Effect of a beating process,as a means of reducing salt content in Chinese-style meatballs (kung-wan): A physico-chemical and textural study

Two different meat-cutting methods were used to prepare kung-wans in an attempt to produce low-salt products while retaining the same, or improved, textural and physicochemical properties of the standard high-salt formulation. The level of salt and the processing method significantly affected color, cooking yield, texture and changes in the secondary structures of proteins. Improved salt levels resulted in firmer texture. At the same salt levels, compared with chopping, the beating method resulted in higher L^?-values, improved cooking yields and changes in the β-sheet content of the proteins, which resulted in an improved product with better texture. Using the beating process, the kung-wans prepared with 1% and 2% salt had similar L^?-values, cooking yield and texture, and were better than those prepared by chopping with 2% salt. Overall, the beating process enabled lowering of the salt content, making the kung-wans more hard, brittle and elastic.     

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF TURKEY BOLOGNA FORMULATED WITH CARRAGEENAN, STARCH, MILK AND SOY PROTEIN

A low-fat (12%) high-added water (27%) bologna was formulated with mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM) and either carrageenan (0.5%), milk protein (2%), isolated soy protein (2%), or starch (2%). Cooking loss, purge loss during storage, cooked product bind, sensory characteristics, and batter viscosity were evaluated. Starch added late in the chopping process was the most effective in reducing cooking loss as well as decreasing (P < 0.05) purge loss during storage (both refrigerated and frozen storage). Cooked product hardness was increased (P < 0.05) by all test ingredients, except starch and kappa carrageenan added late in the chopping process. Kappa carrageenan incorporated before chopping significantly (P < 0.05) increased cooked product bind. Overall acceptability (sensory analysis) scores were higher (P < 0.05) when milk protein, isolated soy protein and starch were added during chopping, compared to their addition prior to chopping. However, this order of addition effect was not observed for either of the carrageenan treatments.     

Presalting effects on water retention of pork and beef batters

Presalting effects were studied by measuring cooking loss as a function of chopping time for pork and beef batters. Presalting (ground meat/salt/water = 100/3/20, by weight, 24h) as compared with direct salting in the chopper, substantially reduced the cooking loss of pork batters, but only when the batters were relatively coarsely chopped. With more extensive chopping (exceeding 10–15 min at low chopper speed) no presalting effects were found, indicating that salt diffusion, protein dissolution and myofibril swelling were completed also in control batters salted in the chopper. Presalting of beef had a much weaker, although similar, effect on water retention properties.The practical implications are that presalting may help in reducing cooking loss of coarsely comminuted sausages, particularly pork products. Presalting, however, has no beneficial effect on finely comminuted, bowlchopper-produced sausages.     

Effect of Gradual Heating and Fat/Oil Type on Fat Stability,Texture, Color,and Microstructure of Meat Batters

The effects of endpoint cooking temperature (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C) on emulsion stability, texture, color, and microstructure of meat batters prepared with different fats/oils were studied. Canola oil treatments showed the highest cooking loss whereas hydrogenated palm oil provided the most stable meat batters. Rendered beef fat was less stable than regular beef fat. Increasing endpoint cooking temperatures resulted in a progressive reduction of water holding capacity in all treatments. As temperature was raised, meat batters showed higher hardness and cohesiveness values, but no appreciable changes in cohesiveness above 60 °C. Canola and hydrogenated palm oil treatments showed the highest hardness and chewiness values. Lightness (L^*) values of all meat batters increased significantly with increasing temperature from 40 to 60 or 70 °C; no major changes observed above 70 °C. Light microscopy revealed no substantial changes in the microstructure of all the stable meat batters cooked to between 50 and 70 °C. Heating to 90 °C changed the microstructure in all meat batters except the hydrogenated palm oil treatments, which still showed nonround fat particles and a less aggregated protein matrix.     

Effect of salt content on gelation of normal and wooden breast myopathy chicken pectoralis major meat batters

This study investigated the effects of salt content (0–4%) on water holding capacity (WHC), textural characteristics, rheological properties, and microstructure of cooked normal (NOR) and wooden breast (WB) chicken meat batters. Results indicated with 0–2% salt addition, the WB batters had significantly lower WHC and storage modulus (G’) compared with the NORs (P < 0.05). However, these differences were eliminated when salt contents were increased to 3% or 4%. In addition, the NORs formed more regular and pored networks than the WBs (0–2%). Salt level significantly affected the textural properties of both batter types (P < 0.05). The hardness of the WB batters was lower than NORs at all NaCl levels (P < 0.05). Overall, compared with NORs, the WB batters showed inferior gelation properties at salt contents of 0–2%, while increasing salt content to 3–4% can improve the WHC and microstructure of gels.     

