鲜食玉米籽粒中主要类胡萝卜素鉴定与含量分析

为探讨鲜食玉米中类胡萝卜素组成及含量差异,应用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-大气压化学电离质谱技术对5 个鲜食甜、糯玉米品种籽粒中主要类胡萝卜素进行鉴定与分析。结果表明：甜玉米‘晶甜3号’和‘晶甜5号’籽粒中分别鉴定出14、15 种类胡萝卜素,糯玉米‘苏玉糯11号’、‘京甜紫花糯2号’和‘晶糯8号’中种类较少,其中新色素、花药黄质和13-顺式-5,6-环氧-叶黄素首次在鲜食玉米中报道。甜玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量较高,最高可达39.68 mg/g（以干质量计）,但品种间存在差异,主要组分为玉米黄质、叶黄素和α-隐黄质;糯玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量较低（2.10～3.69 mg/g）,主要组分为玉米黄质、新黄质和花药黄质。鲜食甜、糯玉米品种类胡萝卜素种类和含量存在明显不同。     

Provitamin‐A and xanthophyll carotenoids in vegetables and food grains of nutritional and medicinal importance

This study reports carotenoid composition of vegetables (n = 56), cereals (n = 12), pulses and legumes (n = 12), analysed by HPLC. It was hypothesised that food grains, like vegetables may be good sources of carotenoids. Amongst vegetables, higher level (mg/100 g dry weight) of lutein (210–419) was detected in green/red/capsicum and yellow zucchini, whilst zeaxanthin was dominant in kenaf (4.59). β‐Carotene (mg/100 g dry weight) was higher in green capsicum and kenaf (48,159) whilst carrot, ivy gourd and green capsicum contain α‐carotene (22–110). Amongst food grains, chickpea, split red gram and flaxseed contain higher levels (μg/100 g dry weight) of lutein (185–200) whilst zeaxanthin level was highest in puffed chickpea (1.8). Red unpolished parboiled rice was richest (μg/100 g dry weight) in β‐carotene (67.6) whilst whole black gram contained higher levels of α‐carotene (52.7). Thus, results indicate that chickpea and red unpolished parboiled rice are good sources of carotenoids. These carotenoid‐rich vegetables and grains may be exploited to meet the lutein and β‐carotene requirement.     

不同热处理过程中鲜食甜玉米类胡萝卜素含量变化研究

为研究加工热处理对鲜食甜玉米中主要类胡萝卜素组分的影响,以晶甜5号鲜食甜玉米为原料,采用高效液相色谱法分析速冻甜玉米烫漂条件、罐装甜玉米预煮和灭菌时间对甜玉米中常见类胡萝卜素变化的影响。结果表明：速冻甜玉米烫漂处理相同时间,蒸汽烫漂甜玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量高于沸水烫漂,且随着烫漂时间的增加,类胡萝卜素的含量在两种烫漂方式下均逐渐下降。对于罐装甜玉米,在20 min内,预煮时间越短总类胡萝卜素含量越高,随着预煮时间增加,仅α-隐黄质含量有所增加,其余均逐渐下降,但预煮时间超过20 min后,总类胡萝卜素含量无明显变化;在10 min内,灭菌处理可以显著提高总类胡萝卜素含量,随着灭菌时间的增加,总类胡萝卜素含量、各种类胡萝卜素组分含量均呈下降趋势。     

工夫红茶加工过程中类胡萝卜素成分的动态变化

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定工夫红茶加工在制品类胡萝卜素种类及含量,并对比分析所测类胡萝卜素组分随工夫红茶加工进程的动态变化.结果表明,工夫红茶加工在制品共检出类胡萝卜素组分24种,其中胡萝卜素类3种、叶黄素类10种、类胡萝卜素酯类11种;不同种类的类胡萝卜素在茶叶中的含量差异较大,其中以叶黄素(126.000 0±3...     

