An ant colony optimization based stereoscopic particle pairing algorithm for three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry

An ant colony optimization (ACO) based stereoscopic particle matching algorithm has been developed for three-dimensional (3-D) particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). In a stereoscopic particle pairing process, each individual particle in the left camera frame should be uniquely paired with the most probable correct partner in the right camera frame or vice-versa for evaluating the exact 3-D coordinate of the particles. In the present work, a new algorithm based on an ant colony optimization has been proposed for this stereoscopic particle matching. The algorithm is tested with various standard 3-D particle image velocimetry (PIV) images of the Visualization Society of Japan (VSJ) and the matching results show that the performance of the stereoscopic particle pairing is improved by applying proposed ACO techniques in comparison to the conventional nearest-neighbor particle pairing method of 3-D stereoscopic PTV.     

基于维诺图匹配的粒子跟踪测速法

针对密集颗粒流速度场分布的测量问题,提出了基于维诺图匹配的粒子跟踪测速法。首先,通过对图像粒子进行维诺图构建,给出面积相似度筛选匹配粒子的条件;其次,引入Delaunay三角网搜索结构,通过计算维诺多边形的形状相似度来匹配粒子;再次,研究了去除错误匹配粒子矢量的方法和匹配算法中的关键参数;最后,通过模拟二维旋转流场运动以及二维转盘中的颗粒流实验对算法进行了测试。结果表明:维诺图匹配的匹配准确率高于DT-PTV并且在处理密集粒子匹配效果上更好;维诺图匹配算法适用于测量密集颗粒流速度场分布,颗粒匹配准确率高达99%,并由得到的颗粒流速度场分布验证了算法的有效性。     

多尺度气泡尺寸分布数字图像测量方法研究

鼓泡塔是一种广泛应用于能源和环境领域的多相流反应器,鼓泡塔中气泡的大小和浓度对于研究鼓泡塔中"三传一反"过程具有重要意义。采用高速摄像法和数字图像处理技术开展了鼓泡塔中内多尺度气泡尺寸分布测量研究,针对气泡识别过程中密集气泡易发生重叠的问题,提出基于曲率计算的凹点匹配与圆周拟合的重叠气泡分割与轮廓重构算法。搭建了鼓泡塔反应器实验装置,针对星型、均匀和方形3种不同进气孔形态的气泡分布器开展了实验研究,分析了不同尺度气泡的尺寸分布规律。试验结果表明:该算法不仅能够有效地从图像中提取轮廓清晰完整的气泡,而且能够对图像粘连重叠的气泡进行准确分割,从而可精确地获得多尺度气泡尺寸分布。随着气体流量的增加,小气泡的数量急剧增加,同时产生更大的气泡;气泡的最大直径和Sauter平均直径均随气体流量的增加而增大,且两者的比值基本保持不变,即分布器形式对气泡尺寸分布均匀性有影响,方形分布器产生气泡最均匀,气含率相对其他两种分布器更高。实验结果证明了图像分割与轮廓重构方法在气液两相流中气泡参数在线测量的可行性。     

用于三维变形测量的数字图像相关系统

针对材料力学实验中的三维变形测量,提出并实现了一种基于双目立体视觉、摄影测量术和数字图像相关法的便携式三维变形测量系统。研究了该系统涉及的双目摄像机标定,图像相关算法,三维重建,以及三维位移、应变计算等关键技术。提出了一种基于摄影测量术的摄像机标定算法,该算法采用10参数镜头畸变模型,不需要高精度标定板即可实现摄像机的高精度标定。利用最小二乘非线性优化算法实现了数字图像的高精度匹配,针对非线性优化初值难求的问题,提出了一种基于种子点的初值计算方法,为非线性优化提供了可靠的初值。最后,介绍了三维重建以及计算三维位移、三维应变的方法。实验结果表明,标定结果的重投影误差为0.03 pixel,图像匹配的误差约为0.02 pixel,静态外形及位移的测量精度为0.05%,应变的测量精度优于0.5%。与传统的测量方法相比,本文提出的系统可以更准确、全面、直观地实现对位移场、应变场的测量。     

A modified cross-correlation algorithm for PIV image processing of particle-fluid two-phase flow

PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique for flow field measurement has achieved popular self-identify through over ten years development, and its application range is becoming wider and wider. PIV post-processing techniques have a great influence on the success of particle-fluid two-phase flow field measurement and thus become a hot and difficult topic. In the present study, a Phase Respective Identification Algorithm (PRIA) is introduced to separate low-density solid particles or bubbles and high-density tracer particles from the PIV image of particle-fluid two-phase flow. PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry) technique is employed to calculate the velocity fields of low-density solid particles or bubbles. For the velocity fields of high-density solid particles or bubble phase and continuous phase traced by high-density smaller particles, based on the thought of wavelet transform and multi-resolution analysis and the theory of cross-correlation of image, a delaminated processing algorithm (MCCWM) is presented to conquer the limitation of conventional Fourier transform. The algorithm is firstly testified on synthetic two-phase flows, such as uniform steady flow, shearing flow and rotating flow, and the computational results from the simulated particle images are in reasonable agreement with the given simulated data. The algorithm is then applied to images of actual bubble-liquid two-phase flow and jet flow, and the results also confirmed that the algorithm proposed in the present study has good performance and reliability for post-processing PIV images of particle-fluid two-phase flow.     

Measurement of the surrounding liquid motion of a single rising bubble using a Dual-Camera PIV system

A new type of Particle Image Velocimetry technique, called “Dual-Camera PIV System”, was developed in order to achieve higher-accuracy measurement at a high time resolution. It is very difficult to measure precisely a complex flow field such as a gas–liquid two phase flow using PIV, because of the existence of a strong turbulence. In the conventional dynamic PIV, a time interval of two images required for analysis depends basically on a camera frame rate. A time interval of a set of PIV images affects the measurement accuracy significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to shorten the time interval of a set of PIV images as well as to achieve high frame rates. For this specific purpose, we developed a measurement system composed of two high speed cameras. The interval of two images obtained from each camera was controlled arbitrarily. Furthermore, a recursive cross-correlation method was adopted as PIV algorithm in order to achieve high spatial resolution. The interrogation areas were determined from the number density of PIV particles. The developed system was evaluated by cross-correlation coefficient and signal–noise (S/N) ratio. As the demonstration, the surrounding liquid motion in the vicinity of a single rising bubble was measured via this measurement system.     

Phase discrimination and a high accuracy algorithm for PIV image processing of particle–fluid two-phase flow inside high-speed rotating centrifugal slurry pump

PIV technology is an efficient and powerful measurement method to investigate the characteristics of fluid flow field. But for PIV particle image post-processing, some problems still exit in two-phase particles discrimination and velocity field algorithm, especially for high-speed rotating centrifugal slurry pump. In this study, through summarization and comparison of the various phase discrimination methods, we proposed a two-phase identification method based on statistics of gray-scale level and particle size. The assessment of performance through experimental PIV images shows that a satisfying effect for particle identification. For high speed rotation of the impeller, a combination of adaptive cross-correlation window deformation algorithm and multistage grid subdivision is presented. The algorithm is applied to experimental PIV images of solid–liquid two-phase flow in a centrifugal slurry pump, the results show that the algorithm in the present study has less pseudo vector number and more matching particle pairs than those of fixed window and window translation methods, having the ability to remove pseudo vector efficiently. It confirmed that the algorithm proposed in the present study has good performance and reliability for PIV image processing of particle–fluid two-phase flow inside high-speed rotating centrifugal slurry pump.     

面向虚拟装配的零部件精确定位技术研究

针对基于几何约束自动识别的零部件精确定位技术中存在的识别效率和准确性不高的问题,提出了一种分层的几何约束自动识别方法。该方法通过装配意图获取、约束优先级判断、约束类型匹配、约束参数匹配、约束位置匹配和约束有效性检查等分层判断机制,有效地提高了几何约束自动识别的效率和准确性。相关方法已经在虚拟装配工艺规划系统中进行了验证,并已应用到航天产品的虚拟装配工艺规划中。     

A novel signal filtering methodology for obtaining liquid phase tracer responses from conductivity probes

Local conductance measurements using a conductivity cell, consisting of electrode plates encased in plastic tubing, have been employed for point conductance measurements in two-phase gas–liquid flows. It is shown that such measurements can provide local liquid mixing information in gas–liquid flows such as those encountered in bubble and staged bubble columns either with an upward flow of gas in a batch liquid, or with co-current or counter-current flow of gas and liquid. This requires the characterization of the liquid phase conductance from the electrical signals acquired by such a conductivity probe (cell) in the presence of bubbles, which is non-trivial due to the systematic lowering of the conductance of the probe measurement volume when a bubble contacts or pierces the probe tip. Thus, application of standard digital filtering techniques to signals masked by frequent bubble passage results in an inaccurate representation of liquid conductance by filtered signals. A special purpose software filtering technique has been developed in this work to address this issue and to cleanly extract the actual liquid phase conductance from response signals representing the instantaneous point conductance of a bubbling two-phase gas–liquid mixture. The implementation of the new filtering algorithm has been achieved through coupling with standard Butterworth filters in MATLAB™, version 5.     

