Research on microwave drying technology in the procedure of preparation of V2O5 from ammonium polyvanadate (APV)

High-quality vanadium pentoxide powder is an important product of the vanadium industry and was usually prepared from ammonium polyvanadate (APV) using a roasting process combined with a drying pretreatment. Conventional hot air drying is usually used for the drying of APV, the heat transfer of which is from outside to inside thus limited the efficiency of the drying pretreatment. In the present paper, microwave heating was applied as an alternative heating method for the drying of APV because of its advantages including selective heating, high heating efficiency, low energy consumption, and green environmental protection. An experimental comparison between hot air drying and microwave drying is provided, and the results show that microwave drying is more energy-saving and faster. The drying characteristics of APV under the irradiation of microwave energy were investigated. The influences of factors including microwave power, material quality, and initial moisture content on microwave drying were studied. The results show that the microwave power, initial moisture content, and initial mass are positively proportional to the microwave drying efficiency of APV. Additionally, the Page model was robust in describing the kinetics of microwave drying and hot air drying of APV. This study provides fundamental knowledge on the microwave drying process and provides the trial for the industrial applications of microwave heating on the preparation of V₂O₅.     

RDX干燥过程影响因素的综合分析

对黑索今（RDX）干燥过程的影响因素进行了综合分析。通过单因素实验和正交实验,对影响RDX干燥过程的主要因素及其影响显著性进行了研究,得到干燥RDX的最佳干燥条件。干基含水量、真空度、温度对RDX干燥过程有重要影响,影响的显著性顺序为：温度的影响显著性强于真空度,更强于干基含水量。建议RDX的干燥条件是：温度80℃,真空度0．05MPa,干基含水量10％。     

Laws of the kinetics of drying humid materials

A hypothesis concerning the kinetics of mass exchange during drying is considered. Methods of generalizing the drying curves and drying-rate curves are proposed, and methods of calculating the drying rates and the drying times are outlined. Experimental relationships which describe the heat-exchange kinetics in the case of conductive drying are stated.Translated from Inzhenerrio-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 34–41, July, 1970.     

3D full field study of drying shrinkage of foam concrete

Drying shrinkage (DS) of concrete is important. The graded and heterogeneous DS inside the concrete may lead to cracking and further deteriorate the mechanical and durability properties. To elaborate the drying gradient and deformation heterogeneity, the full field DS distributions of foam concrete have been studied using an expanded Digital Volume Correlation method, which has a high precision of 0.01 voxel (about 0.6 μm) in displacement. The effectiveness of DS in local sub-volume is verified from bulk shrinkage of the whole specimen. The DS gradient due to drying is clearly revealed, and DS heterogeneity in spatial domain and in frequency domain is identified. A full view of foam concrete's drying processes is built. At the middle drying stage, three different states exist simultaneously, especially a drying front arises with high drying shrinkage.     

Modeling and kinetics study of microwave heat drying of low grade manganese ore

During the industrial-scale smelting process of manganese ore, blast may occur due to the high moisture content of the ore, and drying pretreatment of the manganese ore is needed in the aspects of safety. In the present paper, microwave drying experiments were conducted under different particle size distributions and different microwave power conditions to explore the basic theory of microwave drying characteristics and kinetics of manganese ore, and the experimental data were fitted and analyzed by using thin-layer drying dynamics model. Results indicated that with the increase of the particle size and the microwave power of the manganese ore, the microwave drying rate increased, and accompanied with a promoting on the drying efficiency. For describing the microwave drying process of manganese ore, diffusion approach model was adopted among the commonly used thin-layer drying kinetic models. Based on Fick's second law, it can be seen that the surface diffusion coefficient increased from 4.27 × 10⁻¹³ m²/s to 8.24 × 10⁻⁸ m²/s with the increase of particle size from a particle size range of 0.012–0.095 mm to a particle size range of 4.2–5.0 mm. Clearly, the particle size has a significant influence on microwave drying efficiency.     

