XML and the TEI

Electronic texts are claimed to exhibit features distinct from their more tangible cousins. The Snapshot project aims to observe and capture language usage in an electronic medium by creating an open corpus of World Wide Web documents. These documents are re-encoded using the TEI guidelines to create a flexible, persistent and portable data repository. This report gives an overview of the decisions made with respect to the re-encoding of HTML documents, and with the structuring the overall corpus.     

The design of the TEI encoding scheme

This paper discusses the basic design of the encoding scheme described by the Text Encoding Initiative'sGuidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (TEI document number TEI P3, hereafter simplyP3 orthe Guidelines). It first reviews the basic design goals of the TEI project and their development during the course of the project. Next, it outlines some basic notions relevant for the design of any markup language and uses those notions to describe the basic structure of the TEI encoding scheme. It also describes briefly the core tag set defined in chapter 6 of P3, and the default text structure defined in chapter 7 of that work. The final section of the paper attempts an evaluation of P3 in the light of its original design goals, and outlines areas in which further work is still needed.C. M. Sperberg-McQueen is a Senior Research Programmer at the academic computer center of the University of Illinois at Chicago; his interests include medieval Germanic languages and literatures and the theory of electronic text markup. Since 1988 he has been editor in chief of the ACH/ACL/ALLC Text Encoding Initiative. Lou Burnard is Director of the Oxford Text Archive at Oxford University Computing Services, with interests in electronic text and database technology. He is European Editor of the Text Encoding Initiative's Guidelines.     

The TEI: History, goals, and future

This paper traces the history of the Text Encoding Initiative, through the Vassar Conference and the Poughkeepsie Principles to the publication, in May 1994, of theGuidelines for the Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. The authors explain the types of questions that were raised, the attempts made to resolve them, the TEI project's aims, the general organization of the TEI committees, and they discuss the project's future.Nancy Ide is Associate Professor and chair of Computer Science at Vassar College, and Visiting Researcher at CNRS. She is president of the Association for Computers and the Humanities and chair of the Steering Committee of the Text Encoding Initiative. C. M. Sperberg-McQueen is a Senior Research Programmer at the academic computer center of the University of Illinois at Chicago; his interests include medieval Germanic languages and literatures and the theory of electronic text markup. Since 1988 he has been editor in chief of the ACH/ACL/ALLC Text Encoding Initiative.     

Names Proper and Improper: Applying the TEI to the Classification of Proper Nouns

This paper discusses the encoding of proper names using the TEI Guidelines, describing the practice of the Women Writers Project at Brown University, and the CELT Project at University College, Cork. We argue that such encoding may be necessary to enable historical and literary research, and that the specific approach taken will depend on the needs of the project and the audience to be served. Because the TEI Guidelines provide a fairly flexible system for the encoding of proper names, we conclude that projects may need to collaborate to determine more specific constraints, to ensure consistency of approach and compatibility of data. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A rationale for the TEI recommendations for feature-structure markup

In this paper, we concentrate on justifying the decisions we made in developing the TEI recommendations for feature structure markup. The first four sections of this paper present the justification for the recommended treatment of feature structures, of features and their values, and of combinations of features or values and of alternations and negations of features and their values. Section 5 departs briefly from the linguistic focus to argue that the markup scheme developed for feature structures is in fact a general-purpose mechanism that can be used for a wide range of applications. Section 6 describes an auxiliary document called a feature system declaration that is used to document and validate a system of feature-structure markup. The seventh and final section illustrates the use of the recommended markup scheme with two examples, lexical tagging and interlinear text analysis.Terry Langendoen is Professor and Head of the Department of Linguistics at The University of Arizona. He was Chair of the TEI Committee on Analysis and Interpretation. He received his PhD in Linguistics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964, and held teaching positions at The Ohio State University and the City University of New York (Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center) before moving to Arizona in 1988. He is author, co-author, or co-editor of six books in linguistics, and of numerous articles.Gary Simons is Director of the Academic Computing Department of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dallas, TX. He served on the TEI Committee on Analysis and Interpretation. He received his PhD in Linguistics (with minor emphasis in Computer Science) from Cornell University in 1979. Before taking up his current position in 1984, he spent five years in the Solomon Islands doing field work with SIL. He is author, co-author, or co-editor of eight books in the fields of linguistics and linguistic computing.The initial feature-structure recommendations were formulated by the Analysis and Interpretation Committee at a meeting in Tucson, Arizona in March 1990, following suggestions by Mitch Marcus and Beatrice Santorini. The authors received valuable help in the further revision and refinement of the recommendations from Steven Zepp.     