大豆分离蛋白添加量对低盐木质化鸡肉糜凝胶特性的影响

探究大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolates,SPI)添加量对低盐和正常盐木质化鸡胸肉糜凝胶特性的影响.实验设置正常鸡胸肉为对照组.将不同量(0％、1％、2％)SPI分别添加到含1％和2％食盐的木质化和正常鸡胸肉糜中,测定热诱导凝胶的质构特性、颜色、蒸煮损失、水分分布以及蛋白质二级结构等指标.结果表明:相...     

食盐与高温对猪肉糜品质的影响

本文研究不同食盐添加量与高温蒸煮对猪肉糜品质的影响。通过对猪肉糜的蒸煮得率、色泽、质构、流变等进行分析,研究不同食盐添加量(1%、2%、3%)和蒸煮高温(105、115和125 ℃)对猪肉糜品质的影响。结果表明:随着温度的升高,相同食盐添加量猪肉糜的a*值、b*值显著升高(p<0.05),L*值、蒸煮得率、弹性、内聚性下降显著(p<0.05);相同温度下,1%食盐处理组的L*值最小,a*值和b*值最大;3%食盐添加量显著提高(p<0.05)蒸煮肉糜的硬度、弹性和内聚性。加热到105 ℃以后,随着温度升高不同食盐添加量猪肉糜的储能模量(G')呈下降趋势,3%食盐添加量猪肉糜的G'最高。综上所述,高温能够降低猪肉糜的品质,3%食盐添加量在105 ℃时猪肉糜的品质最佳。     

Characteristics of low-fat meat emulsion systems with pork fat replaced by vegetable oils and rice bran fiber

The effects of vegetable oils prepared from olive, corn, soybean, canola, or grape seed, and rice bran fiber on the composition and rheological properties of meat batters were studied. Pork fat at 30% in the control was partially replaced by one of the vegetable oils at 10% in addition to reducing the pork fat to 10%. The chemical composition, cooking characteristics, texture properties, and viscosity of low-fat meat batters were analyzed. The moisture, protein, ash content, uncooked and cooked pH values, b^∗-value, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and viscosity of meat batters with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber were all higher than the control. In addition, batters supplemented with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber had lower cooking loss and better emulsion stability. Low-fat meat batters with reduced pork fat content (10%) and 10% vegetable oil plus rice bran fiber had improved characteristics relative to the regular fat control.     

Effect of bamboo salt on the physicochemical properties of meat emulsion systems

This study was conducted to determine the effects of various bamboo salts on meat batter. To accomplish this, three different batters were prepared and compared: CON, which was prepared with NaCl, BS-2, which was prepared with bamboo salt that was baked twice, BS-9, which was prepared with bamboo salt that was baked nine times. The pH of both the uncooked and cooked BS-2 and BS-9 was higher than that of the CON (P < 0.05). The emulsion stability, cooking yield, water holding capacity (WHC) and apparent viscosity of BS-2 and BS-9 were higher than those of CON. The correlation coefficient between the viscosity value and WHC was high and positive (R² = 0.672). The hardness of all treatments was significantly increased with increased cooking temperature (P < 0.05). The hardness, gumminess and chewiness of CON were higher than that of BS-9 and BS-2. The overall acceptability score between CON and BS-9 was significantly different (P < 0.05). The bamboo salts effectively improved the physicochemical properties of the meat batter.     

甲基纤维素添加量对低盐肉糜凝胶特性的影响

将甲基纤维素(methyl cellulose,MC)作为替代物加入肉糜中等量替代食盐,采用5个不同MC添加量(0％、0.4％、0.8％、1.2％、1.6％)即肉糜中的食盐质量分数分别为2％、1.6％、1.2％、0.8％、0.4％.通过测定肉糜凝胶的蒸煮损失率、色泽、质构、低场核磁共振横向弛豫时间(T2)以及流变特性,...     

