Novel multiplex PCR-RFLP assay discriminates bovine,porcine and fish gelatin substitution in Asian pharmaceuticals capsule shells

Gelatin is widely used in pharmaceuticals as a protective coating, such as soft and hard capsule shells. However, the animal source of gelatin is a sensitive issue because certain gelatins such as porcine and bovine gelatins are not welcome in Halal, Kosher and Hindus’ consumer goods. Recently, we have documented DNA barcoding and multiplex PCR platforms for discriminating porcine, bovine and fish gelatins in various fish and confectionary products; but those assays were not self-authenticating and also not tested in highly refined pharmaceutical products. To address this knowledge gap, here we report a self-authenticating multiplex PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay to identify animal sources of various gelatin in pharmaceutical capsules. Three different restriction enzymes, BsaAI, Hpy188I and BcoDI were used to yield distinctive RFLP patterns for gelatin-based bovine (26, 94 bp), fish (97, 198 bp) and porcine (17, 70 bp) DNA in control experiments. The specificity was cross-tested against 16 non-target species and the optimised assay was used to screen gelatin sources in 30 halal-branded pharmaceuticals capsule shells. Bovine and porcine DNA was found in 27 and 3 of the 30 different capsules products. The assay was suitable for detecting 0.1 to 0.01 ng total DNA extracted from pure and mixed gelatins. The study might be useful to authenticate and monitor halal, kosher, vegetarian and Hindu compliant pharmaceuticals, foods and cosmetics.     

Polymerase chain reaction assay for identification of chicken in meat and meat products

The aim of this study was to develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for specific detection of chicken meat using designed primer pair based on mitochondrial D-loop gene for amplification of 442 bp DNA fragments from fresh, processed and autoclaved meat and meat products. The PCR result was further verified by restriction digestion with HaeIII and Sau3AI enzymes for specific cutting site in amplified DNA fragments. The specificity of assay was cross tested with DNA of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, duck, guinea fowl, turkey and quail, where amplification was observed only in chicken without cross reactivity with red meat species. However positive reaction was also observed in quail and turkey. In this study, no adverse effects of cooking and autoclaving were found on amplification of chicken DNA fragments. Thus, the detection limits was found to be less than 1% in admixed meat and meat products. The developed assay was found specific and sensitive for rapid identification of admixed chicken meat and meat products processed under different manufacturing conditions.     

PCR amplification of repetitive sequences as a possible approach in relative species quantification

Both relative and absolute quantifications are possible in species quantification when single copy genomic DNA is used. However, amplification of single copy genomic DNA does not allow a limit of detection as low as one obtained from amplification of repetitive sequences. Amplification of repetitive sequences is therefore frequently used in absolute quantification but problems occur in relative quantification as the number of repetitive sequences is unknown. A promising approach was developed where data from amplification of repetitive sequences were used in relative quantification of species in binary mixtures. PCR LUX primers were designed that amplify repetitive and single copy sequences to establish the species dependent number (constants) (SDC) of amplified repetitive sequences per genome. The SDCs and data from amplification of repetitive sequences were tested for their applicability to relatively quantify the amount of chicken DNA in a binary mixture of chicken DNA and pig DNA. However, the designed PCR primers lack the specificity required for regulatory species control.     

Identification of pork genome in commercial meat extracts for Halal authentication by SYBR green I real‐time PCR

The identification of pork DNA in meat extracts is very important for Halal authentication and Muslim consumers demand protection from falsely labelled meat products. A pig‐specific SYBR green I real‐time PCR assay has been developed to address this issue. Using specific primers for pig mitochondrial DNA, successful amplification has been obtained by DNA extracted from control meat samples. With SYBR green I real‐time PCR, the specificity of the amplification was showed by Tm value. Detection limit of the real‐time PCR was down to 0.1 ng of porcine DNA. An appropriate linearity was obtained by construction of a standard curve based on Ct value and different concentrations of porcine DNA. By conventional PCR, no amplification was shown by porcine DNA less than 0.1 ng. The established method was conducted on commercially available meat extracts for detection and quantification of porcine DNA. The results showed the SYBR green I real‐time PCR could be considered a robust method for Halal authentication of meat extracts.     

Polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of sheep and goat meats

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was applied to a qualitative differentiation between sheep, goat and bovine meats. Oligonucleotide primers were designed for the amplification of sheep satellite I DNA sequence. The PCR amplified 374 bp fragments from sheep and goat DNA, but no fragment from bovine, water buffalo, sika deer, pig, horse, rabbit and chicken DNA. Sheep DNA (10 pg) was detected by 4% agarose gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification. Althoug cooking of the sample meats reduced the PCR products, sheep DNA was detected in the meat heated at 120°C. In order to differentiate between sheep and goat meats, nucleotide sequences of the PCR products were determined directly by cycle sequencing. The sequence of PCR products showed 92% of homology between sheep and goat. They were differentiated by ApaI digestion of the PCR products because sheep had one ApaI site and goat had no site in the PCR products.     

软胶囊囊壳配方的研制

本文通过考察不同明胶配方的胶皮的溶解性能来优选最佳囊壳配比.以柠檬黄为指示剂,考察不同配比的软胶囊壳的溶出速率,并采用正交实验设计优选囊壳配方.结果表明:当甘油:明胶为0.5:1,水:明胶为1.2:1,PEG400用量为6％时胶皮有最大的溶解速率.在最佳条件下囊壳有最大溶出速率5.8 mg/min.crm2.     

Development of a Rapid Method for the Visible Detection of Pork DNA in Halal Products by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Disclosing the composition of meat products in detail is essential to consumers’ rights. In this study, we developed a rapid method based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification to visibly identify pork DNA in meat products. Four pig specific primers were designed according to the mitochondrial DN1 gene sequence. The analytical sensitivity of the LAMP assay for pork DNA detection is 0.5 pg in our experiment, and the results were not affected by processing temperature. We used the LAMP assay and the industry standard for Chinese entry-exit inspections and quarantines to analyze commercial halal products, and the results were comparable. In conclusion, the LAMP assay has excellent sensitivity and specificity and is a convenient method for pork DNA detection.     

乌贼DNA条形码的筛选与验证

目的筛选适于鉴定乌贼的DNA条形码,建立鉴定舟山常见乌贼种类的DNA条形码技术体系。方法用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)对现有5组DNA条形码引物组合进行了筛选,设计一对新的DNA条形码引物以供筛选备用。结果现有引物与部分乌贼的DNA模板存在错配而缺乏通用性,在部分乌贼DNA的扩增受阻。本实验设计的12S rRNA基因引物可以特异性扩增乌贼的DNA,提高了乌贼鉴定的准确度。结论本研究设计的12S rRNA基因引物可以作为现有乌贼DNA条形码鉴定的补充。     

Primers specific for the fimbrial major subunit gene stdA can be used to detect Salmonella enterica serovars

The feasibility of using two primers internal to the stdA gene (which encodes the fimbrial major subunit of the std fimbrial gene cluster in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) to detect Salmonella by PCR was explored. The 518-bp stdA specific sequence was conserved among 268 strains from 45 serovars of S. enterica. One Salmonella bongori CCUG 30042 strain and 34 non-Salmonella strains did not possess this sequence. A sensitivity test revealed that the stdA-specific primer set detected 3.4 x 10(-1) pg of genomic DNA and 3.0 x 10(5) CFU/ml with serial dilutions of Salmonella Typhimurium cells. In vitro testing for specificity using pig carcass sponge samples contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium also was performed. An initial Salmonella Typhimurium inoculum of 4.4 x 10(1) CFU/ml in pig carcass exudates reached the stdA primer detection level after preenrichment in buffered peptone water at 37 degrees C for 18 h in the presence of indigenous non-Salmonella flora at 4.0 X 10(7) CFU/ml, but the detection level decreased to 4.4 x 10(0) CFU/ml after selective enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis R10 broth for 18 h at 42 degrees C. The PCR method with primers specific for stdA is a quick and sensitive tool for detecting S. enterica, which is an important cause of foodborne disease.     