The effect of drying preconditioning on the South African durability index tests

This study investigated the effect of different drying regimes in the preconditioning stage on Durability Index (DI) test results. The moisture condition of specimens needs to be stable and uniform for the tests to be accurate and reliable. Three drying regimes were used: (a) standard oven drying method of 50 °C for 7 days, (b) oven drying at 50 °C to constant mass, and (c) drying using a solvent replacement method with isopropanol. Concrete mixes were designed using three w/c ratios (0.40, 0.50 and 0.65) and four binders. The isopropanol and oven drying to constant mass methods were found to remove different amounts of moisture compared with the standard drying method. Most (about 80%) of the moisture was removed within 7 days when oven dried. Statistical analysis suggested that, for certain mixes, the drying method had an effect on the DI results, with the chloride conductivity test being the most sensitive. For quality control purposes, it is impractical to wait until specimens are completely dry, which in some cases took up to 17 days, before performing the DI tests. The practical solution is for specimens to be tested at not less than 7 days and not more than 8 days of drying.     

Filtration drying kinetics of gas-permeable articles

The drying process under conditions of filtration of a drying agent through a porous structure of a moist article is considered. The existence of three dehydration stages is established: 1) mechanical displacement of water; 2) elimination of moisture in the form of a gas-liquid emulsion; 3) drying. A kinetics equation is derived for each stage. Combination of all the three stages provides a high rate of the total process exceeding the drying rate by tens of times when flowing around an object as a unit.L'vov Polytechnic Institute. Translated from Inzhenerno-fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 708–713, December, 1992.     

Drying of porous building materials: hydraulic diffusivity and front propagation

One-dimensional drying of a porous building material is modelled as a nonlinear diffusion process. The most difficult case of strong surface drying when an internal drying front is created is treated in particular. Simple analytical formulae for the drying front and moisture profiles during second stage drying are obtained when the hydraulic diffusivity is known. The analysis demonstrates the origin of the constant drying front speed observed elsewhere experimentally. Application of the formulae is illustrated for an exponential diffusivity and applied to the drying of a fired clay brick.

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Résumé Le séchage d'un matériau poreux est décrit par l'équation de diffusion non linéaire. Pour un coefficient de diffusion donné, des formules analytiques simples sont obtenues pour les profils hydriques et pour le front de séchage. Le cas, difficile à traiter, où la surface du matériau est éventuellement sèche, est considéré en détail. L'analyse montre l'origine de la vitesse constante du front de séchage, qui a été observée dans des études expérimentales indépendantes. L'application des formules au séchage d'une brique d'argile est illustrée pour un coefficient de diffusion qui dépend exponentiellement du contenu hydrique.

     

新型热泵干燥系统的金丝皇菊干燥实验

目的 为研究热泵在中药材干燥中的性能,并针对批式干燥器干燥不均匀的问题,设计开发一套能够均匀干燥物料的热泵干燥系统.方法 以金丝皇菊为干燥材料,对热泵干燥设备进行实验研究,并对系统的送风温湿度均匀性、系统能效和物料品质进行分析.结果 该系统干燥过程的温湿度、物料含水率的均匀性和温度控制精度都很高,主机室的温度、湿度稳定,且显著高于外界环境,这不仅避免了热泵系统受外界环境因素的影响,且提供了稳定的运行环境.热泵干燥机组的能效约为5.88,系统能效约为1.32,除湿能耗约为0.66 kg/(kW·h).干燥后的金丝皇菊花瓣未出现明显的色差、卷曲和破损现象,干花的完整度高.结论 新型热泵干燥系统能够满足金丝皇菊的工艺要求,最终得到的金丝皇菊的干燥品质较高.该研究为热泵技术在中药材干燥领域的应用提供实际案例和技术参考.     

Physical and mathematical modeling of acousto-convective drying of rice

The present paper considers calculated and experimental data on acousto-convective drying of unhusked rice and analyzes the data on the drying of rise in three drying cells: in two installations of the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ITAM) of the Siberian Branch of the RAS — drying cells of small and medium cross-section — and in the large cross-section installation developed jointly by the Korea Polytechnic University and Doosan Co. LD. on the basis of the acousto-convective technology developed at the ITAM of the Siberian Branch of the RAS. In particular, calculated velocity distributions over the cell cross-section in the installation with a large cross-section are presented. The experiment has shown that the use of the twomode acoustic signal for drying rice does not influence drying results as compared to the one-mode regime. The drying rate of rice placed in the audio-frequency generator chamber differed from the drying rate in the drying cell. The calculation method has been verified by the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the Hartmann generator.     