Processed and prepared corn products as sources of lutein and zeaxanthin: compositional variation in the food chain

ABSTRACT:  Widely consumed by populations of all socioeconomic classes worldwide, corn is one of the few food sources of lutein and zeaxanthin. However, data on these carotenoids in processed corn and corn as eaten are lacking. Thus, the major carotenoids in the principal brands of processed corn (canned corn, corn meal, corn flour, corn flake) and in typical corn dishes (farofa, boiled corn, pamonha, curau, fried and boiled polenta) were determined. There was marked variation between processed products and between brands of the same product, but variation between lots of the same brand was small. Canned corn had the highest zeaxanthin (11.91 to 18.06 μg/g), β-cryptoxanthin (2.32 to 3.77 μg/g), and β-carotene (1.79 to 2.75 μg/g) contents. The corn flake breakfast cereal had the second highest amount of zeaxanthin (9.08 to 12.77 μg/g). Corn meal had the highest lutein (4.02 to 7.62 μg/g) level and also had good zeaxanthin content (6.13 to 11.39 μg/g), but drastic reduction of all carotenoids, especially zeaxanthin, occurred when it was toasted to farofa. Boiled corn also had lower carotenoid levels compared to the raw corn. The wide variations in carotenoid concentrations appeared to be due mainly to varietal differences in the carotenoid composition of raw materials and to losses during processing and preparation for consumption.     

榆树叶中类胡萝卜素的组成和含量

目的：分析榆树叶中类胡萝卜素主要组分的结构和含量。方法：丙酮提取榆树叶类胡萝卜素,采用高效液相色谱与二极管阵列检测器和质谱联用技术分析类胡萝卜素组分,依据其光谱和质谱信息并与标准品和文献相比较,确定主要类胡萝卜素的结构;采用高效液相色谱法测定不同采集时间的榆树叶中主要类胡萝卜素的含量。结果：叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素为榆树叶中主要的类胡萝卜素组分,其含量因采集时间不同而异：叶黄素含量范围为880.2～1 385.4 μg/g干样,平均含量为1 098.3 μg/g干样;β-胡萝卜素含量范围为142.8～364.2 μg/g干样,平均含量为297.7 μg/g干样。结论：榆树叶有望成为叶黄素开发的食品新资源。     

Thermal Isomerization and Degradation Behaviours of Carotenoids in Simulated Sweet Corn Juice

The thermal behaviour of carotenoids may affect the nutritional value and flavour quality of sweet corn juice. In this study, carotenoid compositions and volatile components in simulated sweet corn juice at elevated temperatures from 100 to 130 °C were identified and compared by C₃₀-HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS and HS-SPME-GC-MS methods. The result showed that with the increase of temperature, concentrations of total and trans carotenoids in sweet corn juice model decreased gradually, as compared with all-trans α-carotene and all-trans β-carotene, oxy carotenoids (such as all-trans lutein, all-trans zeaxanthin and all-trans β-cryptoxanthin degraded faster), especially for carotenoid epoxides (such as neoxanthin). Meanwhile, the concentration of total cis carotenoids was related with the formation of some oxidative products and volatile compounds. Levels of major volatile components derived from carotenoids in sweet corn juice model including 4-ethyltoluene, p-cymene, 2-ethyl-1, 4-dimethylbenzene, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetramethylbenzene, dodecane, BHT, 1,7-dimethyl naphthalene, hexanal, 2-nonenal, undecanal, benzaldehyde, geranyl acetone, etc. increased with temperature. Some new volatiles such as 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene, naphthalene, pentadecane, acetaldehyde, β-ionone, limonene, tridecanone, etc. were also formed under higher temperatures. It is suggested that the aromatic compounds containing benzene ring and alkane are produced by degradation of carotenoids, which affect the overall flavour of sweet corn juice.     

不同浓度NaCl处理对发芽玉米中类胡萝卜素富集的影响

本文旨在研究不同浓度NaCl处理对发芽玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素富集、抗氧化能力及其合成途径中关键酶基因表达量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,发芽3 d玉米籽粒的发芽率和芽长显著下降,呼吸强度显著增加。随NaCl浓度升高,发芽玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量及其合成途径中关键酶基因表达量先上升后下降,300 mmol/L NaCl处理下均达到最大值,其中叶黄素和玉米黄质含量分别为对照的1.19和1.30倍。同时,其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及总抗氧化能力显著增加。NaCl浓度大于300mmo/L时,关键酶基因相对表达量均下降,类胡萝卜素的合成被抑制。NaCl处理可提高类胡萝卜素合成相关酶基因表达量,促进叶黄素、玉米黄质等类胡萝卜素富集,同时其抗氧化能力有所提高。研究结果为玉米籽粒富集类胡萝卜素开创了新思路,并为开发玉米籽粒保健功能食品提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