基于灭点标定的立体视觉自由曲面测量

利用基于灭点理论的方法进行系统的非线性标定,采用投射光斑法增加自由曲面的图像特征;提出了一种基于方向和距离约束的分片排列编码方法,对投影光斑进行排列编码。首先分别在左右图像上根据彩色点的位置关系自动确定一个初始匹配点和四个匹配方向,然后对其余点按照分片排列法进行自动排列编码。对石膏像的面部进行了三维测量和重构实验。实验表明,基于方向和距离约束的分片排列编码法,可以准确的进行投影点的编码, 并能够快速、有效地实现彩色图像特征点的全自动匹配。     

Enhanced measurement capability of a digital particle holographic system for flow field measurements

To enhance the capability of digital particle holography as a tool for flow field measurements, several effective methods are developed. The correlation coefficient method was used to accurately locate the focal plane of particles and the optimal factors of this method were discussed. To remove noises and improve the quality of holograms and reconstructed images, the Wiener filter was adopted. The two-threshold and image segmentation methods were used to obtain high quality binary images from which we can get good results of particle extraction. Based on the above methods, an in-line digital particle holographic system was applied to channel flow field and the axial velocities of channel flow were measured. The feasibility of these methods is verified by quantitative measurement results which are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.     

基于遗传算法的组合ERT图像重建算法研究

针对目前电阻层析成像图像重建算法存在成像精度较低的问题,以及为了满足应用于多相流领域的精度要求,提出一种基于遗传算法的组合算法,将线性反投影算法、修正的牛顿-拉夫逊类算法与区间剖分引入遗传算法种群初始化操作中,同时为了改善单纯遗传算法局部搜索能力差与未成熟收敛的问题,将粒子群算法引入遗传算法变异操作中。实验结果表明组合算法效果明显优于线性反投影算法,修正的牛顿-拉夫逊类算法,有效克服了遗传算法早熟收敛现象,提高了成像精度。     

Digitally collected cryo-electron micrographs for single particle reconstruction

Several advantages and disadvantages have been cited for image collection with a slow-scan CCD camera. Here we explore its use for cryo-EM single particle reconstruction and present two practical examples. The icosahedral adenovirus (Ad) type 2 ( approximately 150 MDa) was reconstructed from 396 particle images. The Fourier shell correlation (FSC) 0.5 threshold and the Fourier shell phase residual (FSPR) 45 degrees criterion yielded 17 AA resolution for the ordered viral capsid. Visual comparison with the filtered Ad2 crystallographic hexon confirmed a resolution range of 15-17 A. The asymmetric DNA-PKcs protein (470 kDa) was reconstructed from 9,473 particle images, using a previously published reconstruction based on class-sum images as an orientational search model [Chiu et al. (1998) J. Mol. Biol. 284:1075-1081]. FSC and FSPR methods yielded 17 A resolution for the new DNA-PKcs reconstruction, indicating a small but noticeable improvement over that of the class-sum based reconstruction. Despite the lack of symmetry for DNA-PKcs and its lower image contrast compared to Ad2 (0.8% vs. 2.5%), the same resolution was obtained for both particles by averaging significantly more DNA-PKcs images. Use of the CCD camera enables the microscopist to adjust the electron beam strength interactively and thereby maximize the image contrast for beam sensitive samples. On-line Fourier transformation also allows routine monitoring of drift and astigmatism during image collection, resulting in a high percentage of micrographs suitable for image processing. In conclusion, our results show that digital image collection with the YAG-scintillator slow-scan CCD camera is a viable approach for 3D reconstruction of both symmetric and asymmetric particles.     

Three-dimensional visualisation of gas-water two-phase flow based on bubble mapping method and size projection algorithm

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been successfully applied on gas-water flow applications, but it is incapable to identify small bubbles or the sharp gas-water interface of a large bubble due to its relatively low spatial resolution. A new visualisation approach, bubble mapping method (BM3D), offers a good 3D visualisation of bubble size and distribution. However, the empirical thresholding value method used in BM3D might meet a challenging from various flow setups and conditions in practice. Recently, the size projection algorithm (SPA) was proposed to determine the closest thresholding value for each frame of tomogram by minimising projection error. In this paper, the performances of BM3D and SPA methods are individually analysed and evaluated. Then a new method based on the combination of BM3D and SPA methods is reported to achieve better visualisation of gas-water flow, where the SPA is employed to determine the optimised thresholding values for BM3D method. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed combination method for typical gas-water pipeline flow regimes, including horizontal stratified, bubble, plug, slug, annular flow regimes and vertical bubble, slug, annular flow regimes. The results are compared with the BM3D method, colour mapping method, and high-speed camera video recorded from a transparent chamber. A brief discussion on the effects of reconstruction algorithms and thresholding value for horizontal and vertical flows visualisation is also given.     