Putting Our Headers together: A Report on the TEI Header Meeting 12 September 1997

The TEI Header plays a vital role in the documentation and interchange of TEI conformant electronic texts. Moreover, this role is becoming increasingly important as more people follow the recommendations set out in TEI P3, and libraries, archives, and electronic text centres seek to share their holdings of electronic texts. However, the fact that TEI P3 allows for flexibility in the structure and content of TEI Headers has meant that divergent practices have begun to emerge within the numerous projects and initiatives creating TEI texts. With this in mind, the Oxford Text Archive hosted a one-day colloquium of leading TEI exponents, at which invited participants were encouraged to share their views and expertise on creating TEI Headers, and work together to develop some recommendations towards good practice.     

The show must go on:1 Problems of tagging performance texts

A dramatic work may be seen either as an event or as a text; the TEI guidelines make it possible to encode a dramatic work in either way, but do not attempt to solve the difficult problem of doing both at once. The basic element of a dramatic work, when seen as a text, is the speech; the guidelines also provide elements for encoding other familiar parts of dramatic texts (such as stage directions and cast lists), as well as for encoding analytic information on various aspects of texts and performances that is not normally included in printed dramatic texts. There are often other formal structures in dramatic works that intersect with the structure of speeches — metrical structures, for example; we discuss approaches for encoding these structures.John Lavagnino is a graduate student in English and American Literature at Brandeis University. His fields of interest include Renaissance drama, modern literature, textual scholarship, and electronic textuality. He is Electronics Editor ofThe Collected Works of Thomas Middleton (forthcoming from Oxford University Press).Elli Mylonas is a Lead Project Analyst for the Scholarly Technology Group at Brown University. Formerly she was the Managing Editor of the Perseus Project. Her areas of interest are Roman poetry, textual markup and SGML, and hypertext.The work described in this paper is the outcome of the discussions of the Performance Working Group, whose members are Elli Mylonas (chair), Rosanne G. Potter, John Lavagnino, and Lou Burnard. The authors wish to thank the other two members for their contributions.     

Hierarchical encoding of text: Technical problems and SGML solutions

One recurring theme in the TEI project has been the need to represent non-hierarchical information in a natural way — or at least in a way that is acceptable to those who must use it — using a technical tool that assumes a single hierarchical representation. This paper proposes solutions to a variety of such problems: the encoding of segments which do not reflect a document's primary hierarchy; relationships among non-adjacent segments of texts; ambiguous content; overlapping structures; parallel structures; cross-references; vague locations.David T. Barnard is Professor of Computing and Information Science at Queen's University. His research interests are in structured text processing and the compilation of programming languages. His recent publications include Tree-to-tree Correction for Document Trees, Queen's Technical Report, and Error Handling in a Parallel LR Substring Parser,Computer Languages, 19,4 (1993) 247–59.Lou Burnard is Director of the Oxford Text Archive at Oxford University Computing Services, with interests in electronic text and database technology. He is European Editor of the Text Encoding Initiative's Guidelines.Jean-Pierre Gaspart is with Associated Consultants and Software Engineers.Lynne A. Price (Ph.D., computer sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison) is a senior software engineer at Frame Technology Corp. Her main area of research has been representing text structure for automatic processing. She has served on both the US and international SGML standards committee for several years and is the editor ofInternational Standard ISO/IEC 13673 on Conformance Testing for Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) Systems.C. M. Sperberg-McQueen is a Senior Research Programmer at the academic computer center of the University of Illinois at Chicago; his interests include medieval Germanic languages and literatures and the theory of electronic text markup. Since 1988 he has been editor in chief of the ACH/ACL/ALLC Text Encoding Initiative.Giovanni Battista Varile works for the Commission of the European Communities.This paper is derived from a working paper of the Metalanguage Committee entitled Notes on SGML Solutions to Markup Problems which was produced following a meeting of the committee in Luxembourg. The co-authors all participated in that meeting and provided input to this paper. Others serving on the committee at other times included David Durand (Boston University), Nancy Ide (Vassar College) and Frank Tompa (University of Waterloo).     

Taking Snapshots of the Web with a TEI Camera

Electronic texts are claimed to exhibit features distinct from their more tangible cousins. The Snapshot project aims to observe and capture language usage in an electronic medium by creating an open corpus of World Wide Web documents. These documents are re-encoded using the TEI guidelines to create a flexible, persistent and portable data repository. This report gives an overview of the decisions made with respect to the re-encoding of HTML documents, and with the structuring the overall corpus.     

