Physico-Chemical Properties,Composition, and Oxidative Stability of Olive and Soybean Oils Under Different Conditions

Commercial olive and soybean oils have been analyzed periodically in order to evaluate the influence of storage conditions on quality. The following parameters were determined every 10 days of storage: peroxide, saponification and acid values, absorption coefficients K₂₇₀ and K₂₃₂, phenols, chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, DPPH scavenging ability, and total antioxidant activity. Edible oils were exposed to daylight and stored at room temperature in different containers with the same surface area of exposure to air either in clear glass or opaque glass bottles. Changes in oils properties were also examined after the addition of Vit-E as an antioxidant in oil samples. The results showed a gradual loss of quality during storage, especially in clear glass bottles. The addition of the antioxidant, however, significantly reduced the deterioration and oxidation rate in the oil. The best containers for commercial packing of oil were opaque glass bottles containing antioxidant products.     

Comparative Studies on Physico-Chemical Properties of Starches from Jackfruit Seed and Mung Bean

The physico-chemical properties of starch from jackfruit seed and mung bean were investigated. Jackfruit seed starch had much higher resistant starch content (26.99%) than that of mung bean starch (4.04%). Furthermore, jackfruit seed starch had a higher gelatinization temperature (T_o) that required more gelatinization energy (ΔH) compared to mung bean starch. However, mung bean starch had higher amylose content and its granules were much larger than that of jackfruit seed starch. Mung bean starch had the highest peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback whereas jackfruit seed starch had the highest pasting temperature. Amylopectin chain length of mung bean starch contained higher proportion of short chains (degrees of polymerization 6–12) but lower proportion of very long chains (degrees of polymerization > 37 ) comparing with jackfruit seed starch. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed both starches to be Type-A crystallinity. In addition, both starch gels showed higher the storage modulus (G′) than the loss modulus (G?) designating as rubber like material. However, mung bean starch gel exhibited higher G’ and less tan δ than that of jackfruit seed starch indicating much stronger of gel structure.     

绿豆淀粉和芸豆淀粉理化性质比较研究

对绿豆淀粉和芸豆淀粉的颗粒形态及大小、溶解度、膨润力、透光率、糊化特性、老化特性等理化性质差异进行比较。结果表明：芸豆淀粉颗粒多呈椭圆形,粒径大小范围是17.89～28.80μm;绿豆淀粉颗粒呈现圆形或椭圆,形粒径大小范围是10.50～27.59μm;绿豆淀粉的膨润力、溶解度开始上升的温度较芸豆淀粉的早,并且芸豆淀粉的膨润力和溶解度在任意相同温度下都略小于绿豆淀粉;芸豆淀粉比绿豆淀粉的透明度先增加又随后降低,并且绿豆淀粉的透明度变化比较缓慢,而芸豆淀粉的透明度变化非常明显;绿豆淀粉比芸豆淀粉易于糊化;芸豆淀粉老化的速度高于绿豆淀粉。     

赤豆、刀豆、芸豆淀粉性质的比较

以赤豆、刀豆、芸豆淀粉为对象,研究不同豆类淀粉的糊化性、膨胀度和溶解度、淀粉-碘复合物的可见光谱、淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性以及沉降体积等性质。结果表明:赤豆淀粉的黏度最高,而芸豆淀粉的热糊稳定性和冷糊稳定性最好;3种淀粉的膨胀度和溶解度均随温度的升高而增加;淀粉-碘复合物可见光光谱的最大吸收波长都在620 nm左右;赤豆淀粉糊的透明度和冻融稳定性最好,沉降体积最大;芸豆淀粉的凝沉值最小。     

Physicochemical and Functional Characterization of Baby Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus) Starch

One potential source of starch is the tropical legume baby lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) that contains around 56—60% of starch. The objectives of this work were to evaluate this starch's physicochemical and functional properties and compare it with the properties of other starches. The chemical composition of lima bean starch was: 10.16% moisture, 0.20% protein, 0.67% fiber, 0.14% ash, 0.54% fat, 98.43% starch and 0.013% phosphorus. The amylose content was higher (32.7%) than that of other cereal and tuber starches but similar to other legume starches. The average granule size (diameter 17.9 μm) was comparable to that of corn starch and of other legume starches. The granule was heterogeneous, presenting an oval shape. The gelatinization temperature was 80.16 °C (range 75—87 °CC), which is similar to other legume starches but higher than that of corn starch. The molecular size (alkali number 3.22), was smaller than that of potato starch but similar to that of corn starch. Compared to corn starch, the gels were firmer and presented a higher degree of retrogradation even at high concentrations. The water solubility was positively correlated with the temperature: i.e., 1.8, 3.4, 8.5 and 12.3% at 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C, respectively. The swelling power had the same behaviour: 2.6, 3.3,12.8 and 19.9 g of water/per gram of starch at 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C, respectively. The amylogram showed that the viscosity (680 Brabender units) and stability were higher than those of commercial corn starch (252 Brabender units). The use of this starch in the preparation of syrups with high glucose contents, as well as in baked and canned products that require heating, is suggested.     

