The domain structure and polarization retention properties of PT/PZT/PT ferroelectric thin film

The highly oriented perovskite-phase PT/PZT/PT ferroelectric thin film was pre- pared by sol-gel method. The domain structures and polarization retention proper- ties were investigated by scanning force microscopy. The amplitude and phase images of piezoresponse show complex various contrasts of dark, bright and gray. The complex variation of contrast in piezoresponse images results from the per- plexing orientation of grains and arrangement of domains in the ferroelectric films. The bright and dark areas in phase images correspond to top-to-bottom and bot- tom-to-top polarization oriented c-domain, respectively. The gray areas are c-domains with the polarization vector deviating from the direction normal to the film plane. The surface potential images of EFM are bright contrast, which is due to positive charges trapped on the film surface after being polarized by positive volt- age. And the brighter contrast is obtained from the higher electric field. The time-dependent surface potential images and line potential profiles show that the potential decays with time. And the decay in the region polarized by higher electric field is faster, especially at 15 min. This indicates that the polarization retention is related to the polarized electric field. Better retention properties may be obtained from a proper polarized electric field.     

钙钛矿结构极性相变的晶格动力学图像

在自由边界条件下解出了钙钛矿结构有限尺寸晶体的简谐振动方程，发现许多简谐振子软模。用这些软模说明了钛酸钡晶体冷却时发生具有a畴和c畴结构的铁电相变。理论表明，铁电相变涉及屏蔽电荷的激发及其在界面的缓慢扩散，最后达到各个电畴内部处于均匀自发极化状态。     

钛酸钡极性相变的简谐子软模图像

用复合空间型方法，在自由边界条件下解出了钛酸钡有限尺寸晶体的简谐振动方程，发现许多简谐子软模．用这些软模花样说明了钛酸钡晶体冷却时发生具有a畴和c畴结构的铁电相变，理论表明铁电相变过程涉及屏蔽电荷的激发及其在界面的缓慢扩散，以最后得出各个电畴内部的均匀自发极化。     

Morphology and defect structures of novel relaxor ferroelectric single crystals Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−PbTiO3

High-performance relaxor ferroelectric single crystals Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃−PbTiO₃ have been grown successfully by a modified Bridgman method. They have the size of 25×25×50 mm³ and are of pure perovakite phases with tetragonal or rhombohedral structures. Their {001} faces appear dominantly, which can be interpreted by the model of anionic coordination polyhedral growth units. Main macro defects observed under optical microscopes and SEM can be reduced or removed by improving growth parameters after understanding their formation mechanism. 70° or 109° macrodomains in rhombohedral PMNT 76/24 crystals and 90° macrodomains in tetragonal PMNT 65/35 crystals have been observed by optical microscopes. It has been found that the transition from microdomains to macrodomains can be induced by compositions. Both the imaging mechanism of non-180° domains and the relation between domain configurations and ferroelectric phase transition have been analyzed. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59995520), the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Municipal Government.     

面向轴承智能诊断的多领域深度对抗迁移网络

针对不同工况下轴承监测数据分布差异性导致的诊断精度下降问题,基于深度学习与迁移学习,提出一种多领域深度对抗迁移网络,用于变工况下轴承的智能诊断。将不同工况下的样本集视作属于不同的领域,在特征提取时利用深度残差网络将轴承源域的训练数据与目标域的测试数据映射到高维特征空间,提取监测数据高层抽象的特征表示;设计多领域对抗模块,以支持多故障模式的轴承样本在不同领域对抗模块上进行对抗迁移训练,保障源域与目标域数据在特征空间中的分布有效对齐;在利用源域数据训练故障分类器时引入标签平滑约束,增强故障识别的泛化能力,将源域故障诊断知识迁移到目标域数据的故障信息识别,实现变工况下的轴承智能诊断。利用变工况下的齿轮箱轴承故障数据集与电机轴承数据集对提出方法进行验证,结果表明：相比其他方法,提出的新方法考虑了轴承监测数据的多故障模式结构,更好地提取了领域不变特征,提升了变工况下轴承故障的识别精度。     

An unconventional phase field modeling of domains formation and evolution in tetragonal ferroelectrics

Based on characteristic functions of variants, we developed an unconventional phase field modeling for investigating domains formation and evolution in tetragonal ferroelectrics. In order to develop this computational approach, we constructed the anisotropy energy of tetragonal variants, which is used instead of Landau-Devonshire potential in the conventional phase field method, resulting in that much fewer parameters are needed for simulations. This approach is advantageous in simulations of emerging ferroelectric materials. We employ it to study the formation and evolution of domains in tetragonal barium titanate single crystal, as well as the nonlinear behaviors under cyclical stress and electric field loading. A multi-rank laminated ferroelectric domain pattern, 90° domain switching accompanied by polarization rotation, and 180° domain switching accompanied by move of domain wall are predicted. It is found that the speed of 90° domain switching is slower than that of 180° domain switching, due to both polarization and transformation strain changed in 90° domain switching. It also suggests that large strain actuation can be generated in single crystal ferroelectrics via combined electromechanical loading inducing 90° domain switching. The good agreement between simulation results and experimental measurements is observed.     