Effect of drying conditions during synthesis on the properties of hydroxyapatite powders

The effect of the drying conditions during the hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder synthesis on the size and microstructure was studied. The starting materials were agitated in water, dried at 60–150 °C, and heat-treated at 720 °C. The heat-treated HAp powders were crystalline, and their particle sizes decreased with an increase in the drying time, but were independent of the drying temperature. For a 3 day drying period, it was 1.61 μm, and 0.55 μm for 21 days. The surface zeta potential of the HAp powder with a long drying period was more negatively charged than that from the short drying period. The average primary particle sizes of the HAp powders seem to be almost equivalent, and so the drying period may be related to the dispersibility of the primary particles, and may lead to a small HAp particle size.     

Certain regularities of the kinetics of moisture and heat exchange in drying of moist materials

Methods of calculation of the kinetics of drying of moist materials for the period of the falling rate are considered; they are based on the characteristics of the kinetics of drying: the relative drying rate and the generalized and relative drying times. Miscellaneous  Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 81, No. 6, pp. 1102–1110, November–December, 2008.     

Determination of the kinetic curves of drying of blocks of adsorbents-dessicants with different cross sections of channels and of a granulated adsorbent on a change in the flow velocity

The kinetics of convective drying (regeneration) of different types of adsorbents-dessicants with different geometric parameters has been studied. It is shown that adsorbents of a “channel” (cellular) type have a long constant-rate stage of drying, whereas a granulated polydisperse adsorbent is mainly dried at a variable rate. Adsorbents having a maximum water yielding capacity have been revealed. It has been established that the velocity of a drying gas flow substantially influences the process of moisture extraction from all types of adsorbents. In order to describe the kinetic curves of the given phenomenon, a model of a relaxation kinetic equation that quite satisfactorily describes the kinetics of drying of the adsorbents studied was used. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 65–68, January–February, 2009.     

凹印机热风干燥箱射流场数值计算与分析

目的研究凹版印刷机热风干燥系统的工作特性,确定最佳干燥工艺参数。方法以FR400凹印机干燥装置为研究对象,从油墨溶剂阶段性挥发的干燥机理出发,建立多束气体冲击平面射流干燥模型;通过Fluent完成干燥箱的流体场数值计算,基于干燥箱几何结构研究热风的复杂流动状态,分析湍流产生原因及对干燥效果的影响;通过数值切片技术,提取印刷品表面热风速度和温度值,研究干燥参量波动的范围和特征,讨论不同位置处热风不均匀特征和产生机理,以及不同区域干燥过程中风速和温度的变化特征。结果干燥箱左腔体导流板两侧及右腔体上端产生湍流,风嘴之间形成了间隔分布的涡流区域;干燥箱中间区域风嘴的热风速度较为均匀,上、下两侧较差,中后部风嘴处热风温度较高,左侧区域效果较差。结论热风干燥系统的几何结构对干燥效果的影响显著,合理的干燥箱结构设计和印刷图文布置有利于印品的干燥,为干燥系统优化改进与创新设计提供了依据。     

Drying of silica gels with supercritical carbon dioxide

Results of drying experiments of aerogels with supercritical carbon dioxide are reported. In addition to the results of experiments with a pilot extracting apparatus, a preliminary design is also given of a large-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction plant to be used for drying of aerogels. From the experiments it was found that crack-free aerogels could be obtained when drying with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. The lowest temperature and pressure at which crack-free aerogel samples were obtained was at 35 °C and 85 bar, respectively. The temperature had a minor influence on the drying time. It was also found that the diffusion of ethanol into the aerogel pores limits the drying time. This limitation implies that the thickness of the aerogel tiles will have a large influence on the cost of drying of an aerogel.     

Statistical Approach to optimization of Drying Conditions for a Transdermal Delivery System

Abstract

The drying process is crucial in continuous manufacturing of matrix-type transdemual delivery systems (TDS) starting from solvent-based adhesives. In order to optimize the drying conditions of a TDS containing 22% of the partly volatile penetration enhancer 1,2-propanediol, the key factors drying time, which is reciprocal to the web speed, and drying temperature were optimized using the results of the statistical analysis of a two-factorial experiment. Thus, it was possible to reduce the amount of residual solvent ethyl acetate to below 0.02 % while the 1,2-propanediol content of the TDS was kept at the desired 22% level.     