油脂氧化稳定性的研究

用Ｒａｎｃｉｍａｔ仪器测定了油脂氧化稳定性。结果表明,温度的高低,脂肪酸不饱和度,抗氧化剂和增效剂的使用,均与油脂氧化稳定性有着密切的关系。     

不同品种绿豆淀粉微观结构和热力学特性的比较

以9个品种绿豆的淀粉为研究对象,利用扫描电镜分析、激光粒度分析、差示扫描量热分析和x-射线衍射分析等现代仪器分析方法,研究了绿豆淀粉的颗粒形貌、结晶结构和热力学性质。SEM分析表明,绿豆淀粉颗粒形状有肾形、椭圆形、凸圆形和小球形等,其颗粒形态在不同品种间没有明显差别。激光粒度分析表明,绿豆淀粉粒径大小在不同品种间有明显差异,其粒径范围为18.46~26.81μm,粒径总平均值为20.71μm。不同品种绿豆淀粉均具有典型的C-型衍射图谱,但其相对结晶度在不同品种间存在明显差别,相对结晶度范围为16.23%~42.39%。DSC测定结果表明,绿豆淀粉的胶凝温度(To、Tp和Tc)和热焓值(?H)在不同品种间存在较大差异,且部分品种间差异显著(p0.05);To、Tp、Tc和?H范围分别为:51.02-63.03℃,64.81~73.04℃,70.04~79.44℃和1.09~1.97 J/g。     

米粉、绿豆粉及黄豆粉的导热系数的实验研究

农产品热物性是影响其深加工工艺的关键因素,其中导热系数最为重要。通过对现有导热系数测量方法的分析,采用球法测量法测量大米粉、绿豆粉、黄豆粉的导热系数。通过对实验数据的分析,回归了导热系数与温度、含水率、总糖和蛋白质之间的关系。实验结果表明,大米及绿豆的导热系数随着温度升高而降低,黄豆导热系数随温升高而增大,并都随各种营养成分的增加而增大。     

芸豆蛋白抗氧化肽组分对大豆油热氧化稳定性的影响

为了探索英国红芸豆蛋白抗氧化肽组分的抗氧化作用及对油热稳定性的影响,将不同分子量的抗氧化肽组分添加到大豆油中,利用Schaal烘箱法,在63 ℃下加速氧化15 d,研究抗氧化肽对大豆油的过氧化值、酸价、P-茴香胺、羰基价等指标的影响,并对大豆油的氧化稳定性进行评价。结果表明:从0到15 d,SO（不含肽的油）、SO-h₁（含小于1000 Da肽的油）、SO-h₂（含1000～3000 Da肽的油）的过氧化值分别由0.50增加至2.91、1.48及1.57 mmol/kg,酸价分别由0.19增加至0.41、0.37及0.38 mg/kg,P-茴香胺值分别由2.34增加至9.96、8.06及9.75 mg/kg,羰基价分别由5.59增加至14.53、11.87及11.92 meq/kg。SO的增加幅度最大,SO-h₁的增加幅度最小,以上结果均差异显著（P<0.05）。由此可见,氧化指标均随大豆油氧化时间的延长呈增加趋势,从而导致油的热稳定性下降;抗氧化肽组分的抗氧化活性与分子量有关,其中分子量<1000 Da和1000～3000 Da的组分抗氧化效果最佳。此研究为英国红芸豆蛋白抗氧化肽组分的进一步应用提供了理论依据。     

