利用多特征相似度法分析异地加工卷烟产品均质化

为了评价异地加工卷烟产品的均质化情况,以烟支重量、TPM、CO、水分、烟碱和焦油等6项卷烟烟气理化指标为多特征指标,采用相似度来表征卷烟产品的差异程度.结果表明:①A厂和B厂生产的M牌号卷烟,厂内批间的相似度分别为0.78和0.85,厂间的相似度仅为0.34;②B厂和C厂生产的N牌号卷烟,厂内批间的相似度分别为0.86和0.76,厂间的相似度仅为0.11;③A厂和C厂生产的H牌号卷烟,厂内批间的相似度分别为0.89和0.91,厂间的相似度仅为0.08;④采用多特征相似度分析不同卷烟产品的差异程度,可以准确、客观地评价异地加工卷烟产品的均质化程度.     

分组加工技术在卷烟配方中的应用

采用烟叶加工特性试验方法和评价方法,对某卷烟厂所使用烟叶的主要产区、品种、等级进行了原料特性分析和加工特性研究,建立了适合企业实际的烟叶原料分组加工和分组加料的原则和方法.将这套原料分组加工和分组加料方法投入应用后,卷烟产品感官质量和风格特征稳定,减少了进口烟叶的使用比例,拓宽了原料使用范围,降低了卷烟配方成本.     

CO2膨胀烟丝分类加工应用研究

为提高CO2膨胀烟丝在卷烟配方中的使用等级和掺兑比例,进行了CO2膨胀烟丝分类加工应用研究。通过对不同地区不同等级烟丝膨胀前后物理特性、化学成分和感官质量的变化分析,建立膨胀烟丝叶组配方模块,在此基础上,通过工序质量评价和单机联机试验,确定出各类膨胀烟丝的加工工艺参数。结果表明,对CO2膨胀烟丝进行分类加工,不仅可提高膨胀烟丝的耐加工性能和卷烟产品质量,而且有利于降低烟叶消耗,具有较显著的经济效益。     

颗粒状梗丝在卷烟中的可用性

介绍了一种颗粒状梗丝加工新工艺.该技术主要针对短梗、碎梗、梗签、梗块进行加工处理,可以处理各种类型混合在一起的烟梗,生产出具有较高填充性能的颗粒状梗丝(ESS).为验证其在卷烟生产中的应用效果,进行了在烤烟型卷烟产品中添加ESS的应用试验.结果表明,将ESS加工技术应用于卷烟生产中,有利于提高烟丝的填充性能,降低卷烟焦油量,降低消耗和卷烟配方成本,同时对卷烟的质量控制和烟支端部落丝量等指标无不良影响.     

对新国标卷烟感官技术要求的理解和体会

新国标更加注重了对烟叶质量、配方质量、工艺加工质量的控制能力和控制精度的考核。取消“颜色”指标而保留“光泽”指标，适应了烟叶分级标准的转换，有利于烟叶资源的合理利用，符合逐步向混合型卷烟过渡的产品结构调整方向。将“香味”指标改为“香气”，降低了评吸难度，易于评吸人员掌握。单列“谐调”指标，更加突出了配方组合对产品内在质量可能产生的重要影响。将产品的分等级检验改为按分数段检验，适应了我国价格和税制改革的新体系，符合配方改革和产品多样化的新形势。调整各单项的分数分配并统一记分单位，更突出了香气等主要技术指标，也较易掌握。卷烟评吸和配方人员除应掌握标准、提高专业和评吸水平外，还需不断扩大知识面，以适应市场消费和卷烟产品设计的新形势。     

西藏野桃果实的特性及综合加工利用研究

调查了西藏野桃资源的分布状况,分析了野桃果实加工特性;根据野桃果实特性及当地居民消费习惯,制订了西藏野桃综合加工利用方案,研制出有地方特色的“西藏野生桃果汁”、“西藏野生桃果脯”及“西藏野生桃六合果茶”等产品。     

卷烟的分组加工

进行了卷烟分组加工试验,即针对烟叶的不同品质特性,进行了不同混配方式、不同烘丝模式和分组加料、分类烘丝等试验。结果表明,与传统加工工艺相比,采用分组加工工艺有利于充分挖掘烟叶潜质,扩大烟叶使用范围,充分发挥料液特性,满足产品设计要求,对稳定提高产品质量、降低配方成本作用明显。     