黄玉米籽粒发育过程中类胡萝卜素与色泽的变化

利用C30柱及高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-大气压化学电离质谱（high performance liquid chromatographyatmospheric-diode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry,HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS）法,对黄玉米在籽粒形成期、乳熟期和蜡熟期主要类胡萝卜素进行定性、定量检测,研究籽粒中类胡萝卜素的积累规律,分析类胡萝卜素各组分与色泽之间的关系。结果表明：整个发育过程中,黄玉米籽粒总类胡萝卜素含量与色泽的变化趋势基本一致,随着成熟度的增加,总类胡萝卜素含量不断增加,籽粒逐渐变黄,其中乳熟期是类胡萝卜素积累的关键时期。各类胡萝卜素组分含量变化较大,花药黄质、玉米黄质、叶黄素、α-隐黄质和β-隐黄质含量总体呈上升趋势,而新黄质含量一直下降,α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素含量变化不显著。通过对类胡萝卜素含量与色泽的相关性分析发现,玉米黄质、花药黄质、α-隐黄质及β-隐黄质含量均与L*、a*、b*和C值成极显著或显著正相关,与H值成负相关。     

Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of fruits and leaves of paprika (Capsicum Annuum L., var. special) cultivated in Korea

The phytochemical composition of carotenoids, tocopherols, free sugars, organic acids, L-ascorbic acid, capsaicinoids, and flavonoids in green and red paprika (GP and RP), and paprika leaves (PL) cultivated in Korea were analyzed. The ethanolic extracts of GP, RP, and PL were obtained with 80% ethanol, and their antioxidative activities were determined by measuring their ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities. RP showed the highest contents of capsanthin (58.33 ± 3.91 mg/100 g dry weight) and L-ascorbic acid (1987.25 ± 19.64 mg/100 g dry weight), and main compounds of PL were lutein, chlorophyll, and γ-tocopherol (96.91 ± 14.58, 2136.71 ± 21.11, and 723.49 ± 54.10 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively). RP showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC(50) = 55.23 ± 6.77 μg/mL in a 2, 2'-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate] assay and 150.40 ± 8.07 μg/mL in a 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay), and the antioxidant activity of PL was higher than β-carotene but lower than RP. The results indicate that the amounts of capsanthin and L-ascorbic acid in RP correlate well with antioxidant activity. PL, which has various phytochemicals such as lutein, chlorophyll, and γ-tocopherol, might be used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals for improving human health.     

甜玉米汁中类胡萝卜素热降解与其挥发性成分的相关性分析

为探索类胡萝卜素热降解过程中产生的挥发性化合物与甜玉米汁风味品质的关系,采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析甜玉米汁中主要类胡萝卜素及挥发性成分的种类,研究热处理前后二者的含量变化,探讨挥发性成分与类胡萝卜素热降解的相关性。结果表明:新鲜甜玉米汁中共鉴定出12种主要类胡萝卜素,随着热处理温度的升高,全反式类胡萝卜素发生氧化降解和顺式异构化,含量逐渐降低,顺式类胡萝卜素含量先增加后减少。未加热和加热处理后甜玉米汁中检测出35种挥发性化合物,热处理后甜玉米汁中二甲基硫醚、1-辛烯-3-醇、甲基庚辛酮、β-紫罗兰酮、P-伞花烃等挥发性成分相对含量均有增加。相关性分析结果发现,β-紫罗兰酮、甲基庚辛酮、柠檬烯、苯甲醛、仲辛酮、P-伞花烃、甲苯、连三甲苯等香味物质与反式类胡萝卜素变化呈显著负相关,其中叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素的贡献最大。因此,类胡萝卜素热降解过程中产生的主要挥发性化合物对甜玉米汁风味的形成具有不可忽视的作用。     

Carotenoid profile and retinol content of baby food products

 The contents of provitamin A carotenoids, non-provitamin A carotenoids and retinol were investigated in two types of 65 commercially available baby food products by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The content of β-carotene in vegetable products for babies from 5 months was 57% of the total amount of carotenoids (7.83 mg/100 g); the contents of other carotenoids were lycopene 19%, α-carotene 18%, lutein 4%, cryptoxanthin 1% and zeaxanthin 1%. All together, the content of provitamin A carotenoids was 76% and that of non-provitamin A carotenoids was 24%. A similar carotenoid profile was found in vegetable products for babies from 8 months and from 12 months, although the total carotenoid content was lower (3.07 mg/100 g). In fruit and cereal products the contents of β-carotene and lycopene were 36% and 39% of the total amount of carotenoids (0.44 mg/100 g). The contents of α-carotene, lutein, cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin ranged from 3% to 9% of the total carotenoids. The contents of provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids were equal for this group (both 50% of all carotenoids). The calculated average content of retinol equivalents (mg RE/100 g) was between 0.33 and 0.88 for the vegetable products and 0.03 for the fruit and cereal products. Received: 27 May 1999 / Revised version: 2 August 1999     