鹰嘴豆、饭豆、绿豆淀粉性质的比较

以鹰嘴豆、饭豆、绿豆淀粉为对象,研究了不同豆类淀粉的糊化性、膨胀度、溶解度、淀粉-碘复合物的可见光谱、淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性以及沉降体积等性质。结果表明:绿豆淀粉的成糊温度和峰黏度最高,而鹰嘴豆淀粉的热糊稳定性和冷糊稳定性最好;3种淀粉的膨胀度和溶解度均随温度的升高而增加,并且淀粉碘复合物可见光光谱的最大吸收波长都在620 nm左右。绿豆淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性和凝沉性最好,沉降体积最大。     

绿豆、红小豆和黑豆种皮18 种元素分析

为全面了解绿豆皮、红小豆皮和黑豆皮的18 种元素含量,充分开发利用豆皮资源,提高豆类加工产品
的附加值,用元素分析（elemental analyzer,EA）仪和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（inductively coupled plasmaatomic
emission spectrometer,ICP-AES）仪测定了3 种豆皮的N、C、S、Ca、Mg、K、P、Na、B、Ba、Co、
Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn和Sr元素含量。结果表明,EA仪测定豆皮中N、C和S方法检出限为32～96 μg/g,回收
率为97%～115%,相对标准偏差为0.20%～2.63%（n=5）;ICP-AES测定豆皮中Ca、Mg、K、P、Na、B、Ba、
Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn和Sr元素方法检出限为0.02～152 μg/g,回收率为84%～118%,相对标准偏差为
0.44%～4.46%（n=5）。黄豆标准物N、Mg、P、B、Ba、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn和Sr元素测定值在推荐范围内,
S、Ca、K、Na、Cu和Fe元素测定值接近推荐值。分析方法快速、简便,达到了应用的要求。     

大豆分离蛋白热性质及其空间构象对表面疏水性的影响

采用差示量热扫描(DSC)法和荧光光谱法对不同品种大豆分离蛋白的热性质和空间构象进行分析,探讨大豆蛋白的热性质和空间构象对其表面疏水性的影响。结果表明,不同品种的大豆分离蛋白的7S球蛋白与11S球蛋白的Td值、△H值与表面疏水性存在显著负相关,即7S球蛋白与11S球蛋白的Td值、△H值越小,表面疏水性越大。原因是△H值越低,分子相对伸展使疏水性残基暴露较多,导致蛋白质具有相对较大的表面疏水性。荧光光谱表明6种大豆分离蛋白具有典型的色氨酸发射光谱,荧光峰峰位之间存在显著性差异,并且不同品种的大豆分离蛋白随着荧光峰峰位数值和峰强越大,色氨酸残基的微环境极性越强,表面疏水性越高。这与大豆品种密切相关,埋藏在内部的疏水基团的暴露是导致表面疏水性增大的主要原因。     

Emulsion and Pasting Properties of Resistant Starch with Locust Bean Gum and their Utilization in Low Fat Cookie Formulations

In this study, emulsion and pasting properties of resistant starch (RS) preparations with/without locust bean gum and their utilization in low fat cookies were investigated. The acid-hydrolysed corn starch sample was autoclaved, stored at 95° C for 0, 2, 3, and 4 days for formation of RS preparations I, II, III, and IV, respectively. RS preparations had significantly lower peak and breakdown and higher trough viscosities than hydrolysed starch. RS preparations with gum resulted in a cold thickening capacity. While native and hydrolysed starches had deteriorative effect on emulsion capacity and stability of the soy protein, RS preparations (with/without gum) did not have a deteriorative effect. Reduction of shortening caused significant decrease in spread ratios of control cookies with/without gum. However, utilization of RS preparations in low fat cookies caused significant increases.     

Thermal and Pasting Properties of Microwaved Corn Starch

Corn starch with 15–40% moisture was irradiated at 0.17 or 0.5 W/g for 1 h using the sophisticated Ethos 1600 microwave apparatus that accurately controls temperature and wattage. Temperature of irradiated starch was measured during microwaving. Thermal and pasting properties were studied on dehydrated starch after microwave irradiation. Temperature increases were greatest during the first 10 min for starch at all moisture contents at both microwave power levels. Starch irradiated at 0.17 W/g had a temperature below onset gelatinization temperature (T_o) after 1 h. Higher temperatures were observed for starch with higher moisture content and microwaved at 0.5 W/g. Compared to native starch, starch with 15–40% moisture had higher T_o (measured using differential scanning calorimetry) and with 35–40% moisture had higher peak gelatinization temperature and lower enthalpy change of gelatinization. All paste viscosity parameters measured by the Rapid Visco Analyser were reduced and pasting temperature was elevated for starch irradiated at 0.5 W/g compared to native starch.     