基于实时荧光PCR技术鉴别梅花鹿

目的建立基于TaqMan实时荧光PCR技术鉴别梅花鹿的分析方法。方法通过对梅花鹿线粒体D-loop基因序列比对分析,选取梅花鹿D-loop基因特异位点作为扩增靶序列,设计梅花鹿特异性的引物和TaqMan探针,并用已知样本对引物和TaqMan探针的物种特异性、灵敏性进行验证。结果该引物和探针对梅花鹿成分检测具有较强的特异性,与其他物种DNA无交叉扩增,该方法的检测灵敏度为0.01ng/μL。结论本方法具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,适用于对肉类以及其他梅花鹿产品的物种的鉴别。     

Determination of Porcine Contamination in Laboratory Prepared dendeng Using Mitochondrial D-Loop686 and cyt b Gene Primers by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

The identifications of species in meat products have created interests since these foods became the target of forgery and fraud in the market. The presence of pork in food products is not allowed for the Muslim community. Hence, an analysis is necessary to detect the presence of pork in processed meat products, such as in dendeng (dried meat) product. Real time polymerase chain reaction using mitochondrial displacement loop686 and cytochrome b (cytb) gene primers was used to identify specific pork DNA among other four types of DNA species; namely beef, chicken, goat, and horse. This method was also used to identify pork DNA in the laboratory processed pork-beef dendeng as well as commercial dendeng from market. The results showed that real time polymerase chain reaction using displacement loop686 and cytb gene primers were able specifically to distinguish between pork DNA and the other species. The lowest concentration of 0.5% of pork DNA in a mixture of pork-beef processed products of dendeng was able to be detected by both primers with the product amplification of 114 and 134 bp (base pair) for the displacement loop686 and 149 bp for cytb gene, respectively. High sensitivity was also obtained when both primers were applied with the lowest detection limit of 5 pg/µL pork DNA. The results of the six commercial dendeng amplification using both primers showed no amplified products present, meaning that these products do not contain porcine DNA.     

A quick and simple method for the identification of meat species and meat products by PCR assay

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to identify six meats (cattle, pig, chicken, sheep, goat and horse) as raw materials for products. By mixing seven primers in appropriate ratios, species-specific DNA fragments could be identified by only one multiplex PCR. A forward primer was designed on a conserved DNA sequence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and reverse primers on species-specific DNA sequences for each species. PCR primers were designed to give different length fragments from the six meats. The products showed species-specific DNA fragments of 157, 227, 274, 331, 398 and 439 bp from goat, chicken, cattle, sheep, pig and horse meats, respectively. Identification is possible by electrophoresis of PCR products. Cattle, pig, chicken, sheep and goat fragments were amplified from cooked meat heated at 100 or 120°C for 30 min, but horse DNA fragments could not be detected from the 120°C sample. Detection limits of the DNA samples were 0.25 ng for all meats.     

Rapid DNA purification for Hal gene PCR diagnosis in porcine tissues and extension to other meat species

Two different halothane (Hal) gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were applied to genomic DNA extracted from porcine blood, semen, muscle and fat tissues by a rapid and simple Chelex-100 based method. One of the PCR procedure is designed from the ryanodine receptor coding sequence to produce a 81 base pair (bp) fragment, while the other is designed from pig intron sequences to produce a 659 bp fragment. Oligonucleotide primers derived from the coding sequence were also used for other meat species. Amplification products obtained from porcine, bovine, ovine, equine and deer genomic DNA were successfully digested with Hha I restriction enzyme to produce the same electrophoretic pattern as in the normal homozygous (NN) pig. No PCR products could be amplified from chicken and turkey DNA.     