Kinetics of microwave drying of a free-flowing organic material

The kinetics of drying of a dense buckwheat layer in a microwave electromagnetic field of frequency 2.45 GHz has been investigated for different amounts of the material charged into a working chamber. Analysis of the kinetics curves has shown that the drying of the material studied is divided into the periods of heating, drying with a constant rate, and drying with a decreasing rate. The influence of the power supplied as well as the mass and dimensions of a sample on the rate of its drying has been investigated and a formula for calculating this rate has been obtained. It has been established that, in the process of drying of a disperse material, the amount of microwave energy converted into heat energy depends not only on the mass of a sample, but also on the thickness and area of its surface layer. Generalized equations for calculating the moisture content in a layer of a free-flowing material and its temperature have been obtained. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 123–127, May–June, 2006.     

The Prediction of the Emissivity and Thermal Conductivity of Powder Beds

The present study attempts to understand drying characteristics of rubber wood sawdust in a tray dryer as it is the simplest and oldest of the dryers known commercially. An increase in temperature, flow rate of the heating medium, and initial moisture content was found to increase the drying rate. However, an increase in the particle diameter and bed height was found to reduce the drying rate. The increase in drying rate with temperature and moisture content was attributed to increase in the diffusion coefficient, while the increase due to the flow rate is attributed to reduction in the external mass transfer resistance during early stages of drying while the drying rate was high. An increase in bed height as well as particle size increases the diffusion path length for moisture, which contributes to the reduction in drying rate. The experimental data were modeled using Fick's diffusion equation, and the effective diffusivity coefficient was evaluated by minimizing the error between the experimental data and the prediction using the model equation. The effective diffusion coefficient was found to increase with increase in temperature, initial moisture content, and the flow rate of the heating medium, while it was found to decrease with increase in particle size. The diffusion coefficient was not found to vary with the bed height/solid loading. The effective diffusion coefficient was found to vary within 9.1 × 10^?9to 22 × 10^?9 m²/min. The standard deviation of error between the experimental data and prediction using the model, using the estimated effective diffusivity coefficient, was found to be less than 0.07 for the entire set of data, indicating the appropriateness of the model in predicting drying kinetics.     

Microwave drying characteristics of microalgae (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorella vulgaris</Emphasis>) for biofuel production

Algal biofuels serve as a promising alternative energy source for liquid fuels. However, one of the bottlenecks in the conversion of microalgae to biofuels is the drying process. A moisture content of at most 10 % is desired for algal biomass prior to oil extraction to maximise biofuel yield. Conventional means of drying results to longer drying time and uneven drying of algal biomass. This study investigated the drying characteristics of microwave for microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris). Three microwave intensity levels (300, 600, and 900 W) were considered to dry 10, 20, and 30 of algal mass. Page model gave a better fit on the moisture ratio with time of microwave drying than the exponential model. Furthermore, the specific energy requirement was computed, and a relationship was found between moisture ratio with power and mass. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed significant reduction of infrared signal intensities of the functional groups present in the algae after drying at higher microwave power level. It was concluded that the 20 W/g microwave drying setting gave a lower specific energy requirement with good quality of remaining high lipid content qualitatively. Furthermore, it was recommended to use gas chromatography mass spectroscopy to further quantify the algal lipids and other functional groups.     

Diffusion of water within an amorphous carbohydrate

The evaporative drying of solid amorphous Ficoll–water mixtures is studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to determine the physical state (glass or visco-elastic rubber) from which drying is performed. Drying is observed to continue at temperatures far below the glass-transition temperature (Tg), showing that water is mobile within amorphous carbohydrate matrices. Two models for drying kinetics are tested, and it is found that the rate of water removal is limited by diffusion through the amorphous matrix and not by desorption from the surface of the material. Although the viscosity of carbohydrate–water glasses has previously been found to obey Williams–Landel–Ferry kinetics, the drying process was found to follow Arrhenius kinetics both above and below Tg. In the glass-transition region the water diffusivity is not strongly dependent on the water content, and Fickian kinetics are observed.