs synergistic antioxidant activities, it was observed that the FPAs antioxidative interrelations were antagonism in antiradical activity experiments. And, only a few groups of FPAs mixtures showed antagonism in reduction experiments.     

樗叶花椒叶精油化学成分分析及其抗氧化活性测定

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取产自贵州的樗叶花椒叶精油,气相色谱-质谱联用法分离并分析鉴定其成分及相对含量,并研究精油的抗氧化活性和在模拟体外胃液条件下对亚硝酸根离子的清除率。在鉴定出的52 种化合物中,主要成分为α-水芹烯（21.87%）、桉叶醇（13.12%）、（－）-松油烯-4-醇（9.55%）、γ-萜品烯（8.25%）、α-萜品烯（6.50%）、（－）-α-松油醇（6.31%）等;通过测定樗叶花椒叶精油对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基、2,2-二苯基-1-苦味肼基（2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基和亚硝酸根离子的清除作用,研究精油体外抗氧化活性。结果表明：樗叶花椒叶精油对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基、DPPH自由基和亚硝酸根离子均有显著的清除活性,是一种天然的抗氧化剂和清除亚硝酸根离子的活性物质。     

干燥方式对无花果酚类物质及其抗氧化活性的影响

研究自然晒干、真空冷冻干燥、烘箱干燥、远红外干燥和真空干燥对无花果总酚含量、酚类物质组成及其 体外抗氧化活性的影响。采用福林-酚比色法及高效液相色谱法分别测定干燥后无花果的总酚含量和酚类物质的组 成,并比较多酚提取液对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、2,2’-联 氨-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ehtybenzothiaazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, ABTS）自由基清除能力和总还原力的影响,采用统计学方法分析酚类物质含量与其抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表 明：经不同方式干燥后无花果的总酚含量、各酚类物质含量均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,其中真空干燥后样品的 总酚含量与酚类物质含量总和均为最高;不同干燥方式对无花果的抗氧化活性影响显著（P＜0.05）,真空干燥样 品的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS＋·清除能力和总还原力均为最高,且相关性分析结果显示,无花果抗氧化活性 与儿茶素、槲皮苷、阿魏酸、4-羟基苯甲酸等酚类物质的含量之间呈显著相关（P＜0.05）。综上,真空干燥处理 后无花果总酚含量及多酚各组分含量总和最多、抗氧化活性最强,适宜于无花果的干燥。     

粗壮女贞苦丁茶精油的抗氧化和抑菌作用研究

为研究粗壮女贞苦丁茶精油的抗氧化和抑菌作用,以粗壮女贞苦丁茶为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法制备精油,采用气相色谱-质谱技术鉴定其挥发性成分,通过体外化学分析法测定其抗氧化作用,利用细菌、真菌和酵母测定其抑菌作用,并进一步以花生油和橙汁为对象测定其在食品贮藏过程中的抗氧化和抑菌作用。结果表明,粗壮女贞苦丁茶精油中共鉴定出4-萜品醇、γ-萜品烯和4-蒈烯等22种挥发性成分。精油能够有效清除ABTS+自由基（EC₅₀:395.9 μg/mL）、DPPH自由基（EC₅₀:165.45 μg/mL）,抑制脂质过氧化（IC₅₀:420.1 μg/mL）并展现出较强的还原能力,可有效减缓花生油在贮藏过程中过氧化值的升高,抑制油脂的氧化变质。精油具有良好的广谱抑菌性（供试菌MIC:0.31~5.0 μg/mL;MBC:1.25~20.0 μg/mL）,能明显抑制受试微生物对数生长期的生长,对细菌的抑制作用明显且对大肠杆菌较强（抑菌圈直径达29.85 mm）,可有效抑制橙汁在贮藏过程中的腐败变质。研究结果表明粗壮女贞苦丁茶精油具有在食品工业高值开发利用的潜在价值。     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Tunisian Thymus capitatus L. Methanolic Extract

Thymus capitatus has traditionally been considered as an anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, rubefactient, sedative, stimulant, and tonic. This work was carried out to determine total polyphenol and total flavonoids chemical composition of phenolics and to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract. Total phenolic contents were assayed using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, total flavonoid content was measured spectrophotometrically and phenolics were analyzed by reverse phase–high performance liquid chromatography. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and reducing power were calculated. Total phenols and total flavonoids varied significantly among the studied regions. Chromatographic analysis by reverse phase–high performance liquid chromatography showed that phenolic acids: tannic, gallic, chlorogenic hemihydrate, caffeic, syringic, ferulic, p-coumaric acid, and trans-cinnamic rosmarinic were the main compounds. The anti-radical activity was region-dependent and could be summarized as follows in ascending order: Boukornine > Kef > Bizerte > Grombelia. Reducing power in the four studied regions was stronger than positive control (ascorbic acid). From these results we have conclude that thyme methanolic extract may have a role in pharmaceutical preparations and preservatives as an antioxidant.