Carbon Monoxide as a Colorant in Cooked or Fermented Sausages

ABSTRACT:  The study aimed at substituting nitrite with carbon monoxide (CO) in cooked or fermented meat batter products by investigating color and color stability in myoglobin solutions, model meat systems, and full-scale hotdog and salami sausages of pork and beef. For cooked model meat systems and hotdogs at 75 to 80 °C core temperatures, direct flushing with a 1% CO gas mixture during the last stage of the batter chopping produced an initial red color equal to nitrite or more intense than with nitrite. For fermented model meat systems and salami sausages with a final pH of 4.7, pretreatment and storage of ground raw meat in a 1% CO mixture, and later use of the pretreated meat in batters, also formed an initial red color in the final products. The color stability during air and light display of cooked and fermented meat products with CO was inadequate compared to products with nitrite, although the red color of CO products was largely maintained by anaerobic packaging and storage. Spectra of carboxy- and nitrosomyoglobin at pH 4.7 demonstrated higher absorbance for carboxymyoglobin.     

Microstructure of Reduced Salt Meat Batters as Affected by Polyphosphates and Chopping Time

Microstructural and textural changes due to salt reduction (2.5% to 1.5%), 0.4% tripolyphosphate (TPP), hexametaphosphate (HMP) or sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) addition and chopping time (40 vs 100 cutter revolutions) were studied in poultry meat batters. Salt reduction significantly increased liquid and fat losses in the long chopping but not in the short chopping treatments. Scanning electron micrographs of reduced salt batters revealed fat globules which lost fat during cooking. HMP and SAPP addition significantly improved emulsion stability. Average fat globule size decreased as chopping time increased and/or salt decreased. Hardness was higher in the NaCl treatments in the short chopping as compared to the long chopping. The opposite was observed when phosphates were added.     

Functionality of cow beef in coarse and fine ground model systems

Patties and sausage batters were made from trimmed brisket, chuck, striploin, hindshank, silverside, thick flank and rib trim from grass-fed Friesian cows. Functionality of each meat cut was determined from cook yield and true stress and strain of cooked sausage batters and cook yield, dimensional changes and peak force of cooked patties. Colour of raw and cooked slices from the meat cuts and cooked batters was evaluated using a colorimeter and a consumer panel. Composition of raw meat from all cuts was similar; chuck and rib trim had higher pH values and were more red than meat from other cuts. Cooked batters from striploin, chuck and hindshank had higher stress and strain values than gels from other cuts. Patties made from thick flank and striploin were the softest and had the highest cook yield. Batters and patties made from meat with higher salt soluble protein content retained more water and fat on cooking, were more cohesive and had higher bind strengths. Manufacturers can use functionality characteristics to select meat for specific products.     

Stability and Gel Strength of Frankfurter Batters Made with Reduced NaCl

A detailed examination of fat emulsification and water-binding capacities in frankfurter batters and the cooked batters' textural responses to lowered levels of added sodium chloride was conducted. In response surface analyses of water and fat exudations and gel strength with varying compositions of fat, water, meat, and salt, the area of maximum stability decreased and moved toward a higher fat content when the salt was reduced from 2.5 to 1.5%. Gel strength increased with increasing content of lean meat and decreased with lowered salt levels. When salt, pH, chopping temperature, and cooking temperature were varied from the standard conditions, water exudate was generally affected first and most intensely while the gel strength was second. Fat release did not occur until more extreme conditions were encountered.     

The Effect of Cooking Water Composition on Textural and Cooking Properties of Spaghetti

The effect of cooking water on both textural and cooking properties of spaghetti was investigated for spaghetti samples, which differ in protein content. The samples were analysed after cooking in deionised, laboratory tap water, deionised water with 2.5% salt and deionised water with 5.0% salt. Brands A, B, and C were usual durum wheat spaghetti and brand D was spaghetti enriched with bran. Regardless of the cooking water used, brand D had higher hardness and lower adhesiveness than other spaghetti samples and required longer cooking time to achieve optimum cooking. It was found that samples cooked deionised water had lower hardness and adhesiveness values as compared to samples cooked in salty water. It can be concluded that a certain amount of salt in the cooking water improves textural characteristics of cooked pasta.     