“丝绸之路”牌低焦油混合型卷烟的设计

为提高国产混合型卷烟质量水平 ,在对国产白肋烟、烤烟、香料烟的香气特征、口感特性、配伍性等进行评吸评价和对白肋烟处理工艺、卷烟材料设计进行试验分析评价的基础上 ,研制开发出“丝绸之路”牌低焦油混合型卷烟。经烟气分析 ,产品的焦油量为 12 .6mg 支 ,烟气烟碱量 1.37mg 支。感官评吸结果表明 ,该产品香气浓郁、谐调 ,余味干净舒适 ,具有独特风格     

国内细支卷烟加工工艺现状

为了解国内细支卷烟加工工艺现状,对烟草行业主要细支卷烟生产企业的工艺流程、制丝过程参数及过程质量、产品物理及烟气质量、消耗状况等方面进行测试分析。结果表明:(1)与常规卷烟相比,细支卷烟配方中梗丝、再造烟叶丝、膨胀叶丝应用较少,切丝宽度小,制丝过程烟丝筛分和卷接过程梗签剔除强度较大。(2)细支卷烟吸阻普遍较大,烟支质量、吸阻、硬度稳定性较差;烟气质量指标稳定性较好,优于常规卷烟控制水平。(3)细支卷烟卷接设备有效作业率低,故障率高,加工过程原料损耗较大,烟叶有效利用率低。     

中式卷烟加工工艺技术探讨

从技术装备水平、产品质量及稳定性、主要经济技术指标等方面分析了我国卷烟加工工艺技术的现状及目前卷烟加工工艺技术面临的一些问题;针对"中式卷烟"的发展要求,提出我国卷烟加工工艺应采用系统化设计、精细化加工和智能化控制,并对其发展趋势进行了探讨。     

不同条件下蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量的变化

研究8种蔬菜在室温下(20～25℃)、低温下(4℃)贮藏后水浸泡和不用水浸泡情况下亚硝酸盐含量的变化.试验结果表明:室温条件下贮藏的蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量在1～2 d内会达到高峰,然后出现下降,随着时间继续延长,亚硝酸盐含量会逐渐升高.亚硝酸盐含量低温条件下较室温下低.不论室温下还是低温下贮藏的蔬菜,用水浸泡1 h后,其亚硝酸盐含量都会比不浸泡低.     

云锦逐花异色效果的仿制

探讨了运用共口的纬浮长组织,通过6组纬线进行长短纬浮长的搭配使用,依次对单纬显自身色彩、单色浅色、单色深色及2组纬等比例混色、2组纬等比例混色浅色、2组纬等比例混色深色5种情况进行了具体分析讨论与组织设计,并进行归纳总结。完成了具有"逐花异色"及辅助综框特点的组织设计与产品试织,在单经轴电子提花织机上实现了云锦"逐花异色"效果,为保护和发展中国传统文化开辟了一条新的路径。     

Stability of tea polyphenols solution with different pH at different temperatures

Although tea polyphenols possess a variety of biological activities, the oxidative stability of tea polyphenols limits its application in the diet as preventive medicine. To enlarge biological activity of tea polyphenols, we investigated changes of tea polyphenols with different pH (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) at different temperatures (4, 25, and 100°C). Changes in transmittance, deterioration, color values, and contents of catechins were evaluated. The results showed that tea polyphenols with a pH of 3–6 remained stable at 4 and 25°C. With increase of temperature, the tea polyphenol solutions became darker and less green, but deeper yellow in color. When the heating temperature was 100°C, a significant reduction in both total catechins and transmittance was observed. Individual catechins undergo epimerization in this process. Not only temperature and pH, but also heating time influenced the epimerization. Total contents of catechins incubated in pH 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 citrate buffer solutions for 24 h declined by 15, 24, 41, 57, and 96% at 100°C, respectively. Therefore, tea polyphenols were pH-sensitive: the lower the pH, the more stable the tea polyphenols during storage. Storing at low temperature and acidic pH conditions did not significantly affect the characteristics of tea polyphenols.     