混沌时间序列在路基工后沉降中的应用

在混沌理论的基础上,通过路基变形的历史数据记录,对路基变形进行分析,利用混沌时间序列的最大Lyapunov指数和全域法来预测路基的最终沉降.预测的结果显示,最大Lyapunov指数和全域法的预测可行,结果比较令人满意.同时与一些常规的预测方法进行比较,确定出路基的最终沉降,对路基进行卸载.     

基于ANSYS的大跨屋盖结构风振响应分析

风荷载是一种随机荷载.大跨屋盖结构风振响应的频域分析方法,是按照随机振动理论,建立了输入风荷载谱的特性与输出结构响应之间的直接关系来分析结构的随机振动响应.应用ANSYS软件谱分析中的PSD功能对一大跨平屋盖结构的风振响应进行了分析.     

大跨度屋盖风振计算的软件实现

大跨度屋盖结构的荷载风振系数和风压计算具有庞大的工作量．本文综合考虑水平风和竖向风的作用，应用频域法对屋盖结构风振特性进行了分析，编制了可以与结构有限元计算软件衔接的考虑多阶模态组合的风振风压计算软件．经实例分析验证，大大提高了设计的效率和精度，效果良好。     

辅助激励源区域分解算法在电磁散射问题中的应用

针对电大问题，提出了一种基于辅助激励源的区域分解算法．首先把原求解区域划分成若干个子区域，显著地降低了原问题的规模和复杂度．在子区域分界面上引入虚拟的辅助激励源以交换信息，建立了相应的矩阵方程及其快速求解算法．一旦获得了辅助激励源，即可并行地计算各子区域内部的场．与传统算法相比，该算法有效地提高了计算效率和计算精度，降低了存储量；此外，它特别适合于求解具有几何重复性特征的结构，如栅格、光子带隙／电磁带隙、频率选择表面等．     

基于支座加速度输入的频域地震反应分析方法

为了真实反映结构的地震荷载输入方式及在地震作用下结构的动力反应,建立了一种基于支座加速度输入的频域地震反应分析方法,研究了结构在支座加速度输入下的动力反应.根据大质量法原理在支座处附加一大质量,在频域精细传递矩阵理论基础上建立了结构的整体传递关系,输入地震加速度傅里叶谱,依据边界条件进行求解得到结构的动力反应,编制了相应的计算程序并进行了算例分析.计算结果表明,该方法正确有效,可用于结构的地震反应分析.     

Wind-induced vibration of single-layer reticulated shell structures

Aiming at the dynamic response of reticulated shell structures under wind load, systematic parameter analyses on wind-induced responses of Kiewitt6-6 type single-layer spherical reticulated shell structures and three-way grid single-layer cylindrical reticulated shell structures were performed with the random simulation method in time domain, including geometric parameters, structural parameters and aerodynamic parameters. Moreover, a wind-induced vibration coefficient was obtained, which can be a reference to the wind-resistance design of reticulated shell structures. The results indicate that the geometric parameters are the most important factor influencing wind-induced responses of the reticulated shell structures; the wind-induced vibration coefficient is 3.0 - 3.2 for the spherical reticulated shell structures and that is 2.8 - 3.0 for the cylindrical reticulated shell structures, which shows that the wind-induced vibration coefficients of these two kinds of space frames are well-proportioned.     

单层网壳结构的风振响应与抗风设计

利用随机模拟风振分析方法对Kiewitt6—6型单层球面网壳和三向网格单层柱面网壳的风振性能进行了系统的参数分析，包括几何参数、气动参数、结构参数等，得出可供单层网壳结构抗风设计参考的风振系数。结果表明，单层网壳结构的风振系数分布较为均匀，大致为3．0。     

Ferroelectric relaxor as a critical state

After revisiting models for the ferroelectric relaxors, we notice that the models can be classified into two categories. One group models are directly based upon the compositional fluctuations, such as Smolenskii's theory and SRBRF model. The other models are experimental phenomenon oriented, such as macro-micro domain crossover and superparaelectric state. The later explanations imply that the ferroelectric relaxor is in a critical state. The unusual field induced phase transition in ferroelectric relaxor also suggests that this is a critical phenomenon with first order phase transition feature. Therefore within the framework of effective field approach and with introducing the concept of quantum temperature scale, we reproduce the diffused phase transition of the dielectric constant and the field induced phase transition. It seems that the larger quantum fluctuation at low temperature depresses the ferroelectricity in ferroelectric relaxors, and results in their unusual physical properties.     