Carrageenans in Beaker Sausage as Affected by pH and Sodium Tripolyphosphate

We investigated effects of meat pH or sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on performance of carageenans (kappa, iota or lambda) in low-fat beaker sausage model systems. Adding STPP or using high-pH meat affected performance of the meat batter in similar ways. High-pH meat batters or those containing STPP had lower force values when extruded, lower cooking losses, and were firmer when cooked. The addition of lambda-carrageenan produced the softest texture. Kappa- and iota-carrrageenan improved water retention of low-pH meat batters. After staining, light microscopy revealed different structural effects of the carrageenans.     

Modelling the yield and texture of comminuted pork products using color and temperature. Effect of fat/lean ratio and starch

Practices to control the processing of finely comminuted meat products are proposed. The objective was to test the practical value of both temperature and light reflection measurements made during emulsification as potential indicators of cooking losses and resulting gel texture in pork sausages emulsified within a wide range of temperatures and starch and fat levels. Prior to cooking, pork batters were chopped for different times to ensure final emulsion temperatures ranging from 5 to 50°C. The effects of the fat/lean ratio (0.25 and 0.67) and starch addition (0.8 and 3.2% w:w) on temperature and optical reflection were also investigated. The chopping increased the temperature and decreased the light reflection of fresh meat emulsion. There was no relevant loss of emulsifying capacity at emulsion temperature below 30°C and lightness values over 70 CIE units. The losses and textural parameters of cooked emulsions could be predicted by means of non-linear regression equations based on the temperature and color of the raw emulsion. The determination coefficients obtained ranged from 0.89 to 0.99. The prediction models needed to be fitted to each batter formulation, especially in the presence of reduced levels of gelation agents (meat protein and starch). Lightness was a better predictor than chromaticity, since it decreased constantly with chopping in the range of final emulsion temperatures studied (5-50°C). This confirms previous studies that lightness could be used for monitoring emulsion stability in meat batters.     

Pressure-assisted gelation of chemically modified poultry meat batters

Changes were induced in the characteristics of poultry meat protein using specific chemical modifiers to investigate the effect of pressurization, prior to heating, on gelation, texture and thermal behaviour of meat batters. Values of hardness and chewiness were higher in cooked meat batters treated with urea than in a salt-only sample, but cohesiveness was similar. The β-mercaptoethanol treatment produced a heat-induced gel with very similar properties to the salt-only gel. The rheological behaviours of salt-only and β-mercaptoethanol samples were very similar, but storage modulus values were higher in samples with urea, which accelerated gelation. The pressure-induced reduction of differences in the textural properties of meat batters suggests that hydrophobic interactions play an important role in heat-induced gelation. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that urea clearly destabilized chicken meat batters, while β-mercaptoethanol had very little influence on their thermal behaviour. Pressurization tended to equalize batters and final cooking definitively equalized them.     

Effects of salt reduction on the rheological and gelation properties of beef, pork and poultry meat batters

The gelation and rheological properties of beef, pork and poultry meat batters as affected by salt reduction (2·50, 1·25 and 0·00%) were studied by using a Haake rotational viscometer and a thermal scanning rigidity monitor. Beef batters showed a decrease in shear stress with the decrease in salt levels at both high and low shear rates. Pork batter showed a mixed behavior (no definite trend in shear stress versus shear rate) and the poultry meat batters showed a Bingham pseudoplastic behavior, except for the no-salt treatment. During heating the beef batters showed the highest G values followed by the pork and the poultry meat batters. The rigidity modulus profiles exhibited two major transition temperatures at 47-53°C and at 64-76°C. Beef batter with 2·50% salt developed the highest average G value (16·6 kPa) and the poultry batter with 2·50% salt the lowest (7·3 kPa).     

Suitability of TEMPO-oxidized oat β-glucan for noodle preparation

Native oat β-glucan (N-BG) and the oxidized derivative β-glucan (Oxi-BG) were incorporated into noodles and preparation characteristics (pasting, cooking, and textural properties) were investigated. N-BG caused an increase in the pasting parameters of wheat flour, and values were increased by Oxi-BG. Noodles containing either N-BG or Oxi-BG had higher cooked weights, cooked volumes, and water absorption values than controls. Raw noodles containing either N-BG or Oxi-BG showed high L values. Cooked noodles lacking BG exhibited higher L values. N-BG-containing noodles had textural properties similar to controls. Noodles prepared with Oxi-BG had higher textural parameter values than N-BG noodles, except for hardness.