豆粕热物理特性的试验研究

为研究豆粕热物理特性的测定方法及不同湿基含水率、温度下的相关规律,以5种湿基含水率(分别为4.85%、8.94%、12.81%、16.72%、20.87%)的豆粕为试验材料,在5种温度梯度下(分别为30、45、60、75、90℃),对其比热、热导率、热扩散系数等热物理特性进行了测定。结果表明:豆粕的比热在2.073~5.170 J/(g·K)之间,其热导率在0.066~0.097 W/(m·K)之间,其热扩散系数在0.416×10~(-7)~0.787×10~(-7)m~2/s之间;含水量和温度对其热物理特性影响显著;其比热、热导率均随湿基含水量和温度的升高而增大;热扩散系数随温度的升高而增大,随湿基含水量的增加而减小。根据试验结果,分别拟合出比热、热导率、热扩散系数与湿基含水量、温度的回归方程。     

超声增容对大豆11S蛋白-刺槐豆胶冷致凝胶性质的影响

通过超声处理大豆11S蛋白-刺槐豆胶共混溶液,并随后添加葡萄糖酸内酯(GDL)冷致酸化制备刺槐豆胶增强大豆11S蛋白共混复合凝胶材料。结果表明,与对照样相比,经47.5 W功率超声强度处理4 min后,共混凝胶的强度有显著提高,且刺槐豆胶分散相所占孔隙率和平均孔隙直径分别降低了50.6%和34.6%。随超声处理功率的增加,孔隙率和孔隙直径进一步降低,表明有效改善了刺槐豆胶与大豆11S蛋白的相容性。共混凝胶强度随超声处理功率增加呈先增加后降低趋势,且超声处理样共混凝胶强度均大于对照样。     

小利马豆淀粉理化性质的研究

以马铃薯和玉米淀粉为对照,采用湿磨法制备小利马豆淀粉,通过理化检测方法测定其淀粉特性,研究小利马豆淀粉的基本理化性质。结果表明:小利马豆淀粉颗粒多为椭圆形,表面光滑,大小不一,粒径为5.46～37.58μm,平均为18.36μm;小利马豆淀粉糊的透明度为30.89%,凝沉作用强于马铃薯淀粉糊和玉米淀粉糊,其淀粉的膨胀度和溶解度随着温度升高而增加;小利马豆淀粉凝胶的硬度、弹性、胶着性和咀嚼性高于马铃薯和玉米淀粉;与马铃薯和玉米淀粉相比,小利马豆淀粉的糊化温度低,为63.60℃,容易糊化,峰值黏度高,但破损值大,热糊稳定性差,回生值大,冷糊稳定性差,易老化。     

Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Extruded Instant Functional Rice Porridge Powder as Affected by the Addition of Soybean or Mung Bean

Legumes contain protein, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, which provide various health benefits. In this study, soybean or mung bean was mixed in rice flour to produce by extrusion instant functional legume‐rice porridge powder. The effects of the type and percentage (10%, 20%, or 30%, w/w) of legumes on the expansion ratio of the extrudates were first evaluated. Amino acid composition, color, and selected physicochemical (bulk density, water absorption index, and water solubility index), thermal (onset temperature, peak temperature, and transition enthalpy), and pasting (peak viscosity, trough viscosity, and final viscosity) properties of the powder were determined. The crystalline structure and formation of amylose–lipid complexes and the total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the powder were also measured. Soybean‐blended porridge powder exhibited higher TPC, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, amino acid, and fat contents than the mung bean–blended porridge powder. Incorporating either legume affected the product properties by decreasing the lightness and bulk density, while increasing the greenness and yellowness and the peak temperature and transition enthalpy. Expansion capacity of the extrudates increased with percentage of mung bean in the mixture but decreased as the percentage of soybean increased. Amylose–lipid complexes formation was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis results. Addition of soybean or mung bean resulted in significant pasting property changes of the porridge powder.     

焙烤对绿豆蛋白结构和功能性质的影响

本文以绿豆为原料,测定了不同焙烤温度对绿豆蛋白的结构及功能性质的影响.用碱法提取绿豆中的总蛋白,并对蛋白质的二级结构以及多种功能性质进行分析.结果表明,当焙烤温度升高时,除乳化稳定性外其他性质均有显著(P ＜0.05)提高,乳化性最高达到38.46 m2/g,在180℃下起泡性最高达到了26％,溶解性增加了47.72％...