豆科植物不同发育阶段不同部位乙酰胆碱酯酶活性研究

采用比色法研究不同种类豆科植物于不同发育阶段、不同部位乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性,并测定其总酯酶活性、蛋白质含量、水分含量,旨在为农药残留快速检测提供配套的新酶原。结果表明,在不同种类的豆科植物中均检测到乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,但不同种类豆科植物存在差异,干种子期、幼芽期及幼苗期各部位的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性存在差异,以每克干物质中乙酰胆碱酯酶酶活计,干种子期猪腰豆(Whitfordiodendron filipes Dunn)中乙酰胆碱酯酶酶活性最高,为10.28U/g干重。     

压力条件对不同尺寸条缝喷嘴换热的影响

以条缝喷嘴型的上下冲击式速冻机内部流场为研究对象,利用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)数值模拟和实地测试,对比了3种尺寸的喷嘴结构分别在不同压力(190,170,160Pa)条件下3种不同尺寸的喷嘴结构,条件下内部流场及换热特性的区别。结果表明:条缝喷嘴T_0在190Pa条件下的出口风速、努塞尔特数、均匀性比在170Pa条件下的理想,同时横流风速也低。条缝喷嘴T_1在170Pa条件下的出口风速、努塞尔特数、均匀性比在160Pa条件下的理想,但横流风速反而增加。条缝喷嘴T_2与T_0在同一入口压力下相比,只有横流风速较低。在换热强度方面,当入口压力为190Pa时,条缝喷嘴T_1所对应的钢带表面的局部努塞尔特数最大,而T_0与T_1的平均努塞尔特数相差不大。在换热均匀度方面,条缝喷嘴T_0在入口压力为190Pa时的不均匀度最低,换热最均匀。故当空气的质量流量相同时,入口压力为190Pa时所对应的条缝喷嘴T_0能更好地提升换热效率,有利于提升食品的冻结速率。     

各地快讯

江苏将首次评定餐饮名店和烹饪大师名师特约记者尹亮君为进一步提高江苏省餐饮业的服务质量，树立品牌意识，促使这一行业更为健康有序地发展，同时表彰企业业绩，肯定个人成就，江苏省经贸委决定将在该省范围内开展江苏餐饮名店和江苏烹饪（餐饮服务）大师、名师的评定工作。凡在江苏省内经营中餐或以中餐为主的饭店、酒家、菜馆、面馆、小吃店、快餐店等（包括连锁经营的餐饮企业），不论其所有制性质，只要符合江苏餐饮名店基本条件者，都可参加江苏餐饮名店的评定。凡是在江苏省从事烹饪和餐饮服务工作达到一定年限，符合大师、名师基本…     

Selection when traits have different genetic and phenotypic variances in different environments

Falconer's concept that performance in environment 2 is a different trait from performance in environment 1 allows calculation of expected response in environment 2 if selection is from environment 1. Response to selection in environment 1 and correlated response in environment 2 depend on heritability and phenotypic variance in environment 1, genetic covariance between performance of identical genotypes in the two environments, and selection intensity. If selection is from performance in environment 2, direct response in environment 2 and correlated response in environment 1 also can be calculated. If selection is from animals in both environments and if selected genotypes are expressed randomly in both environments, relative responses in environments 1 and 2 are weighted averages of direct and correlated responses with the weights being p1 and p2, the fractions of animals selected from environments 1 and 2. Fraction selected from one environment determines the selection intensity factor for the direct and correlated responses in that and the other environment. Other terms determining relative responses are independent of fractions selected. A simple approach to finding the optimum fractions, p1 and p2, is to calculate weighted average responses for environments one and two for all combinations of p1 + p2 = p, a fixed fraction.     

Effects of different pretreatment processes on viscose fabrics in different types and properties

Abstract

In this study, the effects of different pretreatment processes on the properties of viscose fabrics (sulphur content, whiteness degree, weft yarn breaking force, crystallinity and fiber surface) and on the color efficiency and repeatability of the prints have been investigated. For this purpose, viscose fabrics obtained from different sources and containing different amounts of sulphur were causticized, bleached, and reductive-washed. After impregnation with urea, fabrics were printed with two reactive dyestuffs having the same reactivity, but different molecular sizes. Color values of both dyes were measured and fastness was tested and compared in order to observe the effects of different pretreatment processes. Different methods of sulphur analysis were also investigated and tested to determine the sulphur content of the fibres. Among these methods, the lead acetate method, which is a subjective evaluation system, has been selected as the most appropriate for practical working conditions of the plants, and a sulphur scale was formed according to this method. Accuracy of the scale was also confirmed by elemental analysis (CHNS–O) method.     

不同电路结构触发器的动作特点比较

比较了基本RS触发器、同步RS触发器、主从RS触发器和主从JK触发器等不同电路结构触发器的动作特点,特别对禁态、不定态、多次翻转、一次变化等理论教材和产品手册中论述不多,却在工程使用中必须考虑的问题进行了讨论.