叠加训练序列设计及其高效传输技术研究

采用训练序列与信息数据叠加的传输方案由于消除训练序列占用的频带开销而受到广泛关注。然而,如何高效的分离叠加信号是实现高效信道估计和可靠检测的基础。通过叠加周期训练序列,研究了基于数据依赖的叠加训练(DDST)方案的高效信道估计和检测方案。并结合信道编码技术,研究了编码条件下DDST方案与传统时分复用(TDM)方案的性能。仿真结果表明,在消除训练带宽开销的情况下,获得DDST方案与TDM的误码率基本保持一致。     

基于DDST频域能量最大化的频偏估计方法

数据依赖叠加训练序列(Data-Dependent Superimposed Training,DDST)常用在正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)的信道估计中,由叠加训练序列和数据依赖序列组成,与信息序列并行发送,可以提高带宽利用率。提出了一种基于数据依赖叠加训练序列的OFDM载波频偏估计方法。叠加训练序列的周期性使其DFT能量间隔分布在特定的频点上,利用这个特性可进行频偏估计,只有得到正确的频偏估计时,这些特定频点的能量才得到最大值。仿真表明该方法在不降低传输速率的情况下,有着较好的频偏估计性能。     

一种基于DDST的频域能量最小化OFDM频偏估计方法

提出一种基于数据依赖叠加训练序列的OFDM载波频偏估计方法。叠加训练序列的周期性使其DFT能量间隔分布在特定的频点上,为了减小信息序列对叠加训练序列的影响,引入数据依赖序列使信息序列DFT在这些特定频点上为零,利用这个特性可进行频偏估计,只有得到正确的频偏估计时,这些旋转后的信息序列在这些特定频点的能量才得到最小值。仿真表明,该方法在不降低传输速率的情况下,有着较好的频偏估计性能。     

Hopping pilots for estimation of frequency-offset and multiantenna channels in MIMO-OFDM

We design pilot-symbol-assisted modulation for carrier frequency offset (CFO) and channel estimation in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing transmissions over multi-input multi-output frequency-selective fading channels. The CFO and channel-estimation tasks rely on -subcarrier and nonzero pilot symbols that we insert and hop from block to block. Because we separate CFO and channel estimation from symbol detection, the novel training patterns lead to further decoupled CFO and channel estimators. The performance of our algorithms is investigated analytically, and then compared with an existing approach by simulations.     

Power allocation of data dependent superimposed training

Data Dependent Superimposed Training （DDST） scheme outperforms the traditional superimposed training by fully canceling the effects of unknown data in channel estimator. In DDST, however, the channel estimation accuracy and the data detection or channel equalization performance are affected significantly by the amount of power allocated to data and superimposed training sequence, which is the motivation of this research. In general, for DDST, there is a tradeoff between the channel estimation accuracy and the data detection reliability, i.e., the more accurate the channel estimation, the more reliable the data detection; on the other hand, the more accurate the channel estimation, the more demanding on the power consumption of training sequence, which in turn leads to the less reliable data detection. In this paper, the relationship between the Signal-to-Noise Ratio （SNR） of the data detector and the training sequence power is analyzed. The optimal power allocation of the training sequence is derived based on the criterion of maximizing SNR of the detector. Analysis and simulation results show that for a fixed transmit power, the SNR and the Symbol Error Rate （SER） of detector vary nonlinearly with the increasing of training sequence power, and there exists an optimal power ratio which accords with the derived optimal power ratio, among the data and training sequence.     

RLS-Based Estimation and Tracking of Frequency Offset and Channel Coefficients in MIMO-OFDM Systems

In this paper, we investigate the problem of carrier frequency-offset (CFO) synchronization and channel estimation in multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems operating over unknown frequency-selective fading channels. We first propose a novel joint CFO and channel estimator, assuming time-domain training blocks are available. The proposed joint estimator consists of two recursive least-square (RLS) algorithms which iterate their estimated CFO and CIR values. We then derive a more precise pilot-aided RLS algorithm to estimate the residual frequency synchronization errors or track small CFO changes. With this, the accuracy of channel estimation is also enhanced. The analysis and simulation results show that, the proposed estimation and tracking scheme which is fully compatible with the existing standards is able to attain fast convergence, high stability, and ideal performances as compared with relevant Cramer–Rao bounds in all ranges of signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, it can work well for wide tracking range up to ±0.5 of the subcarrier spacing.     

Propagator based closed-form blind carrier frequency offset estimation for OFDM systems

Most of the blind Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing （OFDM） Carrier Frequency Offset （CFO） estimators necessitate large number of samples to ensure the estimation accuracy. However, the number of samples can not be selected too large because of the carrier offset drift. In this letter, a new closed form algorithm for blind OFDM CFO estimation in frequency-selective channel is proposed. This method utilizes the propagator obtained from data matrix and the diagonal loading technique, thus it has better performance even only using one or two OFDM blocks. Furthermore, the range of the CFO estimation which can be handled is overall transmission spectral. Simulation results confirm its effectiveness.     