Silfide: A System for Open Access and Distributed Delivery of TEI Encoded Documents

This paper presents some aspects of the Silfide server, a system dedicated to the delivery of linguistic resources on the web. After presenting the main issues behind the design of such a system, we focus on the editorial choices related to the use of the Text Encoding Initiative to represent our textual documents. In particular, we focus on the accommodations we have had to carry with regards to the TEI header and address the trade-off between extensive enrichment and genericity of the primary data when one wants to precisely mark-up a given document content. As a whole, we show how essential the TEI has proven to be for a project such as ours both from a practical and conceptual point of view.     

Beyond the Web: TEI, the Digital Library, and the Ebook Revolution

Between August 2000 and August2002, the Electronic Text Center at theUniversity of Virginia distributed over sevenmillion freely-available electronic books tousers from more than 100 different countries. Delivered in a variety of formats, including.lit and .pdb, these ebooks have providedproof-of-concept for the adaptive uses of TEIstandards beyond the World Wide Web – standardsthat the Electronic Text Center has employedsince its inception in 1992. The first half ofthis paper discusses the mechanics of ebookproduction at the Etext Center, the limits ofthe current technology, and the conversionworkflow we hope to implement in the future.The second half discusses user response to ourebook collection, classroom applications ofebook technology, and the advantages anddisadvantages that different formats offer toscholars and instructors in the humanities.     

Intertextual Encoding in the Writing of Women's Literary History

This paper explores theoretical and practical aspects of intertextuality, in relation to the highly interpretative <intertextuality> tag within the SGML tagset developed by the Orlando Project for its history of women's writing in the British Isles. Arguing that the concept of intertextuality is both crucial to and poses particular challenges to the creation of an encoding scheme for literary historical text, it outlines the ways in which the project's tags address broader issues of intertextuality. The paper then describes the specific <intertextuality> tag in detail, and argues on the basis of provisional results drawn from the Orlando Project's textbase that despite the impossibility of tracking intertextuality exhaustively or devising a tagset that completely disambiguates the concept, this tag provides useful pathways through the textbase and valuable departure points for further inquiry. Finally, the paper argues that the challenges to notions of rigour posed by the concept of intertextuality can help us fruitfully to examine some of the suppositions (gendered and other) that we bring to electronic text markup.     

Understanding the Electronic Recruiting Marketplace Strategy: The Case of JobKorea

Information and communication technologies is one of the most important value creators and success factors of South Korean economy. This study investigates the case of JobKorea to understand the electronic recruiting marketplace strategy in Korea. The case details the Korean recruiting market between 1997 and 2011, which is described and investigated to understand this strategy in this study. The meta database service for customers and advertising and promotion are the most important strategic factors for the success of JobKorea. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed in the paper.     

Digital transformation of business ecosystems: Evidence from the Korean pop industry

The notion of business ecosystems is gaining prominence among academics and practitioners. Scholars advise that business ecosystems are inherently fluid, unbounded and amorphous and thus that their boundaries can shift. Practitioners further suggest that business ecosystems are characterised by inter‐network – as opposed to inter‐firm – competition, and, moreover, that they are mainly driven by technological advancements. And yet few studies examine the role of information technology (IT) in driving boundary practices that enable the formation and transformation of business ecosystems. Through an in‐depth case study of technology‐enabled transformations within the Korean pop music (K‐pop) industry, our study examines how the digital transformation of business ecosystems unfolded. Our study contributes to the emergent body of knowledge on business ecosystems in a number of ways. Our investigations uncover the conditions under which the constituent firms operate and analyse the role of IT and its implications on new organisational forms. From our analysis, we present a framework that reveals insights on critical boundary practices and formative strategies for digital business ecosystems. We illustrate how these boundary practices drive industry change, from a largely linear content delivery system resembling a value chain to a new value network of co‐specialisation and self‐organisation among firms in a new digital business ecosystem.     

Coach design for the Korean high-speed train: a systematic approach to passenger seat design and layout

Proper ergonomic design of a passenger seat and coach layout for a high-speed train is an essential component that is directly related to passenger comfort. In this research, a systematic approach to the design of passenger seats was described and the coach layout which reflected the tradeoff between transportation capacity and passenger comfort was investigated for the Korean high-speed train. As a result, design recommendations and specifications of the passenger seat and its layout were suggested. The whole design process is composed of four stages. A survey and analysis of design requirement was first conducted, which formed the base for designing the first and second class passenger seats. Prototypes were made and evaluated iteratively, and seat arrangement and coach layout were finally obtained. The systematic approach and recommendations suggested in this study are expected to be applicable to the seat design for public transportations and to help modify and redesign existing vehicular seats.