Analysis of carotenoids with emphasis on 9-cis β-carotene in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Israel

Recent epidemiological studies have directed the attention from the synthetic all-trans β-carotene to natural carotenoids predominant in fruits and vegetables as possible active ingredients for prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Seventeen fruits and 17 vegetables commonly consumed in Israel and the β-car-otene-rich alga, Dunaliella bardawil, were analysed for their content of carotenoids with emphasis on 9-cis β-carotene by reversed-phase, 3D photodiode array HPLC. Fourteen carotenoids were eluted in order of decreasing polarity, from polar oxycarotenoids to lipophilic hydrocarbons, and quantified in μg carotenoid per gram freeze-dried plant sample. The richest sources of total carotenoids (>100μg/g dry weight) in Israeli fruits were pittango, mango and papaya while, in vegetables, the predominant types were carrot, dill, parsley, tomato, lettuce, sweet potato and red pepper. Red fruits and vegetables contained mainly lycopene. Yellow and orange fruits and vegetables had high contents of hydrocarbon carotenes with substantial levels of cryptoxanthins and xanthophylls. The green vegetables had high contents of both xanthophylls and hydrocarbon carotenes. Relatively high ratios (9-cis to all-trans β-carotene) of above 0.2 g/g were noted in sweet potato, papaya, parsley, lettuce, dill, apricot, pepper, prune and pumpkin, compared to the high ratio of 9-cis to all-trans β-carotene in the alga Dunaliella (~ 1.0 g/g). The high content of 9-cis β-carotene in certain fruits and vegetables and the wide variety of carotenoids and stereoisomers of carotenoids in all plants should shift nutritional and medical attention from the synthetic all-trans β-carotene toward natural carotenoids as potential candidates for chemoprevention.     

A Simple and Selective Analytical Procedure for the Extraction and Quantification of Lutein from Tomato By-Products by HPLC–DAD

Lutein, a yellow dihydroxylated carotenoid, is present in many dietary supplements due to its biological properties. Currently, lutein is extracted from marigold flowers by expensive and time-consuming processes. Since tomatoes contain significant levels of lutein, in this study we have examined the feasibility of using tomato by-products as an alternative, low-cost source of this carotenoid. The determination of this carotenoid was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection, after selective extraction from tomato waste product samples. Lutein levels ranged from 9.9 to 10.5 μg/g dry weight. Tomato waste products may be indicated as an alternative commercial source of lutein for food fortification and/or dietary supplements.     

Separation and identification of the yellow carotenoids in Potamogeton crispus L.

It was found that ducks fed with Potamogeton crispus L. could lay natural red-yolk eggs with good quality in vast lake areas. P. crispus L. was found to be a new resource of carotenoids based on this fact. Carotenoids from P. crispus L. were extracted using petroleum ether-acetone and saponified using 40% methanolic potassium hydroxide. Four major yellow carotenoid pigments were obtained by a MgO column and thin-layer chromatography. These carotenoids were identified as neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene based on visible spectra in different solvents compared with values reported in the literature, functional group tests and mass spectrum by LC-MS. The content of total carotenoids from P. crispus L. was measured to be 231 μg/g (dry weight) by visible absorption spectroscopy.     

Valorisation of sweet corn (Zea mays) cob by extraction of valuable compounds

The main objective of this study was to investigate the proximate, mineral and phytochemical compositions of sweet corn cob (SCC), often neglected and regarded as agricultural waste. Compositional analysis showed that more than 60% of SCC was composed of insoluble dietary fibre, with cellulose being the major constituent. Results also showed that SCC can be a good source of non-essential protein and minerals (phosphorus, potassium and manganese). SCC had a total phenolic content of 6.74 g GAE kg⁻¹ dry weight (DW), of which bound phenolics were predominant. The bound phenolics fraction showed the highest antioxidant capacity in all three antioxidant capacity assays (TEAC, FRAP and DPPH) and contained the highest amount of ferulic and p-coumaric acid. The main carotenoids present in SCC were β-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein. This investigation shows that SCC can be a potential source of natural colorant (carotenoids), antioxidants (phenolics) and nutritional supplements (proteins and phytochemicals).     