Joint estimation of channel response, frequency offset, and phase noise in OFDM

Accurate channel estimates are needed in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), and easily obtained under the assumption of perfect phase and frequency synchronization. However, the practical receiver encounters nonnegligible phase noise (PHN) and carrier frequency offset (CFO), which create substantial intercarrier interference that a conventional OFDM channel estimator cannot account for. In this paper, we introduce an optimal (maximum a posteriori) joint estimator for the channel impulse response (CIR), CFO, and PHN, utilizing prior statistical knowledge of PHN that can be obtained from measurements or data sheets. In addition, in cases where a training symbol consists of two identical halves in the time domain, we propose a variant to Moose's CFO estimation algorithm that optimally removes the effect of PHN with lower complexity than with a nonrepeating training symbol. To further reduce the complexity of the proposed algorithms, simplified implementations based on the conjugate gradient method are also introduced such that the estimators studied in this paper can be realized efficiently using the fast Fourier transform with only minor performance degradation. EDICS: SPC-MULT, SPC-CEST, SPC-DETC.     

PAR-Constrained Training Signal Designs for MIMO OFDM Channel Estimation in the Presence of Frequency Offsets

Training signals for OFDM channel estimation should possess low PAR to avoid nonlinear distortions at the transmit amplifier and at the same time they should be robust against frequency offsets. In this letter, we show that the above two requirements of the training signals are conflicting. We propose two new training signal designs for MIMO OFDM frequency-selective channel estimation. Our proposed training signals achieve more robust channel estimation performance against frequency offsets while satisfying the PAR constraints compared to training signals designed to achieve a fixed low PAR but without any consideration for robustness to frequency offsets.     

EM-based iterative receiver design with carrier-frequency offset estimation for MIMO OFDM systems

In this letter, we study the design of expectation-maximization (EM)-based iterative receivers for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems with the presence of carrier-frequency offset (CFO). Motivated by the spirit of maximum-likelihood estimation in the EM algorithm, we first present a pilot-aided CFO estimation scheme that allows fast Fourier transform-based fast implementation. Then this CFO estimation is incorporated into the initialization step of the iterative receiver. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our receiver design in combating CFO.     

Joint I/Q imbalances estimation using data-dependent superimposed training

In this paper, we address the joint estimation of the channel impulse response and frequency-dependent in-phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) imbalances using data-dependent superimposed training (DDST). The analysis developed shows that it is possible to use the first-order statistics of the received process to achieve synchronization and identify the resulting widely linear system that encompasses the radio frequency impairments considered. Furthermore, it is also verified that for the joint estimation of the transmitter and the receiver I/Q imbalances, additional constraints than those required for strictly linear systems should be imposed on the training sequences employed. The results of numerical simulations show that DDST has comparable performance with methods reported in the literature.     

突发通信中基于叠加训练的信道估计方案

针对无线突发通信中频带利用率低、信道参数获取困难等问题,提出了一种应用于突发通信的叠加训练信道估计与检测方案。该方案将信息和训练叠加发送,通过预失真发送信息符号使得训练与信息在频域正交,收端采用一阶统计信道估计和最大似然符号检测,并设计了抗直流干扰的信道估计方案。仿真表明,新方案在消除训练序列的频带开销的情况下获得了较好的信道估计和符号检测性能,与采用时分复用训练的方案相比,其有效吞吐率更优。     

Blind channel estimation of space-time Frequency-Shift Keying

The decoupled coherent Maximum Likelihood （ML） detection algorithm presented in this letter can sharply reduce the complexity of the receiver as well as provide better error performance under the precondition that channel should be estimated first. Considering the bandwidth inefficiency of Frequency Shift Keying （FSK）, the acquisition of channel state information through training sequences will further decrease the transmission efficiency. This letter presents a blind channel estimation algorithm based on noise subspace theory which can acquire channel information without any training symbols. The simulation shows that the algorithm brings about fewer channel estimation errors while the frequency efficiency can be increased.     

Robust CFO Acquisition in PN‐Padded OFDM Systems

As an alternative to the traditional pilot‐aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the time‐domain pseudonoise (PN)‐padded OFDM provides a higher spectral efficiency. However, the carrier frequency offset (CFO) attenuates peaks of the conventional PN correlation output, which limits the CFO estimation range of the OFDM synchronizer. An improved correlation is proposed in this letter to remove the CFO‐induced amplitude attenuation of correlation peaks. For a synchronizer adopting the designed correlator, a larger range of CFO acquisition is obtained through using wider correlation windows with a smaller interval between them. The proposed method of CFO acquisition is verified in a digital terrestrial multimedia broadcast receiver, in which the synchronizer is able to acquire CFOs up to ±320 kHz in the DVB‐T F1 channel. Furthermore, the acquisition range can be expanded in more favorable channels.     