Subspecies-Specific Nested PCR Assay for Detection of Lactococcus lactis spp. lactis and spp. cremoris

A nested PCR-based assay composed of Lactococcus lactis species-specific primers for the nest 1 amplification and subspecies-specific primers for the nest 2 amplification was validated with the identified strains of L. lactis isolated from dairy and nondairy sources and positive and negative control strains. Forward and reverse primer set was designed for nest 1 amplification targeting the conserved housekeeping gene yueF encoding nonproteolytic protein from peptidase family M16 of L. lactis. Amplicons of 447 bp of yueF were subjected for nest 2 amplification producing amplicons of 372 bp. The designed outer primer set for nest 1 amplification was observed to be specific to L. lactis because the DNA from other bacteria could not be amplified and the inner primer set for nest 2 amplification was found to be specific for the detection of ssp. lactis and cremoris of L. lactis.     

食品中动物源性成分的多重PCR快速检测

目的利用多重PCR技术对市售的多种食品进行检测,确定动物源性成分的种类,进行掺假及真伪鉴别。方法对鸡、猪、牛、兔、绵羊、山羊、马、鹿8种动物源性产品进行DNA提取,根据不同动物线粒体DNA设计特异性引物,根据脊椎动物细胞色素b基因mt DNA序列设计通用引物作为内源参照,对8种动物源性产品的DNA进行多重PCR扩增,同时对多种成分进行鉴定。结果琼脂糖凝胶电泳表明,此方法能同时扩增出8种动物的特异性条带,检测灵敏度达到0.01%。结论所建立的鉴定多种动物源性成分的新方法,操作简便、快速准确,可为各检验机构对食品进行检测提供方法指导。     

PCR-based identification of pathogenic Candida species using primer mixes specific to Candida DNA topoisomerase II genes

For rapid identification of Candida to the species level, degenerated primers and specific primers based on the genomic sequences of DNA topoisomerase II of C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis (genotypes I and II), C. parapsilosis (genotypes I and II), C. krusei, C. kefyr, C. guilliermondii, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae and Y. lipolytica were designed and their specificities tested in PCR-based identifications. Each of the specific primers selectively and exclusively amplified its own DNA fragment, not only from the corresponding genomic DNA of the Candida sp. but also from DNA mixtures containing other DNAs from several fungal species. For a simpler PCR-based identification, the specific primers were divided into three groups (PsI, PsII and PsIII), each of which contained four specific primer pairs. PCR with the primer mixes yielded four different sizes of PCR product, corresponding to each Candida sp. in the sample DNA. To obtain higher sensitivity of PCR amplification, sample DNAs were preamplified by the degenerated primer pair (CDF28/CDR148), followed by the main amplification using the primer mixes. By including this nested PCR step, 40 fg yeast genomic DNA was detected in the sample. Furthermore, we applied this nested PCR to a clinical diagnosis, using splenic tissues from experimentally infected mice and several clinical materials from patients. In all cases, the nested PCR amplifications detected proper DNA fragments of Candida spp., which were also identified by the standard identification tests. These results suggest that nested PCR, using primer mixes of the Candida DNA topoisomerase II genes, is simple and feasible for the rapid detection/identification of Candida to species level in clinical materials.     