基于样条变换多元回归模型的摄像机标定算法

针对摄像机隐式标定算法中存在的样本点数少和精度要求高的矛盾,利用样条变换多元回归模型,提出一种改进的摄像机隐式标定算法。首先采集标定图片中有限个标定样本点的像素坐标和相应的世界坐标,然后通过样条变换建立像素坐标和世界坐标间的多元回归模型,获得二维图像在世界坐标系中的三维信息,完成摄像机的标定。算法发挥上述模型在标定样本点有限的条件下,对非线性关系映射能力强、局部性质独立的特点,实现整体标定效果的改善。理论分析和实验结果均表明,与基于多项式拟合的标定算法相比,该算法的标定速度与精度显著提高。该算法已成功应用于移动机器人视觉导航系统,提高了导航信息计算的准确度。     

Digital vector image processing of lid-driven rotating cavity flow

A flow visualization method entitled Digital Vector Velocimetry (DVV) method is introduced to extract the flow field quantitatively from particle images. This methodis applied to a lid-driven rotating cavity flow. In the DVV method, a time sequence of images are captured by a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) video camera with each frame containing a single-exposure image. All possible velocity vectors between two temporally successive images in the interrogating window are digitally constructed on the digital vectorgram. The most probable velocity vector is identified as the velocity vector of the maximum intensity in the digital vectorgram. The DVV system provides measurement with subpixel accuracy. The dynamic range of the velocity is expanded using feedback analysis that selects consistent velocity vectors.     

基于SVD的直线电机动子位置的高精度测量方法

针对直线电机动子位置测量的高精度和实时性要求,提出了一种基于奇异值分解(SVD)相位相关算法的高精度图像测量方法。通过直线电机动子上的高速相机采集相邻栅栏图像,采用单行抽样栅栏条纹数据,再利用相位相关技术得到相邻栅栏图像的相位相关矩阵,进而利用SVD得到水平位移相位矢量。通过相位解缠算法和最小二乘法线性拟合得到二幅栅栏图像的亚像素位移量,将相邻栅栏条纹的像素位移值和动子实际位移进行标定,结果用于直线电机动子位置测量系统标定。并且进行傅里叶变换前采用Hanning窗抑制频谱泄露,提高匹配精度。实验结果表明,该直线电机动子位置的亚像素测量方法可以满足实时性和高精度测量要求。     

Application of video imagery techniques for low cost measurement of water surface velocity in open channels

Developments in digital video recording technology make the video imagery tools more popular for velocity measurement in water flows. This has especially been of large interest due to its inherent advantage of non-contact nature which is quite handy in extreme flow conditions. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) and Large Scale Particle Tracking Velocimetry (LSPTV) are applied to free surface channel flow for water surface velocity measurement. Experiments are conducted to measure either a single point velocity applying PTV or velocity profiles across the channel width applying PIV on the water surface in a rectang typical velocities of nearly 1 andular tilting flume for various flow conditions. Technical issues regarding tracer particle size and type, travel distance, lighting, recording speed, camera position, image distortion and state of flow are discussed. Measured data is compared to computational results obtained from a numerical model involving a non-linear turbulence model capable of predicting turbulence driven secondary flows. Confirmation of reasonable match between computational and experimental results whereby applying mutual collaboration of them for discharge measurement has been attested. In addition to discharge, boundary roughness has also been predicted as an outcome of the numerical solution.     

基于DPIV的微气泡瞬态数密度与粒径谱测量研究

基于数字粒子图像技术及CCD成像的景深原理,提出了测算微气泡数密度和粒径谱的方法。推导出了测算数密度和粒径谱的公式,建立了算法流程。最后设计了实验系统,用该算法测量了由陶瓷管微气泡发生器产生的气泡数密度和粒径谱。研究发现,应用景深原理测量的气泡数密度规律与实际数据相符,水槽中气泡的数密度与调频器的频率正相关。基于内接圆标记的气泡粒径测算结果的变化规律与已有实验数据的规律一致,较之直接提取气泡图像像素计算半径更加准确。