Analysis and design of joint CFO/channel estimate techniques for a cooperative STBC‐OFDM system

This paper studies the joint estimation technique of carrier frequency offset (CFO) and channel information for a distributed decode‐and‐forward (DF) cooperative space‐time block‐coded (STBC) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. For the considered relay system, we provide theoretical analysis of the effects upon the output signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), which is caused by the CFO/channel estimation error. Based on the provided analytical results, a joint CFO/channel estimation scheme is then developed, where the CFO estimate is achieved by a multiple‐dimensional linear search algorithm. Furthermore, we propose an alternative estimation solution with iteration approach being designed for the CFO estimation prior to the channel estimation. In contrast to the former estimator, the iterative method enjoys the advantage of the substantially reduced implementation complexity without sacrificing the estimate performance. The conducted computer simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.     

Recursive maximum likelihood estimation of time‐varying carrier frequency offset for orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing systems

A recursive maximum likelihood carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimator is proposed in this work, where redundancy information contained in the cyclic prefix of multiple consecutive orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols is exploited in an efficient recursive fashion. Because the estimator is based on multiple OFDM symbols, the time‐varying CFO must be considered. We investigate the effect of time‐varying CFO on the performance of the estimator and the trade‐off between fast tracking ability and low estimation variance. We show that, without channel noise, the mean squared error (MSE) of estimation due to CFO estimation variation increases approximately quadratically with n, where n is the number of OFDM symbols used for CFO estimation (estimation window size), whereas the MSE due to channel noise decreases proportionally to 1/n (approximately) if the CFO is constant. A closed‐form expression of the optimal estimation window size (approximately) is derived by minimizing the MSE caused by both time‐varying CFO and channel noise. For wireless systems with time‐varying rate of change for CFO, the proposed estimator can be implemented adaptively. In addition, typical optimal estimation window sizes for WiMAX, DVB‐SH and MediaFLO systems are evaluated as an example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maximum-likelihood synchronization and channel estimation for OFDMA uplink transmissions

Maximum-likelihood estimation of the carrier frequency offset (CFO), timing error, and channel response of each active user in the uplink of an orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access system is investigated in this study, assuming that a training sequence is available. The exact solution to this problem turns out to be too complex for practical purposes as it involves a search over a multidimensional domain. However, making use of the alternating projection method, we replace the above search with a sequence of mono-dimensional searches. This results in an estimation algorithm of a reasonable complexity which is suitable for practical applications. As compared with other existing semi-blind methods, the proposed algorithm requires increased overhead but has more flexibility as it can be used with any subcarrier assignment scheme. Simulations indicate that the accuracy of the CFO estimates asymptotically achieves the Cramer-Rao bound.     

Optimal pilot placement for frequency offset estimation and data detection in burst transmission systems

In this letter, we address the problem of pilot design for carrier frequency offset (CFO) and data detection in digital burst transmission systems. We consider a quasistatic flat-fading channel. We find that placing half of the pilot symbols at the beginning of the burst and the other half at the end of the burst is optimal for both CFO estimation and data detection. Our findings are based on the Cramer-Rao bound and on empirical evaluations of the bit error rate for different pilot designs. The equal-preamble-postamble pilot design is shown to provide a significant gain in performance over the conventional preamble-only pilot design.     

Novel Blind Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation Algorithm for OFDM System Via Generalized Precoding

In this letter, we develop a blind carrier frequency offset (CFO) algorithm for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems by utilizing a generalized precoding. Generalized precoding is employed to obtain multiple covariance matrices, and then a CFO estimation algorithm for OFDM system using joint diagonalization is proposed. Comparing to estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) method, the algorithm that we presented has improved CFO estimation performance. Furthermore, our algorithm even works well without virtual carrier. Simulation results illustrate performance of this algorithm.     

Joint channel and carrier frequency offset estimation for multi-user MIMO-OFDM uplink transmissions

This article proposes a new algorithm of joint channel and carrier frequency-offset OCCFO） estimation for multi-user multi-input and multi-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （MIMO-OFDM） systems. A least square （LS） channel estimation and a carrier frequency offset （CFO） correlation estimation are combined in this contribution. CFOs are generally estimated using training sequences in a special synchronization timeslot. In this contribution, CFO estimation is further improved by taking advantages of channel estimation based on pilot symbols in traffic timeslots. The CFOs can be first obtained from the primary channel estimation. And then, with the knowledge of the CFOs estimated, channel estimation can be enhanced greatly. Computer simulation results indicate that the proposed JCCFO scheme is of good performance. Besides, the computational complexity is low.