A novel common single primer multiplex polymerase chain reaction (CSP‐M‐PCR) method for the identification of animal species in minced meat

BACKGROUND: Minced meat species adulteration is a severe problem. In this study a common single primer multiplex polymerase chain reaction (CSP‐M‐PCR) method was applied to the identification of five species (chicken, cattle, sheep, pig and horse) in minced meat products. CSP was designed as a common adapter at the 5′‐end of species‐specific reverse primers and employed in giving different length fragments from the respective meat species. RESULTS: Species‐specific DNA fragments could be identified in a single PCR reaction by mixing CSP, Chicken‐R, Cattle‐R, Sheep‐R, Pig‐R and Horse‐R primers in the ratio 1:0.01:0.01:0.01:0.01:0.10 (where ‘1’ represents 0.5 mmol L^?1). The specific DNA fragments could be efficiently amplified by CSP‐M‐PCR with > 5 µmol L^?1 species‐specific primers, except for 50 µmol L^?1 Horse‐R. A detection limit of 0.5 g kg^?1 was determined for both single species of minced meat and all species of five kinds of minced meat. CONCLUSION: The CSP‐M‐PCR method simplified the PCR reaction system and removed the inconsistent amplification efficiency from different primers. This highly sensitive, reproducible and rapid method could potentially be used as a screening or identifying assay to test for the presence of species or ingredients in minced meat and other meat products. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

ISSR分子标记鉴定陆川猪及其肉制品

采用ISSR分子标记对陆川猪及其肉制品进行鉴伪识别,利用ISSR技术,对纯种陆川猪、陆川猪杂交品种(二元杂猪和三元杂猪)及广西本地的巴马香猪和环江香猪的DNA指纹图谱进行分析。结果表明:从34条引物中筛选出3条带型清晰、重复性好的引物WM12、WM27、WM10,其中引物WM12可用于鉴别陆川猪、二元杂猪和三元杂猪的生鲜样品及腊肉制品,引物WM27可用于鉴别陆川猪和巴马香猪的生鲜样品及腊肉制品,引物WM10用可于鉴别陆川猪和环江香猪的生鲜样品及腊肉制品。ISSR技术可快速准确的鉴定陆川猪、陆川猪杂交品种、巴马香猪、环江香猪及其肉制品。     

Selection of Universal Primers for PCR Quantification of Total Bacteria Associated With Fish Fillets

An optimal universal primer pair DG74/RW01 for quantitative PCR detection of the mixed bacterial flora from fish fillets was selected from five pairs of primers. The minimum detection limits with GelStar™ and ethidium bromide (EB) used as agarose stains for DNA bands with these primers were found to be 5 and 1 × 10² CFU/PCR, respectively. The liner range of DNA amplification was from 50 to 1 × 10⁵ with GelStar™ and from 5 × 10² to 1 × 10⁵ with EB.     

The use of tri5 gene sequences for PCR detection and taxonomy of trichothecene-producing species in the Fusarium section Sporotrichiella

Purified DNA from isolates of Fusarium poae, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium kyushuense and Fusarium langsethiae was used as a template to amplify a 658-bp fragment from the trichodiene synthase (tri5) gene of these fungi with the gene-specific PCR primer pair Tox5-1/Tox5-2. Fragments obtained were isolated and sequenced. DNA sequence alignments revealed high similarity between the sequences derived from F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae (98.7%) and less similarity between the latter species and F. poae (90.9%). Phylogenetic analysis of the aligned sequences using the tri5 sequence of Fusarium pseudograminearum as an outgroup revealed clear separation between one group consisting of F. poae and F. kyushuense and another consisting of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae. The two latter species could not be distinguished phylogenetically on the basis of their tri5 sequences. Taxon-specific reverse primers were designed from the aligned sequences and combined with the tri5 gene-specific forward primer Tox5-1. The new reverse primers enabled specific amplification of a fragment of approximately 400 bp from DNA isolated from F. sporotrichioides, F. poae, F. langsethiae and F. kyushuense, respectively. All primers were tested for cross-reactivity with DNA from 26 fungal species potentially capable of producing trichothecenes. Only the primer designed for F. langsethiae cross-reacted with F. sporotrichioides. PCR assays were applied in analysis of artificially and naturally infected samples of barley and oats. On artificially infected barley, species were selectively detected by the corresponding primers. In naturally infected oats, F. langsethiae was identified by the combination of two PCR assays designed for detection of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae, respectively.