Carotenoid composition and retinol equivalent in plants of nutritional and medicinal importance: Efficacy of β-carotene from Chenopodiumalbum in retinol-deficient rats

This study aimed to (1) quantify carotenoids in leafy vegetables and plants of nutritional and medicinal importance, (2) evaluate retinol equivalent (RE) of provitamin-A carotenoids and (3) determine efficacy of β-carotene from Chenopodium album and to compare with retinol formed on feeding to retinol-deficient rats for 3 weeks. β-Carotene and lutein contents (mg/100 g dry weight) ranged from 1.5 to 120 and 11.7 to 185 (leafy greens) and 0.4 to 34.7 and 11.8 to 679 (medicinal plants) whereas, α-carotene ranged from 0.3 to 35.6 (leafy greens) and 0.1 to 15.7 (medicinal plants). RE values (mg%) ranged from 0.4 to 20 and 0.42 to 5.8 in leafy greens and medicinal plants. Efficacy of β-carotene (2400 μg/kg diet) from C. album in retinol-deficient rats revealed a 93.6% rise in plasma retinol levels from 0.53 to 8.4 μM. The plants analysed are a good source of retinol precursors and biologically active lutein; therefore can be exploited to meet carotenoid requirements.     

Carotenoid profiling in tubers of different potato (Solanum sp) cultivars: Accumulation of carotenoids mediated by xanthophyll esterification

The carotenoid profile of sixty potato cultivars (commercial, bred, old and native cultivars) has been characterised in order to provide information to be used in selective breeding programs directed to improve the nutritional value of this important staple food. Cultivars were segregated into three groups according to the major pigment in the carotenoid profile: violaxanthin (37 cultivars; especially those with higher carotenoid content), lutein (16 cultivars), and neoxanthin (7 cultivars). Other minor carotenoids were antheraxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, while zeaxanthin was absent in all sample. The total carotenoid content ranged from 50.0 to 1552.0 μg/100 g dry wt, with an average value of about 435.3 μg/100 g dry wt. Sipancachi, Poluya and Chaucha native cultivars showed the highest carotenoid content (1020.0, 1478.2 and 1551.2 μg/100 g dry wt, respectively). Xanthophyll esters were present in most cultivars, mainly as diesterified forms, being observed a direct correlation between the carotenoid content and the esterified fraction, suggesting that the esterification process facilitates the accumulation of these lipophilic compounds within the plastids. Therefore, the presence of xanthophyll esters should be a phenotypic character to be included in the breeding studies, and more efforts should be dedicated to the understanding of the biochemical process leading to this structural modification of carotenoids in plants.     

Carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of grains of Brazilian maize landraces

BACKGROUND: Carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of 26 maize landraces cultivated in southern Brazil were determined to evaluate their potential as natural colorants or functional food ingredients. RESULTS: The major carotenoids detected in the whole grain flour were zeaxanthin and lutein. Anthocyanins of landraces with purple starchy endosperm (Lingua de Papagaio and Mato Grosso Palha Roxa) were more extractable in methanol–HCl (1%, v/v), exhibiting 2.45 and 0.94 g kg^?1 of whole grains flour, respectively. In contrast, butanol–HCl (30%, v/v) was more effective for the extraction of anthocyanins from the purple‐colored landraces Roxo 29 and Roxo 41; genotypes with pigments localized in the outer parts (pericarp) of grains (2.60 and 2.19 g kg^?1). The Roxo 41 landrace showed the highest concentration of pigments, e.g. 11.72 10^?3 g kg^?1 of total carotenoids and 2.16 g kg^?1 of total anthocyanins. Similarly, the yellow‐colored MPA 1 and the purple‐colored Roxo 29 landraces showed prominent amounts of carotenoids (10.86 10^?3 g kg^?1) and anthocyanins (2.60 g kg^?1), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the colored grains of maize landraces studied may hold promise for the development of grain‐based functional foods or natural colorants regarding their carotenoid and anthocyanin contents and as genetic resource in breeding programs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Relationship among the carotenoid content, dry matter content and sensory attributes of sweet potato

The sensory characteristics of biofortified sweet potato in Africa were explored over a wide range of carotenoid (0.4-72.5 μg/g fresh weight) and dry matter contents (26.8-39.4%). The logarithm of the total carotenoid content was correlated with the dry matter content (declining by 1.2% with each doubling of the carotenoid content) and a wide range of sensory characteristics that involve visual, odour, taste and textural characteristics. Multiple linear regression models were developed. The logarithmic relationship of colour to the carotenoid concentration means that those varieties with a relatively low carotenoid content may appear to be of similar intensity to those with a much higher and hence nutritionally beneficial carotenoid content.