单载波频域均衡系统的时域盲信道估计方法

补零单载波频域均衡系统的盲信道估计方法利用系统固有的补零信息,在时域实现了频率选择性信道基于子空间的盲估计．证明了在符号定时精确已知时,时域估计方法和之前提出的频域估计方法的等价性．但与频域估计方法相比,时域估计表达式明显简单．仿真和分析显示该方法的性能优于传统的过采样盲信道估计方法,且对信道阶数过估计不敏感．     

Ba_（1-x）Bi_x（Ti_（0.9）Zr_（0.1））O_3陶瓷的介电弛豫特征

采用固相反应法制备了Ba1-xBix（Ti0.9Zr0.1）O3（x=0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04）陶瓷,X射线衍射分析表明所有样品均是四方晶体结构,3%mol的Bi3＋能够完全溶入钙钛矿晶格中。不同频率下Ba1-xBix（Ti0.9Zr0.1）O3陶瓷的介电温谱显示所有样品均表现出弥散相变的特征,在x≥0.02的三组样品又表现出弛豫铁电体的特征。通过纳米极性微区和畴壁探讨了弛豫现象产生的机理。     

Ba1-xBix(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3陶瓷的介电弛豫特征

采用固相反应法制备了Ba1-xBix(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3(x=0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)陶瓷,X射线衍射分析表明所有样品均是四方晶体结构,3%mol的Bi3+能够完全溶入钙钛矿晶格中.不同频率下Ba1-xBix(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3陶瓷的介电温谱显示所有样品均表现出弥散相变的特征,在x≥0....     

粘性不可压缩三维流场分块算法研究

提出了重叠对接耦合分块方法即为隐式求解的块迭代方法。采用自主开发的三维粘性不可压缩流场计算程序对重叠对接与不重叠对接的流场分块求解方法进行了比较研究，并与他人的实验结果进行了比较，符合很好，研究表明，两种算法均能获得收敛解，而利用重叠对接分块法的收敛性优于不重叠对接分块法。     

Modeling bidirectional reflection distribution function of microscale random rough surfaces

The radiative properties of three different materials surfaces with one-dimensional microscale random roughness were obtained with the finite difference time domain method (FDTD) and near-to-far-field transformation. The surface height conforms to the Gaussian probability density function distribution. Various computational modeling issues that affect the accuracy of the predicted properties were discussed. The results show that, for perfect electric conductor (PEC) surfaces, as the surface roughness increases, the magnitude of the spike reduces and eventually the spike disappears, and also as the ratio of root mean square roughness to the surface correlation distance increases, the retroreflection becomes evident. The predicted values of FDTD solutions are in good agreement with the ray tracing and integral equation solutions. The overall trend of bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) of PEC surfaces and silicon surfaces is the same, but the silicon's is much less than the former's. The BRDF difference from two polarization modes for the gold surfaces is little for smaller wavelength, but it is much larger for the longer wavelength and the FDTD simulation results agree well with the measured data. In terms of PEC surfaces, as the incident angle increases, the reflectivity becomes more specular.     

MRANS方案的反应堆压力容器CFD仿真

为提高反应堆压力容器（reactor pressure vessel,RPV）CFD(computational fluid dynamics)仿真的计算效率,将多湍流模型（multiple RANS model,MRANS）方案与RPV CFD仿真相结合,提出了一种新型的RPV CFD仿真方案,并通过优化传统棒束模拟MRANS方案的区域划分方法和数据传输方法使RPV MRANS CFD仿真方案的计算准确性得到保证。首先,对完整的压力容器模型进行CFD模拟,将整体计算结果与实验数据进行对比,验证所用CFD方法的有效性。其次,基于区域重叠的方案建立了下降段区域和下腔室区域的分段模型,并采用压力-流量双向数据传递方案,建立了多区CFD仿真计算方案。然后,分析不同的湍流模型在各区域的影响,选择合适的湍流模型。最后,以优化CFD仿真计算效率为目标,提出了两种MRANS方案。研究结果表明:基于区域重叠的双向数据传递方案相较于传统的单向数据传递方案,速度和压力计算结果与整体计算一致性更高;优化的MRANS方案相较于传统的单一湍流模型方案,计算效率提高了28.75%,从而验证了优化的MRANS具有高效率的特性。本研究成果为提高RPV CFD仿真效率提供了一